【】 Betula scientific name 【English name】 birch 【Category】 plant kingdom, the seed plant doors, Dicotyledon, Fagaceae head, Betulaceae, Betula 【Overview】 Betula plants known. About 100 species worldwide, mostly in the north temperate zone, a few types of distribution to the frigid zone. Made in China, 29 kinds. Among the most widely distributed Birch, from the northeast, north to the northwest and southwest have. There are also red birch, Betula large, black birch and so on. Birch shrub or small tree usually, relatively hard wood, poor corrosion, moisture deformation, can be used for plywood and other timber joinery; bark extract can be pyrolysis tar, but also souvenirs; ornamental trees. Birch is a deciduous tree or shrub. More bark smooth, mostly thin-bedded, peeling and splitting. Alternate, simple leaves, leaves usually with glandular dots below, the edge of a heavy toothed, veins pinnate with petiole. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. Catkins. With a membranous wing nuts, fruit leathery shell. Seed solitary, with membranous testa. Birch happy light, shade intolerant. Hi more humid, the soil not strict, in the more fertile brown forest soil grow well. Sprouting ability, self-coppice after cutting. Fast-growing, in the middle of the local site conditions, the annual growth of up to 1 meter. Around 15 years strong. Afforestation or PLANTING can live. Live fewer weeds and planting soil in more humid areas, with mature seeds collected in autumn with the broadcast. Need to use warm water soaking the seed nursery, 40 to 50 cm height can Chupu afforestation. Plantation in the burned area should be _select_ed, small felling and forest edge or clearing slopes as well. 【Form】 Deciduous tree or shrub. More bark smooth, mostly thin-bedded, peeling and splitting. Leaves simple, alternate leaves usually with glandular dots below, the edge of a heavy toothed, rarely is a single blade, veins pinnate, with petiole. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. Inflorescences catkins, the male inflorescence 2 to 4 clusters, usually two stamens, filaments short, the top branch; female inflorescence a single 1 or 2 to the top five was born in Spur, cylindrical, rectangular rounded or nearly spherical. With a membranous wing nuts, fruit shell leathery, apex 3 crack. Seed solitary, with membranous testa. 】 【Distribution and characteristics of In China, almost all the national distribution, and to the northeast, northwest and southwest mountain area the most. Among them, the white birch (b.platyphy-lla, see photo) the most widely distributed, from the northeast, north to the northwest and southwest have. In addition, red birch (b.albosinensis) mainly distributed in North China and Northwest China, Shuo Hua (b.costata) and black birch (b.dahurica) mainly in the Northeast and North China. Yue Hua (b.ermanii) narrow range, mainly grown in Northeast China Changbai Mountain and large and small Mountains and other places, Changbai dry high altitude mountain birch forest composed music unique landscape. Weeping birch (b.pendula) mainly distributed in the Tianshan and Altai. Mountain birch (b.delavayi) mainly in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet. Birch happy light, shade intolerant. Hi more humid, the soil not strict, in the more fertile brown forest soil grow well. Bud very strong, self-coppice after cutting. Small, winged seeds easily spread. Clear-cutting in the forest slash and burned on the ground, birch can be used as pioneer species invaded rapidly, forming pure forest; but after the formation of birch, some spruce and other shade tolerant species such as the formation of mixed forest can gradually invaded; Finally, they gradually replaced by those who are later. Birch is a fast-growing species, juvenile fast growth medium in the local site conditions, annual growth of up to 1 m high. Generally 50 years after entering senescence. Around 15 years of solid, more solid and strong. Large and small in not obvious. Construction Technology】 【 【Uses】 Birch wood than the hard, elastic, homogeneous, heartwood and sapwood is not obvious. The less corrosion, moisture and easy deformation. Can be used for plywood, reels, butt, joinery timber furniture and farming implements. Birch bark tar can be extracted pyrolysis, but also crafts. In addition, the tree beautiful, autumn leaves become yellow, is a good landscape trees. Birch natural extracts to be used as a flavoring or leather oil, and in cosmetics. Birch sap is drunk as a tonic or return into birch syrup, soft drinks, and other foods. However, birch syrup is very difficult compared with other syrup, making it expensive than other food syrups. 