That year, 24 solar terms and 72 Hou. Also refers to seasonal
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气候今年晚,浓霜始此回
Climate later this year, before heavy frost this back. - Song Lu You, "book caught the attention of the garden"
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大气状态
Given the weather conditions and weather changes as shown in the development of the state of the atmosphere
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一宫之内而气候不齐
A palace within the climate missing. - Du Mu Tang, "Metrical Fu"
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倾向或环境条件
A group or a period of time or environmental conditions prevailing tendency
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政治气候
Political climate
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比喻结果或成就
Parable results or achievements
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成不了气候
成不了气候
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二十四节气与七十二候
That year, 24 solar terms and 72 candidates. Also used to signify the season. Song Gaocheng "things Jiyuan Zhengshuo enumerating the climate": "" The Book of Rites order "Note said: 'When former Duke for training, will be 24 gas, waiting 72 minutes, then the effect of climate begins Taihao, while Duke is also scheduled. '"Lu Song," the book caught the attention of the garden "Poem:" climate later this year, before heavy frost this back. "Qing Song Luo" "Ming Dynasty Poetry> Preface": "However, various cream analogy Yan called days, autumn cricket Yin Ye, also climate feel insecure. "
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指云气等变化
That changes in clouds, etc.. Ancient times, according to predict good or bad fortune. "Three Kingdoms Shu Chi Chuan Zhou group": "group by the school in less comfortable and concentrate on business ... ... often make candidates more directly on the upper floor as the slave acts of God, only see together, and the white group, the group from the upstairs of view, not avoid the morning the night. So where climate, no not see the person, is said many Chinese. "" Book of Jin Tai-yang Art Biography ":" McCain pass away, Zheng Xi on behalf of the town of Wuchang, General Yu Liang, Yang Q compound cited climate. "Wei Li Tao Yuan," The Truth of sewer water ":" ﹝ ﹞ Godo Mu Cao Wen Shi, Zheng, Dr. Tai Changcheng try to clear weather, pull out the right Zhonglang Jiang sijung worship. "Tang Liu Yuxi" edge fashion ":" General account of climate, the No. nights Fan Camp. "
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指天气
The weather. Southern Song Xiehui even "Shek Pik Chiu lakes in the" Poetry: "faint once change of climate, landscape with clear sunshine." Song Su Shunqin "according to Yun and the victory of the summer drink": "9 summer hard Yan strong, into the underlying climate evil, and conditions hereby severe drought , its cool even Baoluo. "Ming Tang Shun the" Tour Zunhua Tangquan "Poetry:" must have felt cool plug every autumn, there is a world climate be surprised very much. "Qing Wu Zhan Tai" had Tiger Murakami Hibiscus Ridge "poem:" Hill deep differences of climate, flow of exhaust water in April. "
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比喻结果、成就、前途
Parable results, achievements, and the future. Qing Li Yu, "Kou-fat halibut": "Therefore, being in mountains, recruiting, product Tsaotun food, training to support 20 years, had just become the climate." Mao, "Maple Leaves Red Flowers" 2: " calculation, from the Reform Movement, also has two years, and we learned the sound Inspirational people, look how many there are points, but only political and legal institutions to learn, but entirely without a climate, what happen? "
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指书画或诗文的气韵、风格
Refers to painting or poetry of the Spirit and Charm, style. Southern Qi Sheikh "Chinese painting first product": "style climate, ripping ripping reference God." Southern Liang Chung Rong "Poetry" volume are: "Greek Yi Shi climate elegant, incompetent in the Yuan Wang, Ran Xing Long is a busy , not vulgar and promote good too. "Tang Yuan Zhen," so 10 000 prefectural governor Liu Jun epitaph ":" Man who chant the ancient words to emphasize the climate. "Zhuang Liu Song," School of Jiangxi small order ":" fast-paced climate, can not idle back. "
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指人的神态风貌
That person's demeanor style. "Three Kingdoms Wu Zhu Ran Biography": "However, no gain seven feet long, clear weather, expert repair scour, its literary grace, but Shi Jun device, the quality over all." "Taiping" volume IV 九 ○ cited "record Dongyang strange night": "Miao 10 climate dumb readers are, bet on pro-group, who claim commitment thing." Qing Shen Fu "Six Records of wave travels fast": "Year of the Asaga section, a padded gown yarn sets are no-dimensional climate utterly different, namely the indigenous people of the same features and look different. "
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天气特征
A region over a longer period (30 years) weather features. Including the often extreme weather conditions and weather conditions. Relative stability, such as Guangdong province, annual average temperature of 19 ~ 26 ° c, the extreme minimum temperature of -7 3 ° c, extreme maximum temperature of 42 ° c, for the tropical humid subtropical monsoon climate. By solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, geographical factors and the impact of human activities determined.
