Lauraceae lauraceae Dicotyledon outline of a wooden Aqualon Division. Mostly trees or shrubs, vines are the only wound rootless parasitic herb; often oil or mucus cells. Leaves alternate, opposite, nearly opposite or whorled, leathery, sometimes membranous or papery, entire, rarely divided, pinnate veins, three veins or veins from the base three, often of small veins close mesh; without stipules. Flowers axillary or terminal panicles near the top students, raceme, umbel, or group near inflorescence; Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic, perianth usually 3 base 2 is also the base, showing sepal-like, base connate generating tube, lobes 6 or 4, arranged in two rounds, equal or outer ones small, short or very short perianth tube, and some after flowering increased fruit into a cup or discoid care; stamens was born in perianth tube's throat, the number of fixed, variable number of thin, usually arranged in 4 rounds, each round of 2 to 4, and 2 Department of flower wire based or non-glandular, sometimes part of the stamen, especially the stamens are not developed within a wheel, a degradation stamen, anther 2 to 4 rooms to cracking lobes, ovary superior one room, there ovule 1, style 1, stigma discoid, expansion or cracking, and sometimes not obvious. Fruit is berry-like drupe, sometimes persistent perianth perianth tube or supporting part or all surrounded by closed; Stem cylindrical, sometimes succulent. The section of about 45 genera and 2000 2500 species in the tropics, but the distribution of some species to subtropical and even temperate. China has around 20 genera (including avocado and bay is as an introduction and cultivation) of more than 420 species. Mainly distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Taiwan provinces. Range of economic plants of the Section, is widely used. Avocado is a fruit of high nutritional value, the nuts are rich in oil. Bay leaves are a good spices or flavoring agent for canned. Many species such as rosewood, camphor, sassafras and other light industry and pharmaceutical industry to provide on the use of aromatic oil. Camphor (see Zhang) and also the production of sassafras camphor. Pheasant pepper, Litsea and other fruits and leaves with aromatic oil. Zhang genus, genus Litsea, Lindera, camphor oil is a fruit, Cryptocarya is, yellow, many types of meat Nan fruits are also rich in oil. Cinnamon (cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon), Tadeusz Cryptocarya, Litsea Hong skin with aromatic oils such as bark, some species also eat fruit. Aggregata and cinnamon are well-known traditional Chinese medicine. Lauraceae lauraceae 1. Zhang subfamily lauroideae kosterm. 1. Avocados family perseae mez 1. Avocados subfamily perseineae kosterm. 01. Avocados are persea mill. 02. Machilus nees Machilus 03. Oil is alseodaphne nees Dan 04. Race Nan is nothaphoebe bl. 05. Mango Zhang is caryodaphnopsis airy shaw 06. Nan is phoebe nees 2. Qiong Nan subfamily beilschmiediineae kosterm. 07. Lin Gui is dehaasia bl. 08. Qiong Nan is beilschmiedia nees 09. Soil Nan is endiandra r. br. 10. Camphor oil fruit is syndiclis hook. F. 2. Zhang family cinnamomeae baill. 1. Zhang subfamily cinnamomineae kosterm. 11. Zhang is cinnamomum schaeff. 12. New Zhang is neocinnamomum h. liou 13. Sassafras is sassafras trew 3. Litsea family litseeae mez 1. Litsea subfamily litseineae kosterm. 14. Yellow flesh is actinodaphne nees Sassafras 15. Neolitsea litsea lam. 16. New Neolitsea neolitsea merr. 2. Lauryl subfamily lauriineae kosterm. 17. Lindera lindera thunb. 18. Laurel is laurus linn. 4. Cryptocarya family cryptocaryeae meissn. 1. Cryptocarya subfamily cryptocaryineae kosterm. 19. Cryptocarya is cryptocarya r. br. 2. Rootless vine subfamily cassythoideae kosterm. 20. Rootless vine is cassytha linn.
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Overview
樟科 概述
Lauraceae (Lauraceae) is Dicotyledon, wood Aqualon Division One key link. Mostly trees or shrubs, vines are the only wound rootless parasitic herb; often oil or mucus cells. The origin of Lauraceae early Tertiary Paleocene discovered the oldest fossil Lauraceae. Found in Siberia Miocene and Pliocene Lauraceae fruit and leaf fossils, which indicates that the geological age of the Lauraceae have emerged in the north.