【Type】 birch betula allegheniensis - yellow birch (b. lutea) betula cordifolia - Mountain Paper Betula betula glandulosa - American dwarf birch betula lenta - sweet birch, cherry birch, or black birch betula lenta subsp. uber - Cherry river birch (local, cherry creek, smythe co., va) betula michauxii - Newfoundland Dwarf Birch betula neoalaskana - birch, Alaska birch or yukon betula nigra - River birch or black birch betula occidentalis - water birch or red birch (b. fontinalis) betula papyrifera - paper, paper birch, canoe birch, white birch or the United States betula populifolia - gray birch betula pumila - Swamp Birch betula albosinensis - Chinese red birch betula albosinensis var. septentrionalis - Northern Chinese Red Birch betula alnoides - alder trees Ye Zihua betula austrosinensis - South China Birch betula chinensis - Chinese dwarf birch betula ermanii - erman's birch betula grossa - Japanese Cherry Birch betula jacquemontii (betula utilis subsp. jacquemontii) - Roaring himalayan white birch betula mandschurica - manchurian birch betula mandschurica var. japonica - Japanese Birch betula maximowiczii - Monarch Birch betula medwediewii - white birch betula nana - dwarf birch (also North Asia) betula pendula - silver birch betula platyphylla (betula pendula var. platyphylla) - Siberian Silver Birch betula pubescens - White Birch, European white birch or soft birch (also North Asia) betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa - Arctic White Birch (subarctic Eurasia, Greenland) betula szechuanica (betula pendula var. szechuanica) - Sichuan Birch betula utilis - himalayan birch Note: Many American texts b. pendula and b. pubescens confused, though they are distinct in different types of chromosome numbers 】 【Birch juice A collection of birch juice Birch 16 cm in diameter or more generally to the juice, juice taken every year in spring time is appropriate, about mid-March to mid-April, the flow is proportional to the diameter, 20 cm above the birch juice a day and night can be 20 kg. Juice of about ten days of a mining, long-term flow of juice may cause the phenomenon of dead birch trees, the juice to the best sunny side. United States, Canada, the Czech certificate in accordance with the normal impact of mining little birch juice can be taken l0-20 years. Birch juice plant with an annual output of up to 31-150 kg, the amount of juice per hectare yield 20-60 tons. Domestic and international experience shows that mining production 1-3 years in diameter, wood structure, nutrients and plant-like birch generally had little effect, and even adopted the growth of birch is only 4 years decreased by 20%. South Africa adopted a place of birch juice observed 3-5 days later than the germination, the other no significant change. Woodworking hand tools to drill the juice as the most simple, 40-60 cm in height from the ground is appropriate, between two trees to the south, or drilling, the largest flow. 1-1.5 cm in diameter, depth 6 cm is appropriate, guided by more than drilling fluid equipment nontoxic plastic tubes and pots and other food containers such as juice, do take control [7.20]. 2 birch juice chemical nutrients: Birch juice is rich in nutrients. To birch juice, for example, which was 1.31% dry matter content, reducing sugar content was 0.43%, 454.0% threonine, glutamic acid 8789.1 mg / l, glycine 744.9 mg / l, alanine 1895.6 mg / l, Valine 934.1 mg / l, isoleucine 313.9 ms / l, leucine 566.1 mg / l, tyrosine 369.3 mg / l, phenylalanine 474.4mg / l, histidine 2712.7 mg / l, Lysine 325.3 mg / l. Birch juice is very rich in trace elements, beneficial to humans of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc were higher, while copper, lead and trace elements is very low. Yun-Fang Wang, Xu Guoying and other forest on the plains of the spring Burqin mining the chemical composition of birch sap were studied, and its dry matter content of 1.36-1.42%, ph value of 5.69-6.44, total nitrogen 4.5-9.5mg/l00rnl, A total of 20 cyano acid 30mg/l00ml, 1.1-1.4% of total sugar content, mainly fructose and glucose, total acid 25-55mg/l00ml, vitamin c, b1, b2, pp and so on. And rich in trace elements copper, iron, zinc and manganese. Particularly rich in a semi-metallic element selenium. Sap of the Qinling Hua Chen Tieshan nutrients were determined and analyzed, the total sugar content was 0.813%, 0.03% protein, vitamin b1, b2, vc, ve, 16 amino acids and potassium, calcium. Magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, strontium, germanium and other 15 kinds of mineral nutrients and trace elements. h. kallio reported -5 Finland Birch Liquid early April the highest concentration of glucose and fructose in early, at 5-8mg/ml, while birch solution by the end of March -4 Xinjiang mid-up to the total concentration of glucose and fructose 7.00-13.84mg/ml. Birch sap Xinjiang acute tests, ames test, micronucleus test, sperm abnormality test showed no lethal toxicity of Xinjiang birch sap and mutagenic. See birch juice is a safe, nutritious and healthy food materials. 