Plant Physiology plant physiology Plant life of the biology branch of law. The aim is to understand plant metabolism, energy transformation and growth and development and mechanism of the law, regulation and control, and environmental conditions on plant life in vivo activities. Subject matter of modern plant physiology is generally divided into the following 10 areas. ① photosynthesis. Special features of green plants. They have photosynthetic pigments, to absorb sunlight. Pigment after excitation in the charge separation by electronic transfer through a series of carrier, the cause of oxidation and reduction reactions: decomposition of water molecules at one end and release oxygen; other end of the reduction of coenzyme Ⅱ, also causing protons (hydrogen ions) transfer, the formation of chloroplast thylakoid membrane potential difference inside and outside and hydrogen ion concentration difference, and promote adenosine triphosphate (atp) synthesis. Thus, the reduction of coenzyme Ⅱ energy into chemical energy with atp in the last after a series of enzymatic reactions to inhalation of co2 from the air and restore the fixed carbohydrate. ② plant metabolism. Can be divided into two aspects, one is anabolic - will produce a relatively simple photosynthetic organisms through a series of enzymatic reactions to form more complex organic compounds, including macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, cellulose, which form Plant Parts of the body; or storage of materials such as starch, sugar, oil for the energy required for life activities. The other hand, catabolism - the hydrolysis of macromolecular substances (or phosphoric acid solution) into a simple sugar phosphate ester, and then the formation of pyruvate through glycolysis, while producing a small amount of atp and reduction of NAD (nadh or nadph). ③ plant respiration. With animals, plants breathe, but did not like the gills, pulmonary gas exchange, as devoted to the respiratory organs. Catabolic reduction of coenzyme formed or several simple organic acids, through a series of electron transport (respiratory chain), and finally the reduction of inhaled oxygen into water. Electron transport and the end of the oxidation is carried out in the mitochondria. Coupled electron transfer at the same time the formation of the atp, supply the energy needs of a variety of life activities. ④ plant water physiology. Plant needs a lot of water, of which only a small part of the process for photosynthesis and metabolism, mostly in the sunlight, stomatal (device) open for photosynthesis, evaporation from the leaves out. Land plants adapted to the needs of transpiration of water, evolved a variety of structures. By the well-developed root system to absorb moisture from the soil through the xylem conduits or tracheids transported to the shoot leaves and other organs. When entering the atmosphere through the stomata to control water loss. Plants in arid regions, more specially constructed to reduce transpiration and metabolic way. ⑤ plant mineral nutrition. In addition to co2 and water, plants also need a variety of chemical elements. Requirements for large N (n), P (p), K (k), is the agriculture often need to apply fertilizer in the form of the element. Second requirement for calcium (ca), S (s), magnesium (mg), iron (fe), constitute the substance of life, including plants, a necessary component of certain enzymes. Also need some trace elements such as manganese (mn), zinc (zn), boron (b), copper (cu), molybdenum (mo) and so on. ⑥ plants transport. Plant without blood circulation system, but the manufacture of organic matter of photosynthetic organs (leaves) is located on the ground, the absorption of inorganic nutrients in soil and water in the underground root system, reproductive organs (flowers, seeds, fruits) and other nutrients were obtained from both the supply. Adaptation between the aboveground and underground and the various organs of the Ministry of transport between the material needs of the two plants have evolved a special channel, where the main transport of water and the dissolved mineral elements in xylem and phloem of the main transport in organic sieve. ⑧ plant hormones. Plant without the nervous system, physical activity among various organs, in addition to nutrient supply and demand with each other outside constraints, mostly by special chemicals to regulate and control each other. This chemical substance known as plant hormones, which in some parts of the formation, transfer to some other site work. If the first is found in the growth of the top of the formation of auxin to promote cell elongation below. Was subsequently found that many other hormones, such as ABA, GA, cytokinin, ethylene. Remove the regulation and control by chemical substances, the plants can also have information on the rapid transmission of physical, such as potential changes. ⑨ resistance. Adverse environment of different plants on patience and resistance vary widely, and some can survive under extreme drought