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Biological characteristics
樟科
樟科 生物学特性
Morphology Sassafras leaves alternate, opposite, nearly opposite or whorled, leathery, sometimes membranous or papery, entire, rarely divided, pinnate veins, three veins or veins from the base three, often of small veins close mesh; no stipules, the madder-type stomata, confined to the surface and often depression. Flowers axillary or terminal panicles near the top students, raceme, umbel, or group near inflorescence; bracts did not have any, loss or persistent flowering time; Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic, perianth usually 3 base, there are 2 base, showing sepal-like, co-generation drum base, lobes 6 or 4, arranged in two rounds, equal or outer ones small, short or very short perianth tube, and some change after flowering increased into a fruit cup or discoid care; stamens born in the throat of perianth tube, a certain number, variable number of thin, usually arranged in 4 rounds, each round of 2 to 4, with 2 glands Department of flowers wire based or not, sometimes especially the most part within the wheel stamens stamens are not developed as staminodes, anther 2 to 4 rooms to cracking lobes, ovary superior one room, there ovule 1, style 1, stigma discoid, expansion or cracking, and sometimes not obvious. Fruit is berry-like drupe, sometimes persistent perianth perianth tube or supporting part or all surrounded by closed; Stem cylindrical, sometimes succulent. Seed without endosperm, cotyledons thick fleshy, germ obvious. Most middle-catheter, single perforation based. No pollen germination pore, the number of round, diameter 24 to 40 (70) μm, wall thin, often with small spines or small thorn-like protrusions, the outer wall carving patterns blurred. Chromosome number of x = 7,12. Reproduction Lauraceae most small and fragrant flowers, a floral glands, for insect pollination, the presence of unisexual flowers that develop in the direction toward the cross-pollination, but there are also self-pollination occurred, such as Licaria is, oil is a red flower almost open, and by the stigma anther very close to self-pollination occurs inevitably. Birds and mammals of primary fruit with small animals to spread. Zhang mango fruit because the seed coat and endocarp filled with air and float between, which can be spread by water; this plant is usually a small stream along the periodic flooding of the alluvial soil growth. Liu Ye Runnan riparian species such as the seeds are spread by water.
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Chemical composition
Lauraceae phytochemicals are: alkaloids, aryl propanol (arylpropanoid), Nitro-styrene oxide (nitrophenylethane), benzoyl ester (benzol ester), 2 - pyrone (2-pyrone), flavanones (flavanoid), benzophenone (benzophenone), lauric acid (lauricacid), olefin (alkene), monoterpenoids (monoterpene) and sesquiterpenes (sesquiterpene) and so on. The chemical composition of essential oil are: linalool (linalool), citral (citral), yellow oil extraction factor (safrol), camphor (camphor), cineole (cineol), cinnamic acid (cinnamic acid), etc. .