3, the storage and preservation of birch juice: Birch juice rich in sugar, protein and other nutrients, microbial contamination can easily lead, leading to spoilage. Birch juice shortly after harvest preservation, can be used with a simple ice-cold shaded shed or the basement, filled with ice and snow pit inside. Temperature of not more than 5 ℃ cases, fresh juice of 3-5 nights. Loading hopper must be cleaned and disinfected after each use. To avoid tannin discoloration vc, must use wax seal. Low dry matter content of the birch liquid (typically 0.5-1.2%), and are to be collected and are in the forest, so to storage, transport and use to bring certain difficulties. Jiang Desen, Weizai Yu, Li Qingsheng were birch juice concentrates such as Technology, birch juice after filtering through multi-level, concentrated into the vacuum evaporation pan birch juice concentrate obtained the relative dry matter content of ≥ 3, ≥ 6, ≥ 9 % of the three sizes, easy storage and transport birch juice. Birch sap as a natural material, their pollution and isolated microorganisms were identified, found, natural birch juice and drinks in the number of different bacteria, yeasts, molds and actinomycetes of pollution. Among them, mostly mold, yeast, bacteria, followed by actinomycetes least. Microbial contamination in the distribution of clear, based on several control study compared the method of microbial inactivation of the acid treatment which ph2.0 not inactivate all microbial contamination, and 90 ℃ using heat sterilization methods or membrane filtration technology board achieve the desired results. Chen Tieshan, Zhang Yuanmin acceptance of birch juice in a small amount of sodium benzoate (1g/kg), add citric acid (1.5g/kg) to adjust the acidity to make ph value ╭ 3.5, then the proportion of ascorbic acid are then added (0.1g/kg ), sodium bisulfite (0.1g/kg), Preservation can achieve good results, can be stored at room temperature for 6 months. Thomas W. Huang, Jianhua using preservatives on fresh birch juice was found to add a single preservative sodium benzoate preservative effect of the compound as preservative, benzoic acid 0.03%, 0.03%, ethyl paraben, sorbic acid ratio of 0.05% add, with less preservatives and preservative effect and reliable. 4 birch juice food development: 4.1 birch juice Birch juice is a popular soft drinks, by the National Science and Technology Commission as the "Spark Program", is the top grade natural beverages. Chen Tieshan the Qinling Hua sap as raw materials, deodorization, the development of a sweet refreshing drink birch juice. Mountain Wing Kai, Cuigui Ping, Zhang pearl and other analysts believe that the flavor of birch juice Brix important factors, birch juice acidity and the content of aromatic components; according to orthogonal test to determine the best formula birch juice 7% sucrose , citric acid 0.25%, 1.0% of honey, passion fruit flavor 0.10%, 20% of birch juice, salt 0.05%. Lau Shennongjia red birch sap as raw material mixture of the red birch juice health drink, the basic process: in addition to smell red birch juice → → Add sugar, citric acid preparation → Filter → cooling → sealing → sterilization is finished. Product color was yellow, with red birch juice, fragrance and taste, slightly after the astringency, sweet and sour taste, flavor, coordinated, clear and transparent, a small amount of vegetable precipitation. Jiang Zhonghai in Heilongjiang Province as raw material out of birch juice, carbonated, non-carbonated juice drinks, and birch, birch juice and transparent, was brown, with the juice of fresh, no smell, solid content of 5% - 15% of the total acidity of 0.08-0.1. Chen Tieshan prickly pear juice after the juice is mixed with birch flavor taste processed into a new compound with excellent drinks. Liu Yuanchang the birch juice concentrate, according to the proportion of 0.6% -0.9%, added to the fermented yogurt, add 0.15% 0.25% pectin and modified starch as a stabilizer were prepared yogurt flavor and soft, lingering fragrance compound yogurt Betula . Birch juice, wine 4.2 Development proposals and Prospect 5 China has abundant birch resources. Isolated from the bark has a variety of functional components, birch bark has been shown to have many pharmacological health care. Birch Liquid rich in easily absorbed sugars, amino acids, trace elements, vitamins, nutritional value is high. Birch juice product development is currently inadequate, Birch Liquid food a single species, should increase research and development efforts. Birch Liquid can be used in the beverage industry, the product liquid formulation highlights the characteristics of birch, and maintain its unique flavor; birch drying liquid can be condensed into instant tea, mixed with mineral water can be made into a nutritional drink . Can also be used in carbonated beverages, can be processed into pure birch juice carbonated drinks, but