conditions, some resistant to low temperature. Significant differences between species in nature, the different distribution of plants in habitats largely by their resilience to adverse environmental decisions. In agricultural production, expand crops to understand the physiological mechanism of resistance, helping to take measures to improve the resistance, or for breeding stress-resistant varieties in the screening of physiological indicators. ⑩ plant movement. The lower plants live in water, and some have special organs such as the flagellum, can swim for phototactic movement. Although the raw land plants fixed location, but not totally sports. Gen gravitropism (gravity) of the leaves bend toward light, to movement through the growth, called growth movement. Some plants can do mechanical movement, such as the opening day lily flower Magnolia; Acacia leaf evening closed rope; Mimosa and carnivorous pitcher plants and other plants, action more quickly. Application and prospect of using solar energy plants on the planet's major biological synthesis of organic compounds. Their biological activities on human beings have very important significance. Agriculture to cultivated plants as the main crops to control life activity, increase production and improve quality, you need to understand the physiological activities of plants. If knowledge of mineral nutrition of plants is a reasonable basis for fertilizer and the fertilizer industry; on the analysis of plant water relations to provide programs for irrigation; understanding of plant light cycle (see) or the need to not only explain how to determine weather conditions Phenology and prediction of successful introduction of the possibility, and can be illuminated by artificial or darken, and other methods to control the vernalization flowering season; hormone (see) found, so that people can be synthesized, to promote rooting, flower thinning thinning, inducing, enhancing or dormancy, promote or inhibit the growth of other agricultural products to improve yield and quality; herbicides is a high dose of growth regulator application, saving a lot of weeding labor; photosynthesis, metabolism, transport, resistance, etc. physiological mechanism of the _select_ion, breeding a screening index; tissue culture, cell culture technology, to speed up the breeding purebred, improvement and creation of new species, opening up a new way. Agriculture and food in a number of international meetings to discuss, it has raised more than 10 urgent research tasks, including photosynthesis and yield ①; ② biological nitrogen fixation; ③ mineral absorption; ④ resistance to the adverse environment; ⑤ biological competition system resistance; ⑥ plant development and hormone belong to the scope of plant physiology. The remaining items, such as genetic engineering, cell engineering, mycorrhiza and soil, atmospheric pollution, pest control, and plant physiology related. Therefore, the modernization of plant physiology is an important agricultural knowledge base. Environmental protection, pollution prevention, but also involved in plant physiology. Fixing plants such as the use of wind, water purification and so on. 70 that, due to industrial development, large amount of fossil fuel combustion, the air resulting in a significant increase in c affect the climate, increase plant photosynthesis to absorb c is one of the measures. More recently, the prominent issue is the development of new energy sources. Since ancient times retained total depletion of fossil fuel resources of the day, countries seek to update the energy for all very seriously. The current transformation of the earth to capture solar energy is the most important way to the photosynthesis of green plants, the fixed 3 × joules per year, although it only falls on the earth less than one thousandth of the total solar energy, but has 10 times the world on the annual energy consumption. Proposed options such as: ① made use of the existing gas plant residues in China, has application in many places; ② to produce ethanol fermentation of plant products, have been mass produced in some countries; ③ use of arable land not suitable for production plant oil or hydrocarbons to extract the fuel plant; ④ use of algae or isolated chloroplasts in the light to produce hydrogen; ⑤ Extraction of chlorophyll and man-made with inorganic semiconductor material to simulate the decomposition of water to hydrogen, which are from plant physiology out research and development. Solar energy, inexhaustible. If can be used to produce hydrogen as a fuel, oxidation combustion and then into water, can be used repeatedly, and will not cause pollution. .
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Overview
Plant physiology (plant physiology) is the study of the biology of plant life activities branch of law. The aim is to understand plant metabolism, energy transformation and growth and development and mechanism of the law, regulation and control, and environmental conditions on plant life in vivo activities.