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Categories
樟科 分类
Classification of Lauraceae from the C · von · Linnaeus (1753), the only recognized two genera: the laurel and non-root vines are genus. After many people have many different classification systems. A · J · Coast Mansfield (1957) in the previous basis, the Lauraceae divided into two subfamilies: Zhang subfamily (Lauroideae Kosterm., A normal Joe leaves, shrubs) and non-root vine subfamily (Cassythoideae Kosterm., without the normal parasitic vine leaves). Only the latter subfamily are rootless vine (China also produced) 1 genus. 1, Zhang subfamily: divided into five families: avocado family (Perseeae Mez), Zhang Family (Cinn amomeae), Litsea family (Litseae Mez), Cryptocarya group (Cryptocaryeae), the next bit of camphor family (Hypodaphneae) . Family according to the first 4 numbers chamber is divided into two subfamilies. ① avocado meat Nan Huang family: cone-shaped inflorescence, no involucre; fruit no fruit care. Divided into two subfamilies: subfamily avocado (Perseineae Kosterm.) And Joan Nan subfamily (Beilschmiediineae Kosterm.). Among them, the avocado subtribe include: avocado is (Persea Mill) Machilus (Machilus Nees), oil Dan is (Alseodaphne Nees), Nan is a game (Not-haphoebe Bl.), Mango Zhang is (Caryodaphnopsis Airy Shaw), Nan is a (Phoebe Nees), etc.; Joan Lin Nan Gui subfamily includes an (Deehasia Bl.), Joan Nan is (Beilschmiedia Nees), soil Nan is (Endiandra R. Br.), camphor oil is a fruit ( Syndiclis Hook. f.) and so on. ② Zhang family: cone-shaped inflorescence, no involucre; fruit into a fruit tray in the base. Divided into two sub-clan, which Zhang subfamily (Cinnamomineae Kosterm.) Include: Zhang is a (Cinnamomum Schaeff.), A new camphor an (Neocinnamomum H. Liou), sassafras is (Sassafras Trew) and so on. ③ Litsea family: umbel of Health under the order of the interaction of large and persistent bracts of involucre formed; fruit into a fruit care in many. Divided into two subfamilies: subfamily Litsea (Litseineae Kosterm.), Lauryl subfamily (Lauriineae Kosterm.). Among them, Litsea subfamily includes yellow flesh Nan is (Actinodaphne Nees), Neolitsea (Litsea Lam.), The new Neolitsea (Neolitsea Merr.), Etc.; bay subfamily include Lindera (Lindera Thunb. ), laurel is (Laurus Linn.) and so on. ④ Cryptocarya family: cone-shaped inflorescence, no involucre; ovary superior; fruit completely concealed in the increase of the perianth tube. Divided into two subfamilies: one, Cryptocarya subfamily (Cryptocaryineae Kosterm.) Is mainly Cryptocarya (Cryptocarya R. Br.) And so on. ⑤ lower Zhang family: cone-shaped inflorescence, no involucre; ovary inferior. 2. Rootless vine subfamily, only the non-root vines are (Cassytha Linn.) Genus.
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Economic value
Undergraduate cinnamon many economic plants, is widely used. Avocado is a fruit of high nutritional value, the nuts are rich in oil. Bay leaves are a good spices or flavoring agent for canned. Many species such as rosewood, camphor, sassafras and other light industry and pharmaceutical industry to provide on the use of aromatic oil. Can also produce camphor and sassafras camphor. Pheasant pepper, Litsea and other fruits and leaves with aromatic oil. Zhang genus, genus Litsea, Lindera, camphor oil is a fruit, Cryptocarya is, yellow, many types of meat Nan fruits are also rich in oil. Cinnamon (cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon), Tadeusz Cryptocarya, Litsea Hong skin, Licaria cinnamoides, L. puchury-major, Aniba canelilla, Dicypellium caryophy-llatum, musk Cryptocarya, Ravensara, aromatica, Endlicherialongifolia and the bark of Ocotea foeniculacea with aromatic oils such as, some kinds of fruit can be eaten. Aggregata and cinnamon are well-known traditional Chinese medicine. There are many techniques Lauraceae timber timber trees, especially in the middle of the green heart wood from Brazil and Guyana, the smell of wood durable material; marble wood produced in North Sumatra and Kalimantan. Australia, like the United States production capacity of soil Nan black walnut, the victorious international market. Made of camphor wood cabinet, not only beautiful and pest control; Phoebe, Dian Nan has always been good timber. Yun Nan particle viscous solution rich but not greasy, the Department made the top grade of oil. There are many species of Lauraceae bark brown dye or distill do tannin; many species (such as leaf rust Neolitsea, Yunnan Yun-Nan) of the bark, branches, leaves inclusive of clay, crushed incense made after powder, pressurized drilling project water purification agent or agents.
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Kinship
樟科 亲缘关系
Genetic relationship in the Lauraceae, it was the cracking chamber in accordance with its ways and Berberidaceae, Monimiaceae, and is similar in some Hamamelidaceae presented with these subjects are related. J. G · Halil (1912) proposed and Monimiareae families Lauraceae, Chloranthaceae Calycanthaceae and similar. Lauraceae in Modern understanding of the evolution of the system is basically the location there are two views: ① that similar Lauraceae and Thymelaeaceae; ② that belongs to the buttercup Lauraceae head. J. Hutchinson (1926,1957), A. Л. Ta Heta Jiang (1961), together with several similar Lauraceae Division into a separate Laurales (laurales).