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[Pinyin]
qì hòu
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[English]
1. Situation 2. Climate 3. Atmosphere
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[Word]
Climate is a long time meteorological elements and weather phenomena, the average or statistical state, the time scale for the month, quarter, year over several years to several centuries. Climate with cold, warm, dry, wet to measure these characteristics, usually by a period characterized by the mean and from the difference. Climate is a region on the earth the general state of the atmosphere for many years time, is all kinds of weather during that period and overall performance. Meteorological elements (temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.) of various statistics (mean, maximum, probability, etc.) is the fundamental basis for representation of climate. Closely related to climate and human society, many countries had a long record of climate phenomena. Spring and Autumn Period in China with a sundial shadow test to determine the season, the Qin and Han period than twenty-four solar terms, the full record seventy-designate. Climate from the ancient Greek word, meaning inclination, means the cold and warm climate all over the sun's rays with the degree of tilt. Position in latitude, sea and land distribution, atmospheric circulation, topography, ocean currents and other factors, the world's climate can be divided into the following types: ⑴, polar tundra climate: long, cold winter, summer is short and cool; ⑵, sub-arctic coniferous forest climate: mild in summer, cold in winter; ⑶, warmer temperate monsoon climate in summer, mild winter; ⑷, temperate steppe climate: summer and warm winter cold; ⑸, temperate desert climate: hot, dry summers and cold winters; ⑹, subtropical humid monsoon and monsoon climate; summer hot and rainy, cold dry winter; ⑺, tropical desert climate: hot dry; ⑻, tropical steppe climate: dry and cool season warm season rainfall; ⑼, tropical rain forest climate: hot and humid; ⑽, mountain climate: vertical change from the foot to the summit; ⑾, sub-arctic coniferous forest climate: long, cold winter, short summer, and warm; ⑿, temperate climate: cool, in a small temperature difference; ⒀, Mediterranean climate: mild and rainy winter, hot and dry summer ⒁, polar ice sheets to climate: cold throughout the year The impact of climate change on agriculture is negative. By 2030, China's three major crops, namely rice, maize, wheat, irrigated wheat in addition to other, are cut based. The impact of climate change on water resources is also a great, global warming accelerated the process of the water cycle, precipitation increased spatial heterogeneity. Climate change will also affect the major projects, such as the Yangtze River increased precipitation, leading to increased frequency of geological disasters, the safe operation of the Three Gorges reservoir will cause a certain impact. In addition to climate change will also affect the Qinghai-Tibet railway and road, greatly increasing operation and maintenance of rail and road investments. With the global, as climate and environment in China has undergone tremendous changes. Global warming far beyond the general sense of the climate and environmental issues, economic and social development in China has resulted in very serious threat, this threat will continue and continue to intensify. Technology should be particularly concerned about the issue of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures to actively and continuously improve the climate system, ecological, environmental protection and the level of the level, which is comprehensively implement the scientific concept of development, establishment of a socialist harmonious society important part of the Government, the common aspiration of the public and scientists. China's winter coldest and hottest place in summer China's winter coldest place is the town of Mohe in Heilongjiang, in January the average temperature of -30.6 degrees. There have appeared in the coldest extreme minimum temperature of 52.3 degrees. This is our existing meteorological records lowest temperature. Summer is the hottest place in China's Xinjiang Turpan, in July the average temperature of 33 degrees, known as "Fire Island." Where the extreme maximum temperature had reached 49.6 degrees. This is our current minimum value of the meteorological records. Known as the "three furnaces" of Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing, the average temperature in July was 28.6,29.0 and 28.2, respectively. Turpan to Africa than the fire, have to candidly admit defeat.
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Climate Type
First, the formation of climate types Combination of heat and water conditions because the differences, or different seasonal distribution of water, or a huge mountain, plateau there, and some within the same climatic zone there is still some difference between the internal climate, can be further divided into a number of climate types. For example, the atmospheric circulation conditions are different, with a subtropical climate zone, the east coast of Asia and Europe is a monsoon type of climate, the West Bank is a Mediterranean climate type. Second, the main climate types (A) of the equator (tropical) rain forest climate broadly distributed between 10 ° latitude north and south to the Amazon plains of South America, Africa, the Congo Basin, Asia, Lesser Sunda Islands, is typical. Year under the control of the equatorial air mass, temperature, rainfall, humidity. Average temperature around 26 ℃, temperature annual range is small, generally over 2000 mm annual precipitation, more uniform distribution. Natural vegetation is tropical rain forest. (B) distribution of the tropical monsoon climate in the north and south latitude approximately 10 ° to the south east coast of the mainland between the Tropic of Cancer, to Asia, Indochina, the Indian subcontinent and other places affected by the southwest monsoon region is typical. Most of China's Yunnan, Tibet and other places also belong to the southeast corner of the tropical monsoon climate. Higher temperatures throughout the year, the annual average temperature is above 20 ℃. Prevailing wind direction of the seasonal transition significantly. Equatorial air mass controlled by the summer half year, abundant precipitation, the formation of the rainy season, climate, tropical rainforest climate with similar characteristics; winter months, in some places under the control of the tropical continental air mass, precipitation decreased significantly, the formation of the dry season. 1500-2000 mm annual precipitation, precipitation during the rainy season accounts for more than 80-90% of the total, distinct wet and dry seasons. Natural vegetation is tropical monsoon forest. (C) of the tropical steppe climate generally distributed in north and south latitude 10 ° to the south between the Tropic of Cancer to Central Africa, South America, most of Brazil, northern and eastern mainland Australia, as typical. This type of distribution and the trade winds in the equatorial low pressure zone with alternating control area. High temperatures throughout the year, the annual average temperature about 25 ℃. Control period when the equatorial low pressure zone, the equatorial air masses prevailed, precipitation concentration; trade winds with the control period, the tropical continental air mass control, drought. 