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A brief history
Plant Physiology is towards the other end of the development of the macro. By the individual plants, extended to the groups, the research community. Because both the farm or in the human nature, plants are gathered together, very few plant survival; agricultural land area is often as a unit, rather than to calculate the yield per plant. Groups must pay attention to the structure and activities; plant and other plants with the external environment impact and relationship between; air and light, soil water and fertilizer supply, and symbiotic and mutually exclusive phenomena and mechanism. Plant Physiology and Ecology on this border, and developed a plant physiological ecology and ecological physiology that two branches. Modern research plant physiologist, has been partially into the quantitative phase, the introduction of computer and other new technology, started activities on the mathematical simulation of plant physiology. Because plants absorb and transform solar energy is almost the only member, so explore the origin of life, development of energy, astronautics, and the Biological Simulation extraterrestrial life and other issues, the plant physiology is essential. Far as 3,000 years ago (before the 11th century 14 BC), China's Oracle in the physiological activities of plants have involved hard work on agricultural fertilizer accounts. Later in the "Book of the Pan-win" (about BC 100), "Arts for the People" (533 ~ 544), "Heavenly Creations" (1637), etc. there are many elaborate monograph. Ming "Heavenly Creations" the author of the Sung (1587 ~ 1660) almost simultaneously with the book Fanai hormones "On Air", a book said: "The gas from the ground Teng a reminder, those kinds of small as Peng, and the larger the shelter of cattle Xiao dry wood, the grain of the original geometry? the rest of all gas, also. "has clearly pointed out the use of air to the growth of plants. Chinese Comparative Physiology experimental system is introduced from abroad. In the early 20th century, 20, Qian Chong Shu, Zhang Ting returned overseas students, began teaching plant physiology; Li Dong has at Nankai University since 1927, Tsinghua University, Luo Luo were successively since 1931 in Zhongshan University, Central University, Zhejiang University, Academia Sinica, Tang Peisong from 1933 worked in Wuhan University and Tsinghua University to establish the Agricultural Research Institute of Plant Physiology Laboratory, etc.. The results of their research is still often cited foreign literature. Their education, the first and second generation students, now is the main force of the discipline. 30 to 40 years after the war as anti-Japanese war and domestic unrest, universities and research institutes displaced, plant physiology and other sciences are also the same without the full development of the professional team a total of only 30 people. After 1949, plant physiology research and teaching has developed very rapidly in all areas of plant physiology, and all the work carried out in varying degrees, especially in photosynthesis research, the results obtained are important. Currently in China, with Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology; major regions and the institutions of higher learning in the Institute of Botany, Plant Physiology Laboratory with (group) or Department (s); agriculture and forestry departments to establish a crop physiology Research (group). China Plant Physiology establishment in 1963, has convened four times the national Congress, and published Proceedings. Many provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have _set_ up a local Plant Physiology. Plant Physiology China will host the "Plant Physiology" and "Plant Physiology Communications," both of these publications, the Beijing organizers have occasionally Plant Physiology publication "Progress of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry."
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Subject Content
Modern Plant Physiology are generally divided into the following 10 areas. ① photosynthesis. Special features of green plants. They have photosynthetic pigments, to absorb sunlight. Pigment after excitation in the charge separation by electronic transfer through a series of carrier, the cause of oxidation and reduction reactions: decomposition of water molecules at one end and release oxygen; other end of the reduction of coenzyme Ⅱ, also causing protons (hydrogen ions) transfer, the formation of chloroplast thylakoid membrane potential difference inside and outside and hydrogen ion concentration difference, and promote adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. In this way, the light energy into ATP in the reduction of coenzyme Ⅱ and chemical energy, and finally through a series of enzymatic reactions to inhalation of CO2 from the air and restore the fixed carbohydrate. ② plant metabolism. Can be divided into two aspects, one is anabolic - a simple comparison of the photosynthesis of organic matter through a series of enzymatic reactions to form more complex organic compounds, including macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, cellulose, which form Plant Parts of the body; or storage of materials such as starch, sugar, oil for the energy required for life activities. The other hand, catabolism - the hydrolysis of macromolecular substances (or phosphoric acid solution) into a simple sugar phosphate ester, and then the formation of pyruvate through glycolysis, while producing a small amount of ATP and reduction of the coenzyme (NADH or NADPH). ③ plant respiration. With animals, plants breathe, but did not like the gills, pulmonary gas exchange, as devoted to the respiratory organs. Catabolic reduction of coenzyme formed or several simple organic acids, through a series of electron transport (respiratory chain), and finally the reduction of inhaled oxygen into water. Electron transport and the end of the oxidation is carried out in the mitochondria. Electron transfer coupled with ATP formation at the same time, supply the energy needs of a variety of life activities. ④ plant water physiology. Plant needs a lot of water, of which only a small part of the process for photosynthesis and metabolism, mostly in the sunlight, stomatal (device) open for photosynthesis, evaporation from the leaves out. Land plants adapted to the needs of transpiration of water, evolved a variety of structures. By the well-developed root system to absorb moisture from the soil through the xylem conduits or tracheids transported to the shoot leaves and other organs. When entering the atmosphere through the stomata to control water loss. Plants in arid regions, more specially constructed to reduce transpiration and metabolic way. ⑤ plant mineral nutrition. In