Mainly refers to coat with brown bears; Tezhi bear a common Europe.
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Basic information
【Chinese Name】: brown bear 】 【Latin scientific name: ursus arctos name: linaeus, 1758 【Common name】: brown bear 【English name】: brown bear 【】 Key state-level protection of animals: two 【The World Conservation Union (iucn)】: not included Grade】 【Endangered: Endangered 【Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (cites)】: Appendix i 【Ecological environment: mainly found in mountain forest zone, and mostly in coniferous or mixed coniferous forest, but elevation of 4500-5000 m in the Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe can be a good life 】 【To risk factors: habitat destruction, hunting as a pharmaceutical composition is because the trade is hunting for food to be hunted, hunted as a pest 【Domestic Distribution】: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Tibet Distribution】 【Overseas: Asia, Europe, North America, North Africa (Atlas Mountains)
Length, head - torso, male 170-280cm female tail length: 8-14cm. Weight, male: 135-390kg female: 95-205kg Brown Bear is the world's second largest bear species. Their body strong build, shoulder uplift, thick dense coat has a different color, such as gold, brown, black and dark brown and so on. To further the long winter coat, the longest to go to 10cm, to the shorter summer again, the deep color over the winter. Tippy coat color of some brown bear lighter, or even almost white, which makes them look threw a layer of silver gray body, "Grizzlies," the name also consequent follow. Brown bear larger, the males weigh about 135-390kg; mother bear, there is about 95-205kg. Brown bear on the uplift of the shoulders and back muscles so that their forearm is very powerful, Zhao Jian forepaw of the longest to go to 15cm. Zhao Jian, as the cats can not claw that retracts the sheath, these Zhao Jian relatively blunt. Nevertheless, they swing the forearm at the time of the amazing power of "blunt" can still cause tremendous damage to claws. It is said that an adult big brown bear, paws of the swing enough to break the buffalo's back, showing great strength should not be overlooked. Although the length of the brown bear's claws, they are not good at climbing trees, large body size of adult brown bear, claws longer length estimation can not bear such weight. In addition, people do not look bulky appearance, their running speed of 56 km per hour, the endurance is very good, they can run continuously with the speed of such a few miles no problem. And sinking huge head compared to their ears seem rather small, thick, long hair when they put on winter clothes, and that is looming for small ears. Brown bear's snout is wide, there were 42 teeth, including two large canine teeth. Like other animals, the bear family, they also stumble-type animals, and having a short tail.
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Subspecies of the situation
Because brown bears are widely distributed, there are some sub-species by the controversial nature of the temporary site to a subspecies of information subject to wikipedia by 11 points method, are listed below. ua arctos: subspecies. European brown bear ua californicus: Golden Bear / California grizzly bear (extinct, 1925) ua crowtheri: Atlas brown bear, Africa, the extinction in the 1870s ua horribilis: Grizzly, Canada and the United States ua isabellinus: Himalayan brown bear, snow bears, Nepal, northern India, China ua middendorffi: Kodiak brown bear, Kodiak Island, Alaska, aphthous Gena Ke, and Su Yike Island Island ua nelsoni: Mexico Grizzlies (extinct, 1996, see Red Book) ua pruinosus: Cangma bear, the Tibetan blue bear. Western China ua yesoensis: Hokkaido brown bear. Japan ua beringianus: Siberian brown bear. Siberia ua syriacus: Syrian brown bear. Middle East (extinct, 1932) Brown bear subspecies, the more famous when the number of Kodiak brown bear. Kodiak brown bear is the largest brown bear subspecies in size, they are great physique enough and the white neighbors - the polar bear to compete. The Grand Duchy of an adult Kodiak bear can stand up to 3 meters and weighing over 680 kg, and this is not uncommon for there big guy. A record of the public bear the heaviest weighing 1,134 kg weight, the poor fat guy from Kodiak island, sent directly captured alive after the Berlin Zoo. Atlas brown bear had the bear family in Africa, the only animals that have lived in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco to Libya. After the invasion of North Africa since the Roman Empire, they had been targets of human hunting as a recreational and continuous killing, to the 1870s, the Atlas brown bear alone the last one finally fell on a hunter's shotgun under.
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Distribution
Brown Bear is the most widely distributed bear species have, they can be in Eurasia and North America by people in many places to see. At present the number of the most stable brown bear population in Russia and North America. In Europe, they are now split into groups of mutually unintelligible several small, living in central and western Europe. In Asia, due to the demand for bear bile and other organs, their numbers have fallen sharply. Brown bears in North America are mainly located in northwestern North America, mainly in Alaska and Canada. Brown bears in North America than it is now over a broader territory, now living in Mexico has the Mexican subspecies of the brown bear has been declared extinct. Brown bears in China are mainly distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai and northeastern mountain areas, the brown bear living here, in addition to the subspecies, there are rare bears and Himalayan brown bear Cangma.