700-1000 mm annual precipitation in general, there is a clear and long dry season. Natural vegetation is tropical savanna. (D) of the tropical desert (dry) climate broadly distributed in the North-South reunification under the control of high-pressure zone within the mainland and the West Bank to the north of Africa, Asia, the Arabian Peninsula and the Australian desert area is typical. The trade winds in the subtropical zone with or under the control of the whole year by the tropical continental air mass control, drought, annual precipitation is about 100 mm in some places only a few millimeters or less, abundant sunshine, high temperatures, the hottest month on average temperatures can reach 30 ℃ or so. Heat and moisture contradiction. The distribution of the world's largest desert and formation, is closely related with the tropical dry climate. Natural vegetation is desert. (E) sub-tropical monsoon climate is mainly distributed in the subtropical east coast of the mainland to the east Asian continent, such as the Qinling Mountains of China - Huai River to the south southeast of the North American continent, the South American continent as a typical eastern and southeastern Australia. Significant seasonal variations prevailing wind direction. Affected by the polar continental air mass in winter, low temperatures, less precipitation; summer tropical marine air mass by the effect of hot and rainy season, the uneven distribution of water. Natural vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. (F) sub-tropical Mediterranean climate in the subtropical continent mainly west coast, such as the Mediterranean coast of North and South America 30 ° -40 ° latitude continental west coast, the southwest corner of the Australian continent and the African continent and other places, to the widest distribution area along the Mediterranean coast, the most typical. In the Northern Hemisphere, for example, the summer subtropical high northward for high voltage control, where the tropical continental air mass by the impact of weather is dry, hot and dry; winter subtropical high moved south, by the westerlies (Mediterranean frontal zone) effects of warm and rainy. Natural vegetation is evergreen sclerophyll broadleaf and evergreen shrubs. (G) in temperate monsoon climate, mainly in the temperate eastern Asian continent, Such as North China, Northeast China and the Soviet Far East. Alternating winter and summer prevailing wind direction was. Winter wind, by the polar continental air mass, cold and dry; summer monsoon, the main impact of the tropical marine air mass, warm hot and rainy. Large annual range, annual precipitation 500-700 mm, unevenly distributed, the relative concentration in the summer, with continental characteristics. Natural vegetation is deciduous or coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest. (H) mainly in the temperate maritime climate, temperate continental West Bank, such as Western Europe, North America and South America, the West Bank panhandle to western Europe as a typical. Affected by the prevailing westerly winds all the year round, sea air blows continents, oceans regulate the effect. Climatic characteristics are: summer temperature is not high, not low winter temperature, annual range is small; 700-1000 mm annual precipitation in general, more uniform distribution. Natural vegetation is temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. (I) temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in Asia and Europe and North America's inland areas. This is far from the ocean, or mountain barriers, water cycle is not active, mainly controlled by the continental air mass, little precipitation, dry climate; hot summers and very cold, the temperature annual range, daily range are large. Natural vegetation is desert or desert steppe or grassland. (X) sub-arctic continental climate is mainly distributed in northern Eurasia, North America, north of the continent. Year by the polar continental air mass and air mass of polar oceans, the ice in winter but also by groups of foreign flavor. Long, severe winters, cool and warm season short; less rainfall, the relative concentration in the summer, evaporation is weak, for the humid regions. Natural vegetation is coniferous forest. (Xi) the polar tundra climate is mainly distributed in Asia and Europe and North America Arctic Ocean coast. Often by the foreign flavor of ice and polar continental air mass influence groups, year-round cold. Average temperature hottest month 1-5 ℃, less precipitation, evaporation is weak, high cloud. Natural vegetation is mainly tundra (moss, lichen). (Xii) the polar ice sheets in the Antarctic climate is mainly distributed within the continent and Greenland. Very cold throughout the year, the monthly mean temperature is below 0 ℃, the global temperature minimum region. Antarctic average temperature -29 ℃ - -35 ℃, -22 ℃ Arctic below the more than year storm. (M) high mountain plateau climate mainly in highland areas Gao Taishan land and large, such as the Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau, the Andes of South America and so on. Gao Taishan, the temperature decreases with height increase, significant vertical change of climate, to a certain height, the humidity, and more clouds, rain and more; more to the mountain top, the wind stronger. China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, altitude, low temperature, but the radiation is strong, abundant sunshine, low rainfall, strong winds in winter. Temperature annual range is small, at less large. At present, climate change, not a single country, a particular region, it should be is a global problem, we should unify our understanding from the following four areas: First, climate change is a global problem that requires the world to work together to protect our homeland. Developed countries should take the lead in emission reduction, and to fulfill the transfer of technology to developing countries and financial support commitments. Second, climate change is a fundamental development issue. Should be economic growth, social development and environmental protection co-ordination together and establishing sustainable development requires the production and consumption patterns. Efforts to address climate change should promote rather than hinder the economic development of countries, particularly developing countries, the eradication of poverty. Third, technical progress on climate change mitigation and adaptation play a decisive role. The international community to increase funding and expand information exchange, technological innovation, promotion and use to strengthen cooperation and improve the common response to climate change. Fourth, climate change is a major concern in developing countries, the challenges of climate change is an important part. Developed countries should actively help developing countries improve the response capabilities, enhance the response to climate disasters.
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What is the difference of weather and climate
The weather is hot and cold relatively quickly, or temporarily change the hot and cold conditions. Climate refers to the general weather conditions or long-term with the main weather conditions. Clearly distinguish the difference between the two is very important because they affect human behavior is not the same. Secondly, the impact of weather on people, control a number of cultural and social factors than the impact of climate on human time is more difficult to control.
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The relationship between climate and behavior and views
⑴ climatic determinism that climate determines the behavior of the range. Speaking of climate determinism, it will surely linked to the geographic determinism. It is difficult to separate them, the location determines the climate. ⑵ climate may be of the view that climate has some constraints on the role of behavior, it limits the scope of possible changes in behavior. ⑶ climate probability that climate is not some sort of behavior led to the decisive factor, but it determines the probability of certain behaviors than the other large.
