In the forests of the western United States, the growth of a specialized eating leaves sprout spruce leaf roller. This small insects grow to a certain stage they become pupae, and then transformed into moths, moths lay eggs, the eggs turned into caterpillars. In this life cycle, the caterpillar stage only specialized phagocytic buds on the trees pose a hazard. However, in the past 20 to 50 years of forest ecological cycle, the dramatic increase in the number of such leaf roller, millions of acres of valuable trees being eroded hungry caterpillar populations, large tracts of fir, spruce decay, death, Yi Keke become dead wood. The early 1980s, the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service entomologist agencies Tuoluo Fu · Torgerson came to northeastern Oregon, specializes in the cause of the rapid spread of spruce leaf rollers. His task is to study the ecology western spruce moth power, this work is concentrated in his opinion reveals cause of death spruce moth, find out when these most destructive pests in the larval stage, have not had time to grow into the adult, spawning new worm before mating, what is eaten. To this end, he will study the relationship between life and death gaze further into the forest in the network. He found that in numerous short as a few months or as long as several hundred years of forest ecological cycle, all organisms from fungi to fir both independent and interrelated. And many of these are related to the ecological cycle of forest stands on the ground dead wood are closely related. Over the years, people who live in the forest are considered dead wood only heralded fire and diseases, Torgerson opposite view, "dead wood is an important part of a vibrant green of the forest." In order to give a more robust trees Teng place, in order to maintain the balance of other wildlife species, some trees have a normal death. Birds on the role of pest control Under normal circumstances, the number of trees insect pressure is maintained at a certain level or less will cause the death of small trees. And when some of the causal factors occur, causing a large spread of harmful insects, the large tracts of forest will be destroyed. Therefore, how to make these harmful insects kept low line, forest managers to become a critical issue that must be addressed. Spraying of pesticides to be used only method of early outbreaks of pests. So, what is the number in the control of harmful insects, to keep it at a low level line? Insect pests of trees and the relationship with the victim resulting ecological network of contacts, deeply attracted Torgerson and his colleagues. "Our first thought was a wasp, flies and spiders, caterpillars force to make losses, but quickly proved they were not a key factor in controlling the number of harmful insects and we immediately had a premonition that this is the bird at work." Torgerson and colleagues come up with a new idea: to build a huge cage, the bird blocked in the woods, controlled study. Assembling toys childhood memories, as they built this structure wacky tree cage provides inspiration. Them on the lawn of the Oregon State University College of forest, with plenty of plastic pipes and plastic mesh-like structure of hexagonal tree toys from the cage. It can be surrounded by 10 to 12 feet tall trees, and access to the top of the tree through the activities of the ladder. Then they put a ladder to the heightening of 20 to 30 feet. Results of the study show that the interference by the bird cage to protect against a tree, caterpillar to pupa quantity than non-protected tree caterpillar cage six times. Of course, not all birds eat insects, but most birds are insectivorous birds. Some species of birds in the summer to eat 300 insects per day. A pair of evening grosbeaks during rearing offspring can eat 25,000 ~ 50,000 caterpillars. Other birds that feed on caterpillars as well as brown spots red bird, the American brigade Thrush, tanagers, loose golden-winged, white-crowned sparrows, ruby crown kinglets and so on. Overall, tits, finches North American birds, and woodpeckers and other birds stay year-round to stay in one area (compared with the migratory birds) are predatory caterpillars and other insects major role. Ants help birds So that they are truly puzzled, some were caged live on twigs (that is, the birds can not get near the place), the number of scientists seems a little caterpillar too little, or not at all. Since birds can not eat these caterpillars on twigs, then where are they gone? "As we stood under the branches Confusing, we suddenly found swarms of ants around the shoes, we are curious, is it that these caterpillars destroy the colony it? We approached the trunk careful observation, it was found that colony along crawling up and down the trunk. " To confirm the ants as they think about how ants and trees to isolate approach. The answer there, they think of goo in order to prevent some of the main pests of orchards and fruit trees will be a climb called "spirits" is painted on the trunk. The density of the material corresponds to the cooling oil, can block any pests eat the buds of trees to climb. So they surrounded the trees with a trunk cage and then coated with "spirits." The actual result: the use of cages and "spirits" double protection caterpillars on trees, than no more than by 10 to 15 times the caterpillars protect trees on. Although birds and ants on the increase or decrease in the number of caterpillars plays an important role, but Torgerson stressed: these two insectivorous animal pests not only in the outbreak, or when pests lowest level plays an important role in their stability. Strictly speaking, they do not control the outbreak of pests, their function is essentially to maintain long-term stability between the two forest ecological disasters, and to extend this interval. In other words, for the eradication of pests and natural enemies of pests does play some role, but not a major role. Dead wood and fallen trees are dependent on the survival of birds and ants Boolean is a wildlife biologist Evelyn Torgerson