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Encyclopedia
樟科 百科辞典
樟科 百科辞典
zhang ke Lauraceae Lauraceae Dicotyledon outline of a wooden Aqualon Division. Mostly trees or shrubs, vines are the only wound rootless parasitic herb; often oil or mucus cells. Leaves alternate, opposite, nearly opposite or whorled, leathery, sometimes membranous or papery, entire, rarely divided, pinnate veins, three veins or veins from the base three, often of small veins close mesh; without stipules, stomatal (device) is madder type, confined to the surface and often depression. Flowers axillary or terminal panicles near the top students, raceme, umbel, or group near inflorescence; bracts did not have any, loss or persistent flowering time; Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic, perianth usually 3 base, there are 2 base, showing sepal-like, co-generation drum base, lobes 6 or 4, arranged in two rounds, equal or outer ones small, short or very short perianth tube, and some change after flowering increased into a fruit cup or discoid care; stamens born in the throat of perianth tube, a certain number, variable number of thin, usually arranged in 4 rounds, each round of 2 to 4, with 2 glands Department of flowers wire based or not, sometimes especially the most part within the wheel stamens stamens are not developed as staminodes, anther 2 to 4 rooms to cracking lobes, ovary superior one room, there ovule 1, style 1, stigma discoid, expansion or cracking, and sometimes not obvious. Fruit is berry-like drupe, sometimes persistent perianth perianth tube or supporting part or all surrounded by closed; Stem cylindrical, sometimes fleshy; seeds without endosperm, thick fleshy cotyledons, germ obvious. Most middle-catheter, single perforation based. No pollen germination pore, the number of round, diameter 24 to 40 (70) μm, wall thin, often with small spines or small thorn-like protrusions, the outer wall carving patterns blurred. Chromosome number of □ = 7,12. Lauraceae most small and fragrant flowers, a floral glands, for insect pollination, the presence of unisexual flowers that develop in the direction toward the cross-pollination, but there are also self-pollination occurred, such as Licaria is, oil is a red flower almost open, and by the stigma anther very close to self-pollination occurs inevitably. Birds and mammals of primary fruit with small animals to spread. Zhang mango fruit because the seed coat and endocarp filled with air and float between, which can be spread by water; this plant is usually a small stream along the periodic flooding of the alluvial soil growth. Liu Ye Runnan riparian species such as the seeds are spread by water. The origin of Lauraceae early Tertiary Paleocene discovered the oldest fossil Lauraceae. Found in Siberia Miocene and Pliocene Lauraceae fruit and leaf fossils, which indicates that the geological age of the Lauraceae have emerged in the north. Lauraceae phytochemicals are: alkaloids, aryl propanol (arylpropanoid), Nitro-styrene oxide (nitrophenylethane), benzoyl ester (benzol ester), 2 - pyrone (2-pyrone), flavanones (flavanoid), benzophenone (benzophenone), lauric acid (lauricacid), olefin (alkene), monoterpenoids (monoterpene) and sesquiterpenes (sesquiterpene) and so on. The chemical composition of essential oil are: linalool (linalool), citral (citral), safrole (safrol), camphor (camphor), cineole (cineol), cinnamic acid (cinnamic acid), etc. . Degree many economic plants, is widely used. Avocado is a fruit of high nutritional value, the nuts are rich in oil. Bay leaves are a good spices or flavoring agent for canned. Many species such as rosewood, camphor, sassafras and other light industry and pharmaceutical industry to provide on the use of aromatic oil. Can also produce camphor and sassafras camphor. Pheasant pepper, Litsea and other fruits and leaves with aromatic oil. Zhang genus, genus Litsea, Lindera, camphor oil is a fruit, Cryptocarya is, yellow, many types of meat Nan fruits are also rich in oil. Cinnamon (cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon), Tadeusz Cryptocarya