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[Word]
Climate is a long time meteorological elements and weather phenomena, the average or statistical state, the time scale for the month, quarter, year over several years to several centuries. Climate with cold, warm, dry, wet to measure these characteristics, usually by a period characterized by the mean and from the difference. Climate is a region on the earth the general state of the atmosphere for many years time, is all kinds of weather during that period and overall performance. Meteorological elements (temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.) of various statistics (mean, maximum, probability, etc.) is the fundamental basis for representation of climate. Closely related to climate and human society, many countries had a long record of climate phenomena. Spring and Autumn Period in China with a sundial shadow test to determine the season, the Qin and Han period than twenty-four solar terms, the full record seventy-designate. Climate from the ancient Greek word, meaning inclination, means the cold and warm climate all over the sun's rays with the degree of tilt. Position in latitude, sea and land distribution, atmospheric circulation, topography, ocean currents and other factors, the world's climate can be divided into the following types: Tropical rain forest climate: hot and rainy throughout the year; Tropical steppe climate: temperature throughout the year, sub-dry wet seasons; Tropical desert climate: hot dry; Tropical monsoon climate: cool hot rain throughout the year three quarters of high-temperature points; Humid subtropical monsoon climate and monsoon climate: hot and rainy summer, dry winter cold; Subtropical desert climate: Basic and tropical desert climate similar to, but winter temperatures slightly lower than the tropical desert climate; Subtropical steppe climate: Basic and savannah climate similar to, but the distribution in the subtropics; Mediterranean climate: mild and rainy winter, hot and dry summer; Temperate climate: cool, annual temperature is small, seasonal distribution of annual precipitation; Temperate continental climate: little precipitation, the winter cold and summer heat, the temperature difference between years; Temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer, winter, cold and dry; Temperate broad-leaved forest climate: summers are hot and rainy, cold and dry winter. Temperate steppe climate: cold winters in summer; Temperate desert climate: extreme drought, large temperature difference; Sub-arctic coniferous forest climate: mild in summer, cold in winter; Mountain climate: vertical change from the foot to the summit; Polar tundra climate: long, cold winter, summer is short and cool; Polar ice sheets to climate: cold throughout the year. The impact of climate change on agriculture is negative. By 2030, China's three major crops, namely rice, maize, wheat, irrigated wheat in addition to other, are cut based. The impact of climate change on water resources is also a great, global warming accelerated the process of the water cycle, precipitation increased spatial heterogeneity. Climate change will also affect the major projects, such as the Yangtze River increased precipitation, leading to increased frequency of geological disasters, the safe operation of the Three Gorges reservoir will cause a certain impact. In addition to climate change will also affect the Qinghai-Tibet railway and road, greatly increasing operation and maintenance of rail and road investments. With the global, as climate and environment in China has undergone tremendous changes. Global warming far beyond the general sense of the climate and environmental issues, economic and social development in China has resulted in very serious threat, this threat will continue and continue to intensify. Technology should be particularly concerned about the issue of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures to actively and continuously improve the climate system, ecological, environmental protection and the level of the level, which is comprehensively implement the scientific concept of development, establishment of a socialist harmonious society important part of the Government, the common aspiration of the public and scientists. China's winter coldest and hottest place in summer China's winter coldest place is the town of Mohe in Heilongjiang, in January the average temperature of -30.6 degrees. There have appeared in the coldest extreme minus minimum temperature of 52.3 degrees. This is our existing meteorological records lowest temperature. Summer is the hottest place in China's Xinjiang Turpan, in July the average temperature of 33 degrees, known as "Fire Island." Where the extreme maximum temperature had reached 49.6 degrees. This is our existing meteorological records the highest value. Known as the "three furnaces" of Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing, the average temperature in July was 28.6,29.0 and 28.2, respectively. Turpan to Africa than the fire, have to candidly admit defeat. Climate qìhòu 1, some areas after years of observation in the general meteorological conditions obtained. It with air, latitude, altitude, terrain and so on. 2, the metaphor of movement, or the situation 3, compared the results or success: a few people blind naughty, 成不了气候.
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Climate Type
First, the formation of climate types Combination of heat and water conditions because the differences, or different seasonal distribution of water, or a huge mountain, plateau there, and some within the same climatic zone there is still some difference between the internal climate, can be further divided into a number of climate types. For example, the atmospheric circulation conditions are different, with a subtropical climate zone, the east coast of Asia and Europe is a monsoon type of climate, the West Bank is a Mediterranean climate type. Second, the main climate types 1) tropical climate (A) of the equator (tropical) rain forest climate Broadly distributed between 10 ° latitude north and south, mainly in the Amazon basin of South America, Africa, the Congo River basin, the Gulf of Guinea, Asia, the southwestern coast of the Indian subcontinent, the Malay Peninsula, west coast of Indochina, the Philippines Islands and New Guinea (also known as Irian), Australia from Sumatra to New Guinea area. Temperature annual range is small, generally over 2000 mm annual precipitation, more uniform distribution. Natural vegetation is tropical rain forest. (B) of the tropical steppe climate General distribution in North and South latitude between 10 ° to the Tropic of Cancer south to central Africa, South America, most of Brazil, northern and eastern mainland Australia, as typical. This type of distribution and the trade winds in the equatorial low pressure zone with alternating control area. High temperatures throughout the year, the annual average temperature about 25 ℃. Control period when the equatorial low pressure zone, the equatorial air masses prevailed, precipitation concentration; trade winds with the control period, the tropical continental air mass control, drought, dry and wet seasons points. 