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Habits
Brown Bear is a relatively strong adaptability of animals, from desert to alpine forest edge, and even ice can be tough living area. Brown bears living in North America seem to prefer open areas, such as tundra and alpine meadow areas, often near the coast to see their footprints. Eurasian brown bears are more like living in the dense forest, so that is convenient to hide during the day. Similarly, the brown bear is omnivorous. Their recipe is the same difference with the seasons change. In general, accounting for 60-90% of plant food, which includes a variety of plant roots, tubers, fodder, grain and various fruit and so on. The rest are animal foods such as insects, rodents, ungulates (eg, elk, caribou, moose, etc.), fish and carrion and so on. Sometimes they even kill the appropriate opportunity to head a small black bear than they eat. Brown bears living in the coastline around the annual salmon spawning season in a chance and flew into the water while enjoying nutrient-rich salmon meal. Brown Bear is pursued first single animal. They have their own territory, and often quite broad, because the vast territory allows them enough to live comfortably, but also easier to find love. Brown bears living in the interior of a large territory, the males may have 700-1000 square kilometers of territory is huge, even if the adult female bears have 100-450 square kilometers, requires inspections; and those living in the island territory of the beach of the guys smaller number, the males are usually only 133-219 square kilometers, the mother bear is 28-92 square kilometers. Brown bear territory they intersect is more common, the public will bear territory and a few times a bear phase interleaved. The change of seasons will bring changes in types of food and resources, such as salmon spawning and berries yield the harvest season, when they walk hundreds of kilometers may temporarily migrate to the most abundant local food chewing something. This time the bears are always large group gathered together, reason that bears the difference between the different levels at a glance. The highest level of the Grand Duchy of those who bear the huge size, while the lowest level, threatening the least are those newly independent young men and women soon. Although a single mother with children came in second, but it is quite a dangerous, out of youngest son's care, these mothers are always very aggressive. In general, brown bears are usually in the twilight hours to go out, and the rest during the day hiding in the nest, but also some restless guy could walk around at any time. The nest is usually built in the brown bear was better hidden on the hillside, or under large stones, or among the roots of the tree, they sometimes dig yourself a hole, and then collecting some of the hay and the like into the nest shop to clean up the comfortable nest, a nest in use for several years sometimes. -12 Months into October, it means to sleep in winter time coming, but this is not winter sleep, hibernation that people previously believed. Metabolic rate because they are not really hibernating animals like those that fell to very low, and these sleeping bear may wake up at any time. Even so, not all of the brown bear will participate in winter and sleep action. Such as those living in the south of the brown bear, the climate is not as bad as winter food were also more security in their time to sleep may be short, even without such a long sleep. Brown bears are active to start the season in the second year in March -5 April, but the exact time depends on the location of living, climate and other factors. Brown Bear is a very aggressive animals, especially in the protection of territory and food time. To protect the food, they will drive away the wolves and mountain lions, will dislodge the other bears invade their territory. But most fights are still concentrated in the mating season event. Female brown bears to child-rearing, usually mate only once every 3-5 years, as soon as possible to allow them into the mating female bear phase, the males who will look for opportunities to kill the mother bear children, despite the brave in the face of these mothers It is 1.5 times large body type or even tripled when struggling to fight the guy, but there is still the youngest son in the death of 45% of the males who acts.
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Breeding habits
Brown bear mating season is usually in April each year in May -7. Mother bear about 180-266 days of pregnancy, when they give birth to 1-3 babies, usually two. Babies are very small when born, only 300 grams, they stayed with her mom and two and a half to four and a half (the results have aroused public anger bear: () until after the rush to the world. Children usually grow to sexual maturity until 4-6 years of age, but also to physiological maturity until 10-11 years old. a living in the wild life of the brown bear are about 20-30 years, of course, a lot of brown bears in their first life few years came to an end. in captivity, the bears live the longest life expectancy to 50 years.