addition to CO2 and water, plants also need a variety of chemical elements. Requirements for large N (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), is the agriculture often need to apply fertilizer in the form of the element. Second requirement for calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), constitute the substance of life, including plants, a necessary component of certain enzymes. Also need some trace elements such as manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), boron (B), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo) and so on. ⑥ plants transport. Plant without blood circulation system, but the manufacture of organic matter of photosynthetic organs (leaves) is located on the ground, the absorption of inorganic nutrients in soil and water in the underground root system, reproductive organs (flowers, seeds, fruits) and other nutrients were obtained from both the supply. Adaptation between the aboveground and underground and the various organs of the Ministry of transport between the material needs of the two plants have evolved a special channel, where the main transport of water and the dissolved mineral elements in xylem and phloem of the main transport in organic sieve. ⑧ plant hormones. Plant without the nervous system, physical activity among various organs, in addition to nutrient supply and demand with each other outside constraints, mostly by special chemicals to regulate and control each other. This chemical substance known as plant hormones, which in some parts of the formation, transfer to some other site work. If the first is found in the growth of the top of the formation of auxin to promote cell elongation below. Was subsequently found that many other hormones, such as ABA, GA, cytokinin, ethylene. Remove the regulation and control by chemical substances, the plants can also have information on the rapid transmission of physical, such as potential changes. ⑨ resistance. Adverse environment of different plants on patience and resistance vary widely, and some can survive under extreme drought conditions, some resistant to low temperature. Significant differences between species in nature, the different distribution of plants in habitats largely by their resilience to adverse environmental decisions. In agricultural production, expand crops to understand the physiological mechanism of resistance, helping to take measures to improve the resistance, or for breeding stress-resistant varieties in the screening of physiological indicators. ⑩ plant movement. The lower plants live in water, and some have special organs such as the flagellum, can swim for phototactic movement. Although the raw land plants fixed location, but not totally sports. Gen gravitropism (gravity) of the leaves bend toward light, to movement through the growth, called growth movement. Some plants can do mechanical movement, such as the opening night of day lily flowers together; Acacia leaf evening closed rope; Mimosa and carnivorous pitcher plants and other plants, action more quickly.
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Application and Prospects
Plants using solar energy on Earth's major biological synthesis of organic compounds. Their biological activities on human beings have very important significance. Agriculture to cultivated plants as the main crops to control life activity, increase production and improve quality, you need to understand the physiological activities of plants. If knowledge of mineral nutrition of plants is a reasonable basis for fertilizer and the fertilizer industry; on the analysis of plant water relations to provide programs for irrigation; understand the photoperiod or vernalization plants need not only to explain how to determine weather conditions Phenology and prediction of successful introduction of the possibility, and can be illuminated by artificial or darken, and other methods to control the vernalization flowering season; hormones that make it possible to synthesis, to promote rooting, flower and fruit thinning, induce, strengthen or dormancy, promote or inhibit the growth of other agricultural products to improve yield and quality; herbicides is a high dose of growth regulator application, saving a lot of weeding labor; photosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and other physiological mechanism of resistance research for the _select_ion, breeding a screening index; tissue culture, cell culture technology, to speed up the breeding purebred, improvement and creation of new species, opening up a new way. Agriculture and food in a number of international meetings to discuss, it has raised more than 10 urgent research tasks, including photosynthesis and yield ①; ② biological nitrogen fixation; ③ mineral absorption; ④ resistance to the adverse environment; ⑤ biological competition system resistance; ⑥ plant development and hormone belong to the scope of plant physiology. The remaining items, such as genetic engineering, cell engineering, mycorrhiza and soil, atmospheric pollution, pest control, and plant physiology related. Therefore, the modernization of plant physiology is an important agricultural knowledge base. Environmental protection, pollution prevention, but also involved in plant physiology. Fixing plants such as the use of wind, water purification and so on. 70 that, due to industrial development, large amount of fossil fuel combustion, the air resulting in a significant increase in C affect the climate, increase plant photosynthesis to absorb C is one of the measures. More recently, the prominent issue is the development of new energy sources. Since ancient times retained total depletion of fossil fuel resources of the day, countries seek to update the energy for all very seriously. The current transformation of the earth to capture solar energy is the most important way to the photosynthesis of green plants, each year a fixed 3 × 10 ^ 21 joules, even though it only falls on the earth less than one thousandth of the total solar energy, but it has been 10 times the annual world energy consumption. Proposed options such as: ① made use of the existing gas plant residues in China, has application in many places; ② to produce ethanol fermentation of plant products, have been mass produced in some countries; ③ use of arable land not suitable for production plant oil or hydrocarbons to extract the fuel plant; ④ use of algae or isolated chloroplasts in the light to produce hydrogen; ⑤ Extraction of chlorophyll and man-made with inorganic semiconductor material to simulate the decomposition of water to hydrogen, which are from plant physiology out research and development. Solar energy, inexhaustible. If can be used to produce hydrogen as a fuel, oxidation combustion and then into water, can be used repeatedly, and will not cause pollution.