700-1000 mm annual precipitation in general, there is a clear and long dry season. Natural vegetation is tropical savanna. (C) of the tropical desert (arid and semi-arid) climate (1) The general distribution of tropical dry climate zone in the north and south under the control of back pressure within the mainland and the West Bank to the north of Africa, Asia, the Arabian Peninsula and the Australian desert area is typical. The trade winds in the subtropical zone with or under the control of tropical continental air mass by the year, the prevalence of subsiding air, drought, annual precipitation is about 100 mm in some places only a few millimeters or less, abundant sunshine, high temperatures , the hottest monthly average temperature up to around 30 ℃. Heat and moisture contradiction. The distribution of the world's largest desert and formation, is closely related with the tropical dry climate. Natural vegetation is desert. (2) tropical semi-arid climate, located in the outer edge of the tropical dry climate zone, and its main characteristics: First, a short rainy season, may be increased to 500 mm annual precipitation; the second side to the high latitudes to low temperatures than the high latitude side. (D) of the tropical monsoon climate Broadly distributed in the north and south latitude 10 ° to the south east coast of the mainland between the Tropic of Cancer to Asia Indochina, the Indian subcontinent and other places affected by the southwest monsoon region is typical. Most of China's Yunnan, Tibet and other places also belong to the southeast corner of the tropical monsoon climate. Higher temperatures throughout the year, the annual average temperature is above 20 ℃. Prevailing wind direction of the seasonal transition significantly. Equatorial air mass controlled by the summer half year, abundant precipitation, the formation of the rainy season, climate, tropical rainforest climate with similar characteristics; winter months, in some places under the control of the tropical continental air mass, precipitation decreased significantly, the formation of the dry season. 1500-2000 mm annual precipitation, precipitation during the rainy season accounts for more than 80-90% of the total, dry rain and summer seasons. Natural vegetation is tropical monsoon forest. 2) The subtropical climate (E) sub-tropical monsoon climate with humid subtropical monsoon climate (1) sub-tropical monsoon climate is mainly distributed in the subtropical east coast of the mainland to the east Asian continent, such as the Qinling Mountains of China - Huai River to the south southeast of the North American continent, South America east of the southeast corner of southeastern Australia and the African continent is typical. Significant seasonal variations prevailing wind direction. Affected by the polar continental air mass in winter, low temperatures, less precipitation; summer tropical marine air mass by the effect of hot and rainy season, the uneven distribution of water. Natural vegetation is subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest (East Asia significant reasons: proximity to the largest continent, facing the largest marine, land-sea thermal properties significantly different). (2) humid subtropical monsoon climate in southeastern North America and South America, Argentina and Australia, the southeastern part of the eastern region distribution. These areas, as there are a considerable number of winter precipitation, dry summer and winter is not very different, so called sub-tropical monsoon humid climate. Causes of climate is the nature of land-sea thermal difference, but the climate geographical distribution of different land-sea thermal properties of the former is not strong, and the rainfall more than the former. (F) sub-tropical Mediterranean climate West Bank, mainly in the subtropical continent, such as the Mediterranean coast of North and South America 30 ° -40 ° latitude continental West Bank, the southwest corner of the Australian continent and the African continent and other places, to the widest distribution area along the Mediterranean coast, the most typical. In the Northern Hemisphere, for example, the summer subtropical high northward for high voltage control, where the tropical continental air mass by the impact of weather is dry, hot and dry; winter subtropical high moved south, by the westerlies (Mediterranean frontal zone) effects of warm and rainy. Natural vegetation is evergreen sclerophyll broadleaf and evergreen shrubs. (G) sub-tropical desert (arid and semi-arid) climate (1) sub-tropical arid climate mainly in the south, north, latitude 25 ° ~ 35 ° west and inland areas of mainland, and its basic characteristics similar to tropical desert climate is drought year, the hot summer heat, but little latitude high winter temperatures lower than the tropical desert climate. (2) semi-arid subtropical climate found in the outer edge of the subtropical arid climate zones throughout the year drought. Subtropical arid climate with the main difference is that the lower summer temperatures, the warmest month average temperature below 30 ℃; annual rainfall more than 250mm, so the soil water storage increases, to maintain grass growth. (H) subtropical steppe climate The basic characteristics of tropical steppe climate with the same, but the distribution in the subtropical. 3) The temperate climate (I) temperate maritime climate Mainly in the temperate continental West Bank, such as Western Europe, North America and South America, the West Bank panhandle to western Europe as a typical. Affected by the prevailing westerly winds all the year round, sea air blows continents, oceans regulate the effect. Climatic characteristics are: summer temperature is not high, not low winter temperature, annual range is small; 700-1000 mm annual precipitation in general, more uniform distribution. Natural vegetation is temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. Mild winter, cool in summer, more than 1,000 mm of precipitation, and seasonal distribution of uniform. Mainly in the 40 to 60 degrees latitude north and south. Continental Bank, to Western Europe, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark typical. Second, as the United States Seattle, Vancouver, Canada, New Zealand, Wellington. (X) has a continental climate Mainly in Asia and Europe and North America's inland areas. This is far from the ocean, or mountain barriers, water cycle is not active, mainly controlled by the continental air mass, little precipitation, dry climate; hot summers and very cold, the temperature annual range, daily range are large. Natural vegetation is desert or desert steppe or grassland. (Xi) temperate monsoon climate Mainly in the temperate eastern Asian continent, Such as North China, Northeast China and the Soviet Far East. Alternating winter and summer prevailing wind direction was. Winter wind, by the polar continental air mass, cold and dry; summer monsoon, the main impact of the tropical marine air mass, warm hot and rainy. Large annual range, annual precipitation 500-700 mm, unevenly distributed, the relative concentration in the summer, with continental characteristics. Natural vegetation is deciduous or coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest. (Xii) temperate broad-leaved forest climate Mainly in Western Europe, East Asia and North America. Climate with four distinct seasons with hot summers and rainy, cold and dry winter. The warmest month average temperature 13-23 ℃, the coldest month average temperature of about -6 ℃. Annual precipitation 500-1000 mm. Also known as temperate forest climate. (M) temperate steppe climate Also known as temperate continental semi-arid climate, temperate climate and temperate forests transitional climate between the desert climate. This has obvious continental climate, hot summer and cold in winter, the temperature of less large, the warmest month average temperature above 20 ℃, the coldest month average temperature below 0 ℃. Average annual rainfall of 200-450mm, concentrated in the summer, dry desert climate than the degree. Range, from the east coast of the Black Sea, across Central Asia, through Mongolia, the edge of the area, Junggar Basin, China, Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces in the west, something even strips; in the U.S. Midwest as a north-south band; in the south east coast of South America, there is also a strip. (Xiv) the temperate desert (arid and semi-arid) climate Also known as temperate continental arid climate (1) the hinterland of the desert areas of temperate climate. Extreme drought, scarce rainfall, average annual rainfall 200 ~ 300mm, or even years in some places, no rain. Summer is hot, the day the maximum temperature of up to 50 ℃ or above; the winter cold, the coldest month average temperature below 0 ℃, the temperature annual range greater diurnal range is large. Cloud less, relative sunshine long, strong solar radiation. Mostly desert landscape, the natural plant only a few desert plants. Tarim Basin in Central Asia and China is desert climate. (2) temperate semi-arid climate in the arid climate of the outer, dry summer, temperate climate than the low-temperature, rainfall, temperate dry climate than large. 