Climate; Sky. Refers to the atmosphere after the multi-state and phenomena such as winds, lightning, thunder, snow and so on. Su Song "and the chapter sub-large book": "Huangzhou remote and desolate rainy weather intoxication also." Kui Qing Liu, "Shu-Yun Tower": "storm clouds, morning, evening the weather changing."
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No. 7
The clouds that can predict good and bad changes. "Old Five examine the history of the Tang Chuan Fu deposit": "Home Xunri, Liang Jun force me to camp. Gas will be Words of Hope: 'Southwest Chicken of black gas such as Dou-like, when there is war to them.' Survival trial said, : 'we want to battle, while the shape in the weather may be non-day Zambia Secular!' "
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Scenery, scene
Scenery, scene. Tang Yan W, "Xiao into Yidu Example" Poetry: "Back Tiao good weather, the mountains far too pregnant." Luo Da Song Jing "Tsurubayashi Gyokuro" Book Nine: "Plain as the South Korean Park in Wushan above, including the so-called village who, bamboo fence hut, hearted Tian weather. "Qing Hou," Remember Ni Yunlin <100 000 stamp> ":" Yunlin paintings cover the weather may Hsiao Start Over, smoke Lin Ching-Kuang. "Chen Yi" Comrade Zhu De Hirayama was "Poetry:" Hutuo River and the king met, pointing country weather special. "
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That signs
That sign. Song Zhu Bian, "Qu Wei River old news," Volume: "Su ear in Dan, that the child had said: 'I try Guru, I am not for overseas people who recently came to assume there is also Central Plains weather.'" "Pre-Han Ping words "under volume:" Zhongguanlingzhi dinner, seated in the. Ping see is ambush weather, said: 'This is something great changes also.' "Qu" Red Russia and the way back ":" Agriculture is also back to life after meteorological drought really there's alone. "
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No. 10
Tolerance, gas Bureau. "New Tang Wang Hill Biography": "﹝ Meteorology ﹞ Wang Qiu Qing Gu, line repair scour, in Cifu particularly high." Songgong Yu, "Le Temple Quotations," Volume: "If Shun Zi Zi is good, like the weather ge Wenliang Gong Shun will be the end of man. "" Three Kingdoms "eighth two back:" the right said: 'This account is good at. But Emily this go, Hugh lost Soochow weather'. "
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No. 11
Refers to things like intelligence and situation. Tang Bao Rong "light of history" Poetry: "Ancient spirits of meteorological and with KAM, Bo Jin a dragon plate protecting the nose." Lu Song "Old School Om notes," Volume: "Stone rhino is not prepared for a foot, sustained in his stone, weather and even ancient. "
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No. 12
Spirit, style. Yuan-Jen Chen, "Cunxiao Tiger" second break: "If only we'd of shikimic fists fell jaws, directions Wei weather no, 10 stone flaccid paralysis body strength." "Twenty years have witnessed the strange status quo," the fourth one Back to: "companion Sheng come out refreshed ... ... brow sort of dignified weather also brought." like Yao, "Rereading," Volume XIV: "No mountains are not significant ground ... ... (Chuang Wang) is playing country's weather. "
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No. 13
Refers to the Spirit and Charm and style of poetry calligraphy. Han Yu, "Shi Jian" Poetry: "Chien-capable 7, Zhuo Luo variable air parade, winding arrived Jin, withered consumption Meteorological Day." Guan Song, "History of Zhou Li Si": "Tablets in Han Dynasty in by key subordinate this word The Chengmiao post but lower case, and watch his weather, Qi Gan Qin people to believe that the book then? "element Chucai" South Xue Shi Min's view of quality gifts "of 7:" article described the difficult weather, Tamron Zhu Feng Yu autumn air. "Ming Ye Xianzu" Luan Shi Bi mind advised ":" This poem is quite Taiwan Pavilion weather, unlike the mountain people for. "Qing Liu Da-kui," Dedicated to Dr. Min Public Communication ":" intercropping little finger painting, paper mulberry Mexican Long Ling, flew weather, many people treasure the possession of. "
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No. 14
① scene; status: a new look. ② physical state of the atmosphere and a variety of physical phenomena collectively. Such as atmospheric temperature, atmospheric pressure, high or low, the size of the air humidity, air movement, atmospheric water vapor condensation and the resulting cloud, fog, rain, snow, frost and so on. The process of change, can bring the rain and warmth, for the benefit of mankind, can also result in heat, cold, and even drought, flood, wind, hail and other disasters.