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Endangered Status
棕熊 濒危现状
(A) population status in North America Once upon a time, the large number of brown bears in North America, their footprints wandered all over the American continent, from the Arctic Ocean to central Mexico can see their shadow. Over the years, the United States bears the endless wilderness of the Rocky Mountains of the symbol. William, Nadi is the famous conservationist and founder of the New York Zoological Society, he said in 1913, "the Rocky Mountains without a brown bear, or even not even a bear, it is half-mountain, and all will seem so commonplace, there is no wild. In addition to humans, brown bears in the wild can be said that there is no natural enemies. Because bears need a larger food and living space, and its activities can be as large as 500 square miles (the equivalent of 1,300 square kilometers). However, with the expanding range of human _set_tlements and the extension of the brown bear's natural habitat was extremely restricted, thereby threatening their survival. With the large number of European _set_tlers came to America, the number of brown bears began to decrease. In less than a hundred years, the number of bears have decreased from the initial 100,000 to the current 10,000. For commercial development, residential and leisure purposes, it is to repair the road into the forest and plains areas, forcing the bears have migrated to the mountains. The brown bear foraging space narrowing, forcing them to enter the human living space, but here the bears threaten domestic animals are considered safe. It is often the bears to be hunted as trophies, poachers are paws and bear bile that has the magical efficacy. As in 1975, caused by human activities, expansion of the brown bear 99% of the natural habitat destruction, the brown bear has finally become an endangered species. Some people have tried to make the bears back to the wild state, this approach succeeded in increasing the number of brown bears, but it was quite a lot of criticism. Try the above first in the United States, has suffered from the timber industry, state government and the livestock associations and hunting associations of resistance. As bears the most widely distributed animals, brown bears in Asia and Europe, mountains and plains are also activities. In these areas, the fate of the bears at risk. Russian Federation, the existing state of nearly 100,000 living in the wild brown bear, brown bear of the total accounted for more than half of the world. Italy and Greece less than 100 brown bears. However, it is estimated that brown bears have been extinct in Lebanon and Pakistan. In order to protect our planet and the life of the animal on the planet is currently in a global action. To this end, UNEP Executive covers the world's largest biological conservation agreements - "International Trade in Endangered Species Convention" (referred to as "CITES"). The Convention aims to ensure that the inter-governmental international trade of wild fauna and flora does not threaten the survival of wildlife. According to "CITES", brown bears are strictly protected, is strictly prohibited to hunt bear paws, bear bile or the spoils of illegal poaching of bears. To date, 160 governments adopted the "Convention on Endangered Species." The Convention provides for the 35,000 animal and plant species varying degrees of protection. Since the Convention entered into force since 1975, yet there is a protected species extinction.
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Taxonomic status
Animal kingdom door CHORDATA → Fauna → chordate vertebrate subphylum Vertebrata → Mammalia Mammalia → true beast subclass Tberia → Carnivora Carnivora → bear family Ursidae → brown bear Ursus arctos Subordinate categories: | brown bear Urus arctos pruinosus | Northeast brown bear Ursus arctos lasiotus
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Morphology
Length, head - torso, male 170-280cm female tail length: 8-14cm. Weight, usually male: 300kg ~ 500kg female: 150kg ~ 300kg but the shape of large objects is not uncommon, many of the male performance to 600kg, and body weight before the winter is much greater than usual. Brown Bear is the second largest land predators shape in the summer after eating, weight will be doubled, adult brown bear up to 600 kg. Because of human reason, drastically reduced the number of brown bears, and even many of the sub-species have become extinct. Because brown bears are widely distributed, there are some sub-species by the controversial nature of the Wikipedia site being subject to sub-types of information, using 11 points method, are listed below. U. a. arctos: subspecies. European brown bear U. a. californicus: Golden Bear / California grizzly bear (extinct, 1925) U. a. crowtheri: Atlas brown bear, Africa, the extinction in the 1870s U. a. horribilis: Grizzly, Canada and the United States U. a. isabellinus: Himalayan brown bear, snow bears, Nepal, northern India, China U. a. middendorffi: Kodiak brown bear, Kodiak Island, Alaska, aphthous Gena Ke, and Su Yike Island Island U. a. nelsoni: Mexico Grizzlies (extinct, 1996, see Red Book) U. a. pruinosus: Cangma bear, the Tibetan blue bear. Western China U. a. yesoensis: Hokkaido brown bear. Japan U. a. beringianus: Siberian brown bear. Siberia U. a. syriacus: Syrian brown bear. Middle East (extinct, 1932) Brown bear subspecies, the more famous when the number of Kodiak brown bear. Kodiak brown bear is the largest brown bear subspecies in size, they are great physique enough and the white neighbors - the polar bear to compete. The Grand Duchy of an adult Kodiak bear can stand up to 3 meters and weighing over 680 kg, and this is not uncommon for there big guy. A record of the public bear the heaviest weighing 1,134 kg weight, the poor fat guy from Kodiak island, sent directly captured alive after the Berlin Zoo. Atlas brown bear had the bear family in Africa, the only animals that have lived in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco to Libya. After the invasion of North Africa since the Roman Empire, they had been targets of human hunting as a recreational and continuous killing, to the 1870s, the Atlas brown bear alone the last one finally fell on a hunter's shotgun under.