4) The sub-arctic climate (O) sub-arctic continental climate Mainly distributed in northern Eurasia, North America, north of the continent. Year by the polar continental air mass and air mass of polar oceans, the ice in winter but also by groups of foreign flavor. Long, severe winters, cool and warm season short; less rainfall, the relative concentration in the summer, evaporation is weak, for the humid regions. Natural vegetation is coniferous forest. 5) Polar Alpine climate (P) polar tundra climate Mainly in Asia and Europe and North America Arctic Ocean coast. Often by the foreign flavor of ice and polar continental air mass influence groups, year-round cold. Average temperature hottest month 1-5 ℃, less precipitation, evaporation is weak, high cloud. Natural vegetation is mainly tundra (moss, lichen). (Q) polar ice sheets to climate Mainly in Antarctica and Greenland interior. Very cold throughout the year, the monthly mean temperature is below 0 ℃, the global temperature minimum region. Antarctic average temperature -29 ℃ - -35 ℃, -22 ℃ Arctic below the more than year storm. (Xviii) mountain plateau climate Mainly in highland areas Gao Taishan land and large, such as the Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau, the Andes of South America and so on. Gao Taishan, the temperature decreases with height increase, significant vertical change of climate, to a certain height, the humidity, and more clouds, rain and more; more to the mountain top, the wind stronger. China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, altitude, low temperature, but the radiation is strong, abundant sunshine, low rainfall, strong winds in winter. Temperature annual range is small, at less large. At present, climate change, not a single country, a particular region, it should be is a global problem, we should unify our understanding from the following four areas: First, climate change is a global problem that requires the world to work together to protect our homeland. Developed countries should take the lead in emission reduction, and to fulfill the transfer of technology to developing countries and financial support commitments. Second, climate change is a fundamental development issue. Should be economic growth, social development and environmental protection co-ordination together and establishing sustainable development requires the production and consumption patterns. Efforts to address climate change should promote rather than hinder the economic development of countries, particularly developing countries, the eradication of poverty. Third, technical progress on climate change mitigation and adaptation play a decisive role. The international community to increase funding and expand information exchange, technological innovation, promotion and use to strengthen cooperation and improve the common response to climate change. Fourth, climate change is a major concern in developing countries, the challenges of climate change is an important part. Developed countries should actively help developing countries improve the response capabilities, enhance the response to climate disasters.
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The relationship between climate and behavior and views
⑴ climatic determinism that climate determines the behavior of the range. Speaking of climate determinism, it will surely linked to the geographic determinism. It is difficult to separate them, the location determines the climate. ⑵ climate may be of the view that climate has some constraints on the role of behavior, it limits the scope of possible changes in behavior. ⑶ climate probability that climate is not some sort of behavior led to the decisive factor, but it determines the probability of certain behaviors than the other large. People's appearance, personality and behavior, can not entirely dominated by man, this "power" in nature and sometimes hold the "palm of the hand." Tall, short, fat, thin man, and looks red and yellow black and white, not only with the person's genetic, but also has some relationship to climate. In Eurasia, living in tropical areas were near the equator, due to strong light, the temperature is too high, the color of dark human skin. In order to withstand the hot climate, they are very short neck, head and was too small, and a wider nose, it is a good distribution of body heat. In the boreal, temperate high latitudes, not direct sun all year round, light intensity is weak, very low temperatures, frost and long, where mostly white people. In order to resist the cold, they often have a ratio of students to live in temperate and tropical regions are more hooks in the nose. High bridge of the nose, nasal pore longer. On the first type, the head of cold and temperate residents, the first type of round, relatively flat face, which is very conducive to insulation, reducing heat dissipation. In order to meet the thin mountain air, mountain people in the chest prominent, well-developed respiratory function, lung capacity and maximum ventilation obviously more than the residents of coastal areas. The impact of climate on height is more apparent. To China, for example, Beijing's annual sunshine hours for 2778.7 hours, annual sunshine hours in Wuhan 2085.3 hours, annual sunshine hours in Guangzhou 1945.3 hours, annual sunshine hours in Chengdu at least, only 1239. 3 hours, so the average height of the residents of these cities in order from high to low. The reason is that the sun's ultraviolet rays can make the skin into vitamin D dehydrocholesterol main source of calcium can promote high technology and the role of long length thick. <strong id="bks_5vh1jbxw" class="x_txt18">
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Four seasons climate and clothing