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Explained
1. The atmosphere of the state and phenomena such as wind, lightning, thunder, frost, snow and so on. 2. Meteorology. 3. Scene; situation. For example, a new atmosphere. 4. The atmosphere of hot and cold, wet, wind, clouds, rain, snow, frost, fog, lightning, and other physical phenomena and physical processes in general.
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Observation Project
Meteorological observations include: air temperature, humidity, temperature, wind speed, precipitation, sunshine, air pressure, weather phenomena.
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Meteorology
Meteorologists study atmospheric layers of the atmosphere object is the law of movement, occurred in the troposphere weather phenomena and the distribution of heating on the ground such as drought and flood. Clouds, fog, rain, snow, hail, lightning, typhoon, cold weather and so are our common phenomenon. Its scope of the study is the Earth's surface atmosphere, 3,000 km thick, bottom-up can be divided into the troposphere, stratosphere, the middle layer, then layer and outer layer. 1. Halo A layer of high clouds in the sky, the sun or moon through the clouds when ice crystals in the refraction and reflection, it will generate in the sun or the moon around the color halo, halo's ranking is the IR color purple. Said the seven halo or halo color rings, collectively known as the halo. One of the copies of the observer angle of 22 degrees radius of the halo is most common, said the 22 degrees halo, occasionally you can see a radius of 46 degrees angle of the halo and halo and other forms of similar arcs. Because there is only appeared halo cirrostratus, cirrostratus often in the frontal rain from hundreds of kilometers, with the advance front, rain will soon be moved to, so faint they often become a harbinger of rain. 2. China Light the sky with a layer of thin cloud, cloud droplets in the size of uniform, if the ice crystals formed by the ice clouds require uniform size. Moonlight, clouds or sun during transmission by the uniform cloud droplets (droplets or ice crystals) of the diffraction, the result will be close around the moon or the sun disk on disk or on the formation of UV-red color within the ring, known as China. Because the sun is too bright, so it is not easy to China and Japan observed, Yuet Wah are more common. China also called on disk close to the canopy, usually purple canopy was not significant so the inner green blue, yellow aloof mainly the outermost red. Sometimes a dark compartment in the canopy outside the circle will appear after one or even several color sorting and canopy the same, but much weaker intensity of concentric rings, called the deputy of China. 3. Hong, and Ni Seven of the sun shade with light, water droplets launched into the atmosphere (rain or droplet), a variety of colored light through refraction and reflection after the rain or fog can form a color screen on the ring arcs. When the arcs of the ring on the observer copies of about 42 degrees angular radius, the halo of red color sort is when the UV is called Rainbow. Outside of the rainbow, and sometimes appear weak compared with rainbow colored halo, halo copies of the observer by the angular radius of about 52 degrees, sort and rainbow colored rings that the infrared contrast purple, known as the rainbow or vice rainbow. Hong, and Ni should be standing with his back to the sun can be observed. In the summer evening, the Western and Eastern sunny sky clouds and rain, the most easy to see the rainbow and the rainbow. 4. Twilight Before sunrise, the sun above the horizon is not exposed before the sun to the upper atmosphere, scattering of sunlight by atmospheric molecules, resulting in slightly brighter sky, the ground twilight, from this moment to play until the sun light exposed, said the dawn horizon. After sun_set_ to below the horizon after the sun goes down, there is still some time exposure to the sun can be upper atmosphere, because air molecules scatter the sky and the ground remains twilight, the time of light called Twilight. Dawn and evening twilight photosynthetic said. The dawn of time, said Dawn, said the evening twilight period. Since the dawn of the beginning and ending twilight different standards, usually divided into civil twilight, nautical twilight and astronomical twilight. Sunny days when the angle of the sun below the horizon about 7 degrees, civil twilight start and end of the dawn; about 12 degrees, nautical twilight the dawn of the beginning and end; when about 18 degrees, astronomical twilight start and end of the dawn. The duration of twilight the shortest at the equator, increases with latitude.