also while adding one or fruit juice, carbonated drinks made from fruit juice compound, shape, and can be made of clear soft drinks can also be muddy-like drinks made of. Used in the production of non-carbonated drinks, juice drinks can be made of birch and composite fruit juice drinks. Wild birch liquid could be used to drink, and mashed Rosa dry fruit, sugar, citric acid, honey with, made of birch juice, fruit drinks Rosa; can be used with hawthorn fruit, dogwood fruit, Rhodiola , nuts, Schisandra, cedar, ginseng leaves, Eucommia leaf, orange peel, etc., re-dubbed the senior non-alcoholic tonic drink. In accordance with the national food hygiene standards, it can be used for deployment of support materials and finished products. Birch juice concentrates or dried can be used as health food additives for milk, bread, cookies, ice cream production, etc., to bring new flavor of traditional food and nutrition, rich in traditional food species. In addition Birch Liquid can also be applied in the development of other products, Clinique has introduced spa products is a luxury body care products to use. It adopted the formula in the activation of water technology and white birch extract, and some commonly used ingredients facial skin care products. There are two elements which is said to have good effect a smooth and repair the skin and helps maintain the skin's moisture balance. Consumption of natural cosmetics become a trend, birch juice production in the application of cosmetics must receive the consumers. With the deepening of understanding of birch juice, birch juice products demand will keep rising. The future development of birch juice should be to tap the birch resource center, to the food, cosmetic products, health care products direction.
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
huashu Birch Betula Betulaceae (Betulaceae) Betula plants known. About 100 species worldwide, mostly in the north temperate zone, a few types of distribution to the frigid zone. Made in China, 29 kinds. Deciduous tree or shrub form. More bark smooth, mostly thin-bedded, peeling and splitting. Leaves simple, alternate leaves usually with glandular dots below, the edge of a heavy toothed, rarely is a single blade, veins pinnate, with petiole. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. □ weed inflorescence, the male inflorescence 2 to 4 clusters, usually two stamens, filaments short, the top of the bifurcation; female inflorescence a single 1 or 2 to the top five was born in Spur, cylindrical, rectangular rounded or nearly spherical. With a membranous wing nuts, fruit shell leathery, apex 3 crack. Seed solitary, with membranous testa. Distribution and characteristics of distribution in China, almost all the country, and to the northeast, northwest and southwest mountain area the most. Among them, the white birch (B.platyphy-lla, Figure birch) the most widely distributed, from the northeast, north to the northwest and southwest have. In addition, red birch (B.albosinensis) mainly distributed in North China and Northwest China, Shuo Hua (B.costata) and black birch (B.dahurica) mainly in the Northeast and North China. Yue Hua (B.ermanii) narrow range, mainly grown in Northeast China Changbai Mountain and large and small Mountains and other places, Changbai dry high altitude mountain birch forest composed music unique landscape. Weeping birch (B.pendula) mainly distributed in the Tianshan and Altai. Mountain birch (B.delavayi) mainly in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet. Birch happy light, shade intolerant. Hi more humid, the soil not strict, in the more fertile brown forest soil grow well. Bud very strong, self-coppice after cutting. Small, winged seeds easily spread. Clear-cutting in the forest slash and burned on the ground, birch can be used as pioneer species invaded rapidly, forming pure forest; but after the formation of birch, some spruce and other shade tolerant species such as the formation of mixed forest can gradually invaded; Finally, they gradually replaced by those who are later. Birch is a fast-growing species, juvenile fast growth medium in the local site conditions, annual growth up to 1 m high. Generally 50 years after entering senescence. Around 15 years of solid, more solid and strong. Large and small in not obvious. Uses birch wood than hard, flexible, uniform structure, heartwood and sapwood is not obvious. The less corrosion, moisture and easy deformation. Can be used for plywood, reels, butt, joinery timber furniture and farming implements. Birch bark tar can be extracted pyrolysis, but also crafts. In addition, the tree beautiful, autumn leaves become yellow, is a good landscape trees. (Song Zhaoshu)
Translated by Google
Thesaurus
Huashu Village Huashu Town huashu Township
Containing Phrases
Huashu Town
type of northern forest tree with smooth bark and thin branches