Human beings to survive, to adapt to a variety of natural environment, and the most basic adaptation is to maintain normal body temperature. Although the physiological temperature regulation through to complete, but the physiological function of regulation is limited. Clothes can make in a higher temperature than the ambient air temperature, small changes in temperature than the gas in the environment. Clothes, although it can not reduce the body heat loss, heat can not be saved, but it can play a regulatory role, the body is surrounded by a layer of warm air, not only that, clothing can also change the environment temperature, humidity, air, sunshine effect on the human body. Summer, with the significant increase of the temperature outside, the exposed surface of the skin greatly increase evaporation, such as wearing appropriate clothing, dramatic changes in meteorological factors can be reduced when the human body. When the body directly in the sunlight, the clothes can be reduced by thermal effects of radiation. Less in summer clothes, such as the well-dressed, better reflect the human form of beauty. However, in addition to pay more attention to beautiful summer clothing, but also pay attention to both the sun, but also make the body heat. Therefore, the color should be light summer clothing, material should be thin and loose, can not be used to make synthetic fabrics, because of its poor water absorption, and not high temperature, humidity and easy. More appropriate temperature in spring and autumn, but spring is the "baby face one day become three changes", the fall is "a cold autumn rain, the second autumn wear cotton field." So this is the season of the two climate variability, there are dress their different characteristics: the spring should cover the fall should be frozen. It should also be considered in the clothing on the characteristics of their health care to dress, to adapt to changes in weather dress. Winter clothes, so that the body can maintain an average loss due to conduction and radiation all the heat 1 / 3. According to the research, when the outside temperature and body temperature is 15.6 ℃ exposed to 17 ℃, the put on a shirt, the shirt with the outside surface temperature of the difference may be reduced to 11.8 ℃; with a vest, the temperature difference to 9.9 ℃; then coated with the temperature difference was only 6.3 ℃. The thicker clothes, clothing, the temperature difference between surface and environment, the smaller the better thermal effects. Especially in the northern winter season, the heat loss of a person, there are nearly half is excreted in the head and normal breathing, so winter weather masks, hats became warm essential items out. In the freezing region, the level of more clothes, if the outside with a light-colored clothing, with a dark cloth which will enable close to the skin at the formation of a heat-absorbing layer, to achieve better thermal effects. The southern air humidity is generally greater, therefore, in the winter, they tend to feel colder than the North South, so people wear, the most important is insulation, dry. In the relationship between clothing and humidity, dry clothes to large areas, the thickness should be moderate, closer to the texture of fabric, color and reflected radiation in order to facilitate heat Yi Qian; in humid areas, clothes to fit, cover as little as possible body, the thickness should be thin, the texture should be loose clothing, color Yi Qian as well.
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Since 2000, the characteristics of climate change in China
In 1973, Impact and the history of China put forward the climate change the basic situation of cyclical fluctuations. He believes that in the past 2000a, Han is a warm period, shortly after the start of the three countries, climate cooling, and has been postponed until the Tang Dynasty. Late after the cold weather again, to fade in the 15th century Little Ice Age, showing the two peaks structure of the three valleys, until the early 20th century climate warming, the Little Ice Age ended. Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty is the average temperature of about about 2 ℃ higher than the modern warm period. The research results have for the climate history and geography academic circles and widely used. But in recent years, due to the discovery of new data and research methods of improvement, the work of many scholars on the Impact and supplemented. Which Zhu Shiguang so that from 2000 to 3000 years of Chinese history during the climate change experienced the following stages: ① the cold and dry climate the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC to the mid-8th century BC); ② spring and warm weather to the Western Han Dynasty ( mid-8th century BC to 1st century BC); ③ late Western Han Dynasty to the Northern cool and dry climate (mid-1st century BC to 6th century); ④ before the Sui and Tang, medium-warm climate (7 ~ 8th century); ⑤ Tang cool and dry climate during the late Northern Song Dynasty (9 ~ 11th century); ⑥ gold early wet and dry climate (12th century); ⑦ late payments and the Yuan Dynasty to dry climate (13th and first half of the 14th century); ⑧ cold and dry climate during the Ming and Qing (the latter half of the 14th century to early 20th century). Later, many geographers of climate change in China has been further modified, but overall trends in much the same. Historical period, the climate is not only cyclical fluctuations in temperature have caused changes in well-being, and in humidity, there are some changes. Has to say, the warm and wet period of the cold and dry period is the reciprocal of, but each being of fluctuation of dry and wet, again, can not be generalized. Zhu Shiguang and other studies suggest that changes in temperature faster than changes in precipitation, and precipitation rate is greater than the magnitude of temperature change. In the historical period, the climate warm and cold fluctuations and volatility are significantly related to wet and dry, but not completely synchronized.
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Forming factors of climate
The formation of climate change is mainly caused due to heat, and therefore the formation of the climate factors, primarily in the following three aspects: First, the radiation factor Solar radiation is the source of surface and atmospheric heat, surface heat balance of payments is an important reason for the formation of climate. For the whole earth, the surface heat balance of payments is zero, but for different regions, the heat received by the ground are different, and thus the formation of an impact on the climate. At the same time, the ground to accept the heat, the constant heat exchange with the atmosphere, heat balance in the process of formation of each component is also important for climate impact. Second, the geographical factors Geographical factors on the performance of climate formation of the geographical dimension, land and sea distribution, topography and ocean currents, and the geographical factors influence the formation of the final analysis, the climate can be attributed to radiation or factors. Different geographical dimensions, the heat received different, causing different climate; the oceans and continents have different thermodynamic properties, such as the volumetric heat capacity, thermal conductivity and other marine and terrestrial significantly different, and therefore the climate on the oceans and continents in very different , in contrast, the continental diurnal and annual range than maritime. Annual range of temperature is to distinguish between continental and oceanic climate of the important indicators of climate and summer heat mainland, the winter ocean is the heat source, heat is conducive to the formation and strengthening low pressure system, while the cold source is conducive to the formation and high-pressure system to strengthen, land and sea of the distribution of planetary wind belt is divided into a number of high and low pressure centers, these high and low pressure centers have important implications for climate formation, in addition, different land-sea distribution changes also affect the weather; terrain on climate formation lies, altitude, solar direct radiation, diffuse radiation reduced, the temperature decreased, the humidity decreases, and different effects on the climate of different terrain, the plateau is very obvious impact on the climate; and ocean currents affect the climate but also because of the heat from , the ocean is important to the Earth's surface heat storage. Third, the circulation factor Including the atmospheric circulation and weather systems.