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Related words
Observatory: Observations of atmosphere, the scientific research and weather forecasting agency. There are small weather station, weather and other posts. Meteorology: to describe a variety of scenery and things, very spectacular.
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The impact on agricultural production
Crops grown in nature, all the time from the impact of weather conditions, agricultural production and weather are closely related. Wind, rain, snow, hail. Cold, heat, sunlight and other weather conditions on agricultural production activities have greatly affected. The influences of the performance of early rice seedlings in the south of the impact of the spring cold with rain, the cold dew affecting rice heading Yanghwa wind, hot wind in northern winter wheat region of wheat, rice, sorghum, corn and soybeans and other influential Northeast Summer temperature, harvesting of crops in southern China and the Huaihe affect autumn and drought, waterlogging, frost, heat, hail, wind and other disastrous weather. According to statistics, from 1949 to 1988 for 40 years, our country suffered due to floods, droughts and crop, hail, frost and other weather disasters, the average annual acreage of 3,300 hectares, of which disaster area of 1,400 hectares in each of tolls loss of 200 billion kg of grain. Thus, understanding and mastering the local weather, weather patterns, and actively take preventive measures while avoiding disadvantages, it is very important.
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The impact of aviation
As we all know, whether it is taking off and landing aircraft, or flying at high altitude and so is being affected by weather conditions. Causes of aviation accidents as weather events are many. According to U.S. statistics, from 1959 a 1979, occurred during takeoff and landing phase of a serious flight accidents, and weather-related 59.9%. Statistics according to the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO in 1988 because the weather flight accident occurred, a total of 21 cases, accounting for 38.9% of the total accidents. 1962 from a 1988 U.S. air transport because of the 53 meteorological causes of air accidents in that, because of thunderstorms, heavy rain caused the accident, 23 times, 11 times the wind shear, turbulence intensity 10 times, icing 7 times, water skiing and lightning of all time. The aviation accidents caused by meteorological disasters are extremely heavy. For example, December 27, 1973 a Delta Airlines plane DL9 Tennessee 32 aircraft encountered heavy rain 蒙尼西塔尔 airport landing, because of the light through the windshield on the refraction of large water droplets, causing the driver to the lighting misjudgment, the aircraft hit a lamppost crash. June 27, 1975, Eastern Airlines Boeing 727 landing at Kennedy Airport in New York, the case of low-level wind shear and crashed, 113 people died. The crash shocked the U.S. aviation community. January 13, 1982, one of the safest aircraft known as the Boeing 737, took off due to the wings, fuselage severe icing, causing the nose to fly, fuselage hit the bridge, broken into two parts; fall in Washington, DC to take a look at Mark river. February 27, 1972, an Il-18 aircraft in China landed at the airport, East Tower, Shenyang, because of low visibility, causing the aircraft crashed at the airport, and so on.
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The hazards of military
Since ancient times, military and weather have a bond. The impact of weather on operations has always been valued by military strategists. Wars from the historic point of view, the larger war against meteorological disasters heavy rain floods, typhoons, freezing, heat, fog and other diseases caused by weather. For example, the rainstorm and flood damage: June 18, 1815, in the famous Battle of Waterloo, in the eve of battle, suddenly heavy rains, fields, roads muddy, hard-line troops and horses. French reinforcements could not arrive, resulting in defeat of Napoleon, from exile to death. Freezing cold injury: Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in 1941, l1 the beginning of the cold wave hit attack in Moscow on December 4 the temperature dropped to minus 30 ℃ below freezing gasoline, resulting in fixed German tanks, artillery sight failure; soldiers did not keep out the cold preparation, frostbite 11 million people. Massive Soviet counter-offensive by the favorable days, German invaders force lost more than 110 million people, and finally ended in failure. Fog harm: August 29, 1776, the U.S. War of Independence against British troops near Washington in New York, suffered a _set_back, was besieged, is critical when the evening fog encountered. Washington by the fog away, escaped. Since then reversed in the 12 months before the war. Malaria epidemic victims: Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese attacked more than 10 million people from Myanmar in Yunnan Province, was the Nu River in western Yunnan Tin obstacles corner, the Japanese officers and men suffering from malaria epidemics, so that half of the Japanese without a fight to death.