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Results and Analysis
1. "Plant Physiology" National Statistics and Analysis Courses Present, "Plant Physiology" National Excellent Courses total four main development time in the 2003 to 2004 or even earlier. The last two years no new quality courses approved. PPT format courseware types mostly, but also Authorware, Shock wave flash or PDF format. 2. "Plant Physiology" other provincial, university Statistical Analysis Courses According to "Baidu," search results, as of July 2008, the domestic institution-building, "Plant Physiology" provincial, university quality courses are 18, of which four comprehensive universities, agricultural and forestry colleges 8, Teachers College 6. Through comparative analysis of these courses we found that these programs are basically in accordance with national requirements and format of quality courses to develop the curriculum generally includes the main modules: Course Overview (Introduction), the teaching team (speaker teachers), Teaching Resources (Theory Course, experimental tutorial, syllabus, training exercises, etc.), teaching methods and means of introduction, teaching conditions, teaching effectiveness, and questions testing and teaching videos. This 18 course in the form of relatively diverse, both static web page, there are dynamic pages in the form; both the independent development of the education system, but also the development of commercially-based teaching support system. However, the main course modules, such as lesson plans, courseware and exam available in the form of still relatively simple. Lesson plans and exam still mainly to Microsoft Word document (DOC format) or hypertext (html format) to provide, as the medium of most of the core content of the courseware is still in the form of PPT presentation, only the individual courses to AW or other interactive Founder Author relatively strong software development. Of: Rui-Chi editor Publisher: Higher Education Press Publication Date: 1979-3-1 words: Revision: 2 Pages: 321 Publisher: Folio: 16 On Indian times: Paper: ISBN: 9787040145953 Packing: Paperback Editor's Choice No reprints or for new book. Plant Physiology, very rich, but as a college textbook to be concise, to choose appropriate. Professor Pan Ruichi long-term teaching and research in plant physiology, he compiled the "Plant Physiology" fifth edition of the easy to understand, concise, logical, based on the fourth edition of the larger changes and additions were made, in particular, complements molecular biology science and modern cell biology in the forefront of content, such as plant hormone signaling pathways, flowering multi-factor approach, Self and molecular mechanisms of infertility, to accommodate the development of many new disciplines, with the times . It is expected that the introduction of the fifth edition of Plant Physiology of Higher Education will make a significant contribution. - Shen Yungang Academy of Sciences (CAS Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology) Professor Pan Ruichi editor of "Plant Physiology" fifth edition still reflects the previous editions of both modern, and compile foundation, both comprehensive and concise, illustrated, easy to understand and remember the features. Although written for undergraduates, but its content rich apartment, the concept of clear, theory with practice, clear and concise written expression and self-help features, making it also suitable as a basis for postgraduate professional readers, students should be in this textbook increased the foundation up. - Children and Philosophy Fellow (Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Mr. Pan Ruichi learned, profound theoretical basis, teaching experience, high level of scientific research. Carefully edited by his "plant physiology" inherit and carry forward at home and abroad in the fifth edition of the traditional teaching of the basic content and features based on the combination development trends, adding a lot of new concepts, new technologies, new theories and new results . Drawn widely, scouring the text ten days, logical, is to adapt to the requirements of today's teaching of a mature quality materials. - Professor Chen Shanna (College of Life Science, Yunnan University) Introduction Materials to be constantly updated to reflect the new achievements of science in order to meet the demands of the students. The fifth edition of this book as a general higher education Xingmeng "fifth" one of the national planning materials. Therefore, in the fourth edition (published in 2001), based on the book for a larger change. Plant physiology is a rapidly developing discipline. Over the past decade, studies of plant material more widely and deeply, from the gene expression levels to the characters, from cell division to bear fruit, more in-depth description of the activities of the internal changes in plant life. Therefore, the book outlines cell growth, hormone signal transduction pathways, flowering on issues such as multi-factor approach Progress in molecular biology. Directory Introduction First, the definition of plant physiology, content and tasks Second, the emergence and development of plant physiology Third, the prospect of Plant Physiology Summary Questions First