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Encyclopedia
qihou Climate climate A region on the earth's weather and atmospheric activity for many years a comprehensive situation. It includes not only the average years of various weather elements, but also its extreme, variation and frequency. Any climate are associated with certain areas, there are differences in different climatic regions. Climate and changes over time, different years of the century the climate values are not the same. By the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) requirements, currently 1951 to 1980 the climate is universal value. The ancient Greek word of climate as □, intended to "tilt" means sun radiation to different degrees around the tilt, resulting in differences between cold and warm all over. The term refers to the climate in ancient China season. Warring States Period, "Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen," contains: "五日 that the candidate, the three candidates that the gas, gas that when the six seasons that the old." Climate formation of the basic characteristics of the climate factor is solar radiation, land surface properties, atmospheric circulation and long-term interaction between human activities and other factors formed. Solar radiation and generate heat on the Earth atmospheric motions and ocean currents such as energy from solar radiation. Solar radiation varies with latitude and season, with the sunrise Sunday in a day did not change in day length. Reach the upper bound of the atmosphere solar radiation is mainly short-wave radiation, 99% of the spectrum in the wavelength between 0.15 to 4.0 microns. Ground and atmospheric radiation is long wave radiation, mainly in the wavelength between 3 to 120 microns. Atmospheric oxygen, ozone, water vapor and clouds absorb certain wavelengths of solar radiation, water vapor, clouds and carbon dioxide absorption of terrestrial radiation. Warming the atmosphere absorb radiation. Atmospheric radiation in all directions, some of them back to the ground. Radiation balance so that the average surface air temperature is kept at a certain level. Floating in the atmosphere, clouds, dust and other particles absorb solar radiation reflection and scattering. Therefore, changes in cloud amount and distribution, after the eruption of dust, soot and other objects of industrial pollution may cause climate change, and even longer-term changes. In addition, the solar activity, at the distance of the axis of the swing change and impact, also the strength of solar radiation. The nature of Earth's land surface 71% of the surface of the ocean, the rest of the land. Differences between marine and terrestrial, on the climate have a significant impact. Specific heat of water is greater than any other ordinary matter, some of the radiation heat to the water temperature at least. Solar radiation can be transmitted to a certain depth of water, when the sun's rays directly projected onto the surface, in water depths of 10 meters of water surface solar radiation equivalent to 18% of the amount of solar radiation; in the land, solar radiation can affect to a very shallow depth. Dry sand and soil specific heat, thermal conductivity is very small, the heat gains and losses and the temperature down very quickly. For example, the sub-surface temperature diurnal variation are generally in the 40 ~ 50 ℃, while the daily variation of tropical sea surface temperature is typically less than 1 ℃. Ocean currents in the north and south can effectively exchange and low latitudes and high latitudes heat. Especially the warm ocean surface ocean to atmosphere to provide water, water vapor condenses into clouds, releasing latent heat, air movement and heat the water and inland to the high latitudes. The edge of the warm ocean currents, especially in the phase of the ocean surface and cold ocean currents, temperature gradient much lower atmosphere, warming the atmosphere was different on both sides, resulting in rapids, the development of weather systems. The natural landscape of different land also have an impact on the climate. For example, the different reflectivity of solar radiation to the face: The new snow surface is 85 ~ 90%; the desert for 25 ~ 30%; deciduous forest is 15 to 25%; evergreen forest in 7 to 15%; cultivated land (dry) 10 ~ 15%; the water when the sun is close to the days when the top 2 to 5%, close to the ground plane is larger than 80% of the time. Due to differences in reflectivity, so that there is a corresponding high and low temperature difference. Often the formation of different landforms local climate differences. For example, the mountains force the air rising, cooling, condensation, wind slope to increased rainfall, while the leeward rainfall decreased. In another example, in the mountains, hills and valleys by the different heat to form the valley wind; sea (lake) side of heat gain due to water and land is different from the formation of sea (lake) breeze (see local wind). In the city, strongly influenced by human activities, resulting in a special land surface, the formation of a special climate, there are heat island phenomenon and the heat island circulation (see urban climate). Latitude atmospheric circulation over the distribution of solar radiation, seasonal changes, and the presence of land and sea and earth rotation bias effect, making the country the temperature, humidity, air pressure vary. Flow from the high pressure air is always to try to make around the pressure, temperature, humidity convergence, so the formation of large-scale air operation, including the meridional circulation and zonal circulation, planetary wind
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English Expression
n.: climate, clime, sky, temperate, weather, comfort zone, season, successful development, of a particular region, atmosphere, situation
adj.: balmy, crisp, salubrious
French Expression
n. climat
Thesaurus
boisterous, region climate asperity
Related Phrases
environment
city
air temperature
solar period(term); a day marking one of the 24 divisions of the solar year in the traditional Chinese calendar