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The impact on traffic
Land, sea and air transport are affected by wind, fog, visibility, rain, snow, thunderstorms, water and other meteorological conditions, sea fog can make passenger ships, fishing vessels and commercial ships, which are sleep yaw, grounding, stranding, phase the risk of collision. According to statistics, Japan 1948-1953 6 years 910 second average accident occurred, because of fog and low pressure weather the storm caused 60% of the total; poor visibility and is easy to get lost in aircraft yaw, impact of landing safely; storm can cause flood damage, Chengdu-Kunming Railway Section in 1988 water damage occurred in 32 cases, of which 19 railway disruption, a serious threat to the safety of rail transport; in late February 1989, due to big drop in Nanjing to Blizzard, stopped long, short bus more than 24 trips, more than 6,000 passengers stranded in stations, airports shut down for 5 days. In addition, high temperature, rain, snow and other weather tends to increase in traffic accidents. In short, the weather has affected many aspects of transport, in order to protect the security, in addition to further improve aviation and marine meteorology, but also a need for a wide range of specialized meteorological technology.
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Impact on industry
The impact of weather on industrial production is very extensive. Whether the choice of site, wide room design, or raw material storage, manufacturing, product storage and transportation links of all affected by temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, solar radiation and other meteorological conditions. In particular, severe weather, such as tropical storms and typhoons, flood, interruption or plant transmission lines, equipment damage, and workers flooded the warehouse casualties, can not go to work, etc.; water shortage caused by drought; lightning and other fire; low water due to frost crack pipes and pipelines, and other frost damage; high temperature humidity are likely to cause fires and explosions; raw materials such as high temperature and humidity could easily lead to corrosion, mildew, and affect the health of workers and production efficiency, which directly or indirectly affect the industrial production . It was obtained through the investigation of high temperature season of work-related injuries than any other season; when the cotton plant temperature, a sudden drop in humidity, the yarn breakage increased. Cangzhou, Hebei Province Meteorological Bureau, according to the survey research, sea salt production, not only by precipitation weather. But also by temperature. When the cold air invasion, the day temperature is greater than 8 ℃, and the minimum temperature below 5 ℃, can produce Glauber's salt, reduce the production of salt; when the maximum temperature above 33 ℃, relative humidity of 30% or less, the wind speed at 8 m / s and above, due to evaporation increases, the proportion of the rapid changes in brine, easy to produce magnesium chloride, affecting salt production. In short, the weather affects all aspects of industrial production.
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Relationship with the insurance industry
The relationship between meteorology and the insurance industry through the meteorological department in a timely manner to the insurance sector and insurance customers to provide meteorological information, the insurance department of insurance supervision and take practical account of adverse weather defensive measures to reduce losses caused by meteorological disasters. Reflected in reduced compensation. For example, Liaoning Province, Beipiao Bureau of Meteorology weather warnings through the system, the weather forecast in a timely manner to the insurance companies, and many insurers, the two-pronged approach to urge the insurance unit of the active prevention of meteorological disasters, the 1984-1986 compensation premiums expenses decreased year after year, from 1984 to 140 million of compensation expense in 1986 was reduced to 20 million. Again, Hubei 1986 Hongan insurance companies do not get in touch with the meteorological department, there is no supervision and insurance units, prevention of meteorological disasters, the results of an 8-level winds to the insured unit caused great losses, compensation of more than 60,000 yuan. Get in touch with the meteorological department, April 25, 1987 a nine winds occur, due to their timely notice of the insured unit to the prevention, the results of the losses caused by the insured unit only a few hundred dollars. Practice has proved that the work of meteorological and insurance by combining the mitigation of natural disasters in an effective way. 】 【World Meteorological Day World Meteorological Day is March 23 each year.