colleagues. Her diet in the study of woodpeckers found woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon, 95 percent of the food was actually ants. But not woodpeckers pecking away from the tree ant, but the first built in the woodland destroyed those dead tree trunk in the nest with its tough and powerful mouth, then taking a big black ants nest hypertrophy. Forest managers with long red crown of the existence of the black woodpecker mouth as a sign of a healthy forest ecosystem. Woodpeckers and many other birds need and use these to nesting habitat dead wood, dead wood pecker who first dug, drilled hole in the work they can always be heard in the woods. They are also early inhabitants dead wood, usually live in dead wood on a quarter later, he abandoned the nest away. Leaving the empty nest, birds and other small mammals are long lines waiting for it. Woodpecker feeding habits also leads to another around the caterpillars off the new association Network. As Torgerson pointed out, if only to control woodpecker nest - snags, dead trees lying on the ground without control, they do not live there. "They are not always in the nest, but they do always eat!" Boolean said. Researchers began to fallen trees into account, including the study of their material, size, ruggedness, whether the degree of decay, woodpeckers above looked foods, the percentage of ants in the above area of life, and which ants majority. Woodpecker most addicted to eating wood ants generally choose a large diameter solid fallen trees, so that they can escape predators Lee mouth. Some wildlife biologists have found an area of woodland in the percentage of fallen trees covered with small mammals, amphibians, and even the number of active spotted owl also has a relationship, their food often live among these fallen trees. Next is the aforementioned wildlife biologist for black bear foraging habits Boolean found. Black bear in their daily stroll, especially in the summer, the ants can devour a lot of protein. Unlike woodpeckers as cumbersome black bear, a one aimed at the re-taking of red ants and ants, they are just clumsy and forcefully broken the fallen trees, then open mouth, protruding tongues ants swept away. First Woodpecker, followed by black bear, dead wood became the center of attention. Researchers began recording their numbers and characteristics. "Over the years people spend a lot of time and money for inventory live trees, and now need to accurately and efficiently compute the same dead wood resources in time." Torgerson said. Torgerson _select_ed in the small forest land statistics. This small piece of forest land without any felling of trees, so a variety of wildlife utilization. Then he put the information into the computer in a variety of information. Torgerson explained:. "Trees grow at different speeds, stand, die, fall, all kinds of wild animals according to their own size to take advantage of these trees which requires a very complex management schemes such as the traditional timber harvesting and towed large timber only approach will reduce the size of the fallen logs in a role of an animal. " Nature's Wisdom People know a lot about the forest, the problem here is how to treat the dead wood. When people to maintain "forest health" and efforts to fight people's focus has been placed on pests and wildfires caused by inflammable, and the role of dead wood is clearly despise. Torgerson research lethal factor from the start of leaf rollers, dead wood from the ants, woodpeckers guide and found them both for regulating the number of caterpillars, or the overall health of the forest is very important. They are nesting wildlife, habitat, build a cave, resting, foraging and refuge important places. It seems that after the death of the trees do not lose their value immediately, on the contrary, they became the center of vigorous vitality. This study tells us that the natural forest has its own wisdom, where life and death, harmony and unity. The last century, forest managers and their training is: dead wood is the primary factor caused the fire. Torgerson hopes his findings not only limited to forestry, and energy to the people pass a wider range of information. Through the forest this example, we find that nature is so magical and economic systems, a variety of wild animals and plants with seamless interdependent. If we receive inspiration from the world would be a better place.
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Movie
Brief introduction Drama name: Deadwood - Deadwood Other names: of foreign degrees Country: United States Language: English Category: Drama, Action / Adventure Broadcast Broadcast Status: finished sowing Premiere Channel: HBO Broadcast period: March 1, 2004 - August 27, 2006 The main broadcast: United States Quarters: 3 Episode: 36 Drama Length: 55 minutes Plot The story takes place in 1800, the United States South Dakota Deadwood City full of violence and crime in the town. Wild Bill Hickok, and _Set_h Bullock hope to be able to find them a new start here. But they soon found themselves standing in the legal and moral opposites. This is illegal colonial town, attracting a variety of personalities come from being deprived of legal protection and entrepreneurs to ex-soldiers and blackmailer, Chinese laborers, male prostitution, these people can be in different forms of town seen. Actor Timothy Olyphan played by _Set_h BullockIan McShane Played by Al SwearengenMolly Parker plays Alma GarretBrad Dourif played Doc CochranW. Earl Brown plays Dan DorityJohn Hawkes plays Sol Star Make Screenplay: Elizabeth Sarnoff, Regina Corrado Directed by: Walter Hill Producer: Walter Hill, Jody Worth Studio: Home Box Office (HBO), Red Board Productions, Roscoe Productions Publisher: Home Box Office (HBO), British Sky Broadcasting Shooting: California Other Information Classic lines: Hugo Jarry:. And you, Mr Wolcott, I find you the most severe disappointment of all. Francis Wolcott: Often to myself, as well. Keywords: Psychological, Gunfighter, Outlaw, Power Struggle Awards: 2006 Eddie Awards, Emmy Awards 2007