plant material production and light use The first chapter of plant physiology of water Section I need to water plants First, the water content of plants Second, the existence of the state of water plants Third, the water activities in the role of plant life Section of plant cells to water absorption First, the diffusion Second, the collector Third, the permeation Section III of water uptake of plant roots on One way to root water uptake Second, the dynamic root water uptake Third, soil conditions affect the root water uptake Section transpiration First, the physiological significance of transpiration and location Second, stomatal transpiration Third, the impact of transpiration, the internal conditions Section V of water transport in plants First, the water transport channels Second, the rate of water transport Third, the water rising along the conduit or the power of tracheid VI of the physiological basis of reasonable irrigation First, the crop water requirement Second, a reasonable indicator of irrigation Third, the method of irrigation Fourth, the reasons for a reasonable increase irrigation Summary Questions Chapter II mineral nutrition of plants Section essential mineral elements of plant First, the elements of plants Second, the essential mineral elements of plant Third, the lack of mineral elements in the diagnosis of crop Section of plant cells to the absorption of mineral elements First, the biofilm Second, the cellular uptake of the modalities and mechanisms of solute Section of plant uptake of mineral elements First, the root of the absorption of mineral elements in the solution process Second, the root of the adsorption by soil particles with the absorption of mineral elements Third, the impact of the conditions of root uptake of mineral elements Fourth, the aboveground part of the absorption of mineral elements Section minerals in the transportation and distribution of plants First, the minerals in the form of transport, means and rate Second, the distribution of minerals in plants Section V of plant nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus assimilation First, the nitrogen assimilation Second, the sulfur assimilation Third, the phosphate assimilation ... ... Chapter photosynthesis Second plants, changes in matter and energy Chapter IV plant respiration Chapter metabolism of organic compounds in plants Chapter VI of organic matter transport in plants Plant growth and development of third Chapter VII of the cell signal transduction Chapter VIII of the model growth substances Chapter IX Photomorphogenesis Chapter physiological plant growth Chapter XI of the reproductive physiology of plant Chapter XII of the ripening and senescence of plant physiology Chapter XIII the resistance of plant physiology References Index
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Wikipedia Daquan
zhiwu shenglixue Plant Physiology plant physiology Plant life of the law of science. One of the theoretical foundation of agricultural science. Plant life includes plants, material transformation, energy transformation and morphogenesis. Plant Physiology is to these processes and their biophysical and biochemical basis for the relationship between these processes and their relationship with environmental conditions as the research object, in order to reveal the inherent laws of life activities of plants and external constraints, and use knowledge of these laws to regulate and control the plant growth and development, and promote farming, forestry and other development. And the relationship between agricultural production J.von Liebig 19th century and laid by JB Bu Senge and nitrogen nutrition theory of mineral nutrition, crop cultivation in the use of inorganic fertilizers, and promote a substantial increase crop production has played an important role. 30 years of the 20th century the discovery of ghrelin and synthetic growth regulators, resulting in 40's _select_ive herbicide 2,4 - widespread use, and organs to prevent crop loss, rooting, artificial ripening, extend the storage period such as possible. The discovery of photoperiodic flowering and sunshine people have a profound understanding of the relationship between the length, so as to promote the introduction, breeding development. Understanding of the role of respiration leads to fruit and vegetable crops, seed storage and the role of law in the atmosphere. Mechanisms of plant exploration of light and three carbon and four carbon plant research, compared with high light efficiency crop rational close planting, and provide a theoretical basis for breeding. Tissue culture has become increasingly widely used in vitro production and commercialization of drugs and industrial production of secondary metabolites. In addition, nursery and greenhouse soilless hydroponic vegetables success, but also in the practical application of the results of the theory of plant mineral nutrition. Can be expected, with the computer, remote sensing, remote sensing technology and application of mathematical modeling and other methods, human understanding of plant physiology will be more in-depth, and for the artificial regulation, control of plant growth and development and promote the development of agricultural production to provide greater possible. (Han Biwen)