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"Weather" "Weather" and "climate" the difference between
"Weather" in simple terms, it refers to the wind in the sky, clouds, rain, snow, frost, dew, rainbow, halo, lightning, thunder and all the physical phenomena of the atmosphere; "weather" refers to characteristics of human activities affect the integrated instant weather conditions. For example, we can say: "a fine day, sunny, blue skies; yesterday, bad weather, wind and rain," etc.; "climate" refers to the entire planet or one of a certain region or a period of one year weather conditions for many years on. For example, Kunming, like spring; most parts of the Yangtze River, Spring and autumn mild, hot summer, cold winter, we say here is "four seasons in the temperate climate"; each year in late July and early August is Beijing's rainy season and so on. So the "Weather" "Weather" and "climate" there is a clear distinction between the content and can not be confused.
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Encyclopedia
Weather meteorology q Ixlong Weather (meteorofogy) site _select_ion in nuclear power plants should be Consider: ① nuclear power plant safety-related extreme weather; ② and airborne radiation Effluent dispersion of the weather; ③ and the core heat on the weather. Nuclear power plant safety from identifying the design basis of extreme weather Considerations, into extreme weather extreme weather and extreme weather parameters are As the two categories. Characterization of extreme meteorological weather data to home (such as wind speed, rainfall, plot Snow, gas Ju, frozen, cold boxes, fog and hail, etc.) to those extreme weather Parameters. And the extreme safety of nuclear power plants are mainly extreme meteorological parameters Wind, extreme precipitation, extreme snow and extreme temperatures. To determine the parameters of the design basis of extreme weather, you need: ① collection (Or the concept of site-site side) represents the site conditions, weather data; ② On statistical analysis of data obtained; ③ a reference time interval _select_ed Interval (usually 30 years or longer), and features in the light of the time interval Meter tomb was more than the allowed probability of Brigadier General. Low probability of occurrence of extreme meteorological phenomena of those meteorological phenomena, Such as tornadoes, tropical cyclones, climbing snow, dust screen, such as drought and lightning. Nuclear power plant safety and extreme weather phenomena related to tornadoes and heat is mainly Cyclones. (1) a strong tornado rotating column of air, often accompanied by wind Climbing, the wind speed of about 30m / s to 140m / s or more. Usually, the main In accordance with the tornado on the bushes, trees and structures, the most devastating way Degree to its classification. Fujitec defined level of destruction of F-categories, And marked as Fo, Fl, FZ-level and so on. Areas where the existence of nuclear power plants the possibility of occurrence of a tornado, Can be determined based on previous data analysis. Evaluation of design basis tornado City should be a typical area of the latitude and longitude spacing is 3o, and the climate on a single Showed the same characteristics of the area tornado. Survey included a tornado Path length, path width, and by the tornado hit each point along the way Damage strength. Design basis tornado tornado parameter is based on the nuclear power plant built As the main factors identified hazards. These parameters are: the biggest tornado Wind, tornadoes generated by the sudden pressure drop when a tornado caused The flying objects hit search. (2) a large tropical cyclone and the spinning of the hot and humid air mass, About 100 km in diameter or larger. According to the area and the maximum occurs Sustained winds, tropical cyclones have a variety of names. For example, in the North Pacific West, maximum sustained wind speed at 17 ~ 32m / s is called the tropical cyclone Base and strong tropical tropical storm winds, while the maximum sustained wind speed at 33m / s to Tropical cyclones are called on the Typhoon. Tropical cyclone hazards of nuclear power plants, mainly heavy rain and (Or) surge caused flooding, fierce winds made the impact of the role and cyclones Impact into the role of flying objects. As a design standard for the tomb of the largest tropical cyclone of tropical air is possible Spin. This is a hypothetical steady state of the tropical cyclone. Determine this gas Tornado field of meteorological factors are required: cyclone maximum wind speed, maximum wind speed Radius, eye pressure and inflow angle, and the cyclone relative to the operation of the coastline Moving direction and translation speed. Perhaps the biggest design basis parameters of tropical cyclones Number is derived design basis and design basis wind surge of input parameters. Air travel and dispersion of radioactive effluents is mainly used on meteorological To estimate the atmospheric dispersion factor
