Koelreuteria koelreuteria paniculata laxm Families and genera: Sapindaceae Koelreuteria is Origin and Habits: originating in northern and central China. Japan, North Korea also has distribution. Luan tree is a happy light, slightly resistant to semi-shade plants; cold; resistant to drought and barren, like the growth in calcareous soil. Hi light, half shade tolerance, cold, drought, infertile. Adaptable, like born calcareous soil, salt-resistant and short-term waterlogging. Deep root, sprout and strong, moderate growth rate, slower growth of young trees, later becoming faster, there is a strong anti-dust capacity. Propagation: seed propagation to the main tiller or root cuttings can also, when the fall harvest ripe fruit, peeled drying time. Hard seed coat is not easy due to flooding, if not treated the first two years do not sprout spring constant, so the shell fall sowing, stratification can be used wet sand after sowing. Generally use the ridge sowing, ridge from 60-70cm, because of low seed germination rate, so with the kind of large, seeding rate 30-40kg / acre. Tillering, root cuttings can also be Applications: tree upright, dense foliage and beautiful, the court is a good shade tree and street trees species; more red leaves in spring, change the yellow autumn leaves into the room, is ideal for ornamental trees. Luan tree is also a good soil conservation and afforestation species. Luan tree cultivation and management of cultivation and management is simple, cut the main root and transplant when appropriate coarse lateral roots, which can promote multiple fibrous, easy to survive. Suitable ranges are distributed nationwide and more, and more common in northern China, are located at an altitude of 1500m below the low hills and plains, up to altitude of 2600m. Court should make use of garden shade trees, street trees and landscape trees, water and soil conservation can be used as shelter and barren hills and green trees. Ye can distill tannin; flowers can be yellow dye; seed oil extraction, for soap and lubricants. Koelreuteria paniculata (koelreuteriapaniculata), also known as the tree doctor, lantern tree, for the Sapindaceae Koelreuteria paniculata is a species. Luan tree is deciduous trees, tall and upright tree, dense foliage and beautiful, drunk like leaves in spring, summer flower garden trees, bright yellow autumn leaves, autumn Dan fruit garden trees, the track is very beautiful ornamental trees. Koelreuteria adaptability, seasonal obviously, is the ideal way street, court shade trees and other landscaping, but also polluted with industrial plant good species. Biology Habits Luan tree species is a positive, happy light, slightly resistant to half shade; cold (Huangshan Luan poor); resistant to drought and barren, but also resistant to humidity, saline-alkali soil and short-term waterlogging. Deep-rooted, strong root, sprout and strong growth medium-speed, moderate childhood, after getting quick, appropriate broad nature of the soil not strict, in slightly acidic and alkaline soils can grow more like the growth in calcareous soil. Wind resistant and can withstand low temperatures of minus 25 ℃, the dust, sulfur dioxide and ozone have a strong resistance. Fewer pests and diseases, cultivation and management easy. Suitable Luan wide range of tree, native to northern and central China, Japan, Korea also has distribution. For our temperate and subtropical species, are located at an altitude of 1500m below the low hills and plains, up to an altitude 2600m. Mainly by seed propagation, tiller or root cuttings can be. Ornamental features Koelreuteria spring foliage, flower in summer, autumn and winter ornamental fruit, as it has a large number of Court of shade trees, street trees and landscape trees, but also as residential areas, industrial areas and tree species of villages. Belong to other common germplasm Luan tree is there are five, I made four. A common tree of the North, also known as the North Luan Luan tree, mostly distributed in North China. Huangshan Luan another common tree widely distributed tree Huangshan Luan Luan tree (var.intergrifola), and famous bladder, entire leaves Luan tree, the main producing southern, western South Africa. Deciduous tree, branchlets reddish brown, dense lenticels. 7 to 9 leaflets, entire or sparsely toothed. Flowers yellow. Capsule swelling, autumn red. Huangshan Luan tree primary production Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi and other provinces, many born in hills, foothills and valleys. Yoshimitsu childhood a little shade. Prefer warm humid climate, fertile soil. Strict requirements on the soil ph value, slightly acidic, neutral, saline-alkali soil could grow hi born calcareous soil. A deep-rooted, strong sprout, longer life expectancy, intolerance trim. Cold in general, suitable areas in the Yangtze River or the south plant. Fewer pests and diseases, the growth rate, there is strong anti-dust capacity. Luan tree is less than its cold, but more Koelreuteria developed shoot buds, branching habit and therefore no false binary tree Luan obvious, therefore easier to develop good tree. Huangshan Luan tree because of its fast growing nature (when seedlings can grow to 80 ~ 100cm, 3 years to 5 years to bear fruit), anti-dust, and three quarters viewing characteristics, are fast becoming the Yangtze River scenic forest tree species. The young grow slowly for Luan tree, the tree is also poor in recent years, applications in the garden is less than Huangshan Luan tree. Re-re-pinnata Koelreuteria bipinnata Koelreuteria (koelreuteriabipinnata) located in South China, Southwest, deciduous tree, up to 20m, yellow flowers, purple fruit, bipinnate compound leaf. August flowering, capsule large, red fall fruit, good viewing. Autumn flower autumn flower Koelreuteria Koelreuteria (koelreuteriapaniculata'september ') is a Koelreuteria paniculata cultivars, large deciduous tree, up to 15m or so, is every inch a Beijing native species. Main producing northern China, is the North China Plain and the common tree species with low mountains, Korea, Japan also has distribution. Leaves mostly a response leaves, small leaves of each large, flowering from August to September, and Koelreuteria easy to distinguish. Lush foliage, late autumn yellow, is a good viewing Beijing court shade trees and street trees, can be used as soil conservation and afforestation species. Breeding and cultivation Koelreuteria available planting, tillering, root cuttings and other methods of reproduction, and to the main planting. Seed propagation (1) seed collection: Luan tree fruit in mature from September to October. Election grew well, straight stem form, crown open, full of fruit, in the age of the fine strong plant as seed mother trees, the fruit was red-brown or orange-yellow and crack in time capsule has not been collected, or will be off on their own. But it should not be taken too soon, otherwise the seed germination rate. As the seeds of different provenances cold resistance are quite different to try to use local seed nursery. (2) fruit processing: Fruit collection after removing the peel, stems, should be spread out drying or dried until the capsule after cracking, beat threshing, with the screening net species. Seeds black, spherical, diameter about 0.6cm, a kind of rate of about 20%, grain weight is about 150g, the germination rate of 60% to 80%. (3) before sowing seed storage and handling: Koelreuteria seeds seed coat hard, not easy to flooding, such as germination without reason, the second year in spring often do not germinate or the germination rate is very low. Therefore, it is best sown in autumn that year, so that the seeds to complete germination stage in the soil, eliminating the need for seed storage, germination and other processes. After a winter and spring after two years early seedling and neat, robust growth. However, autumn sowing, seeds placed on the field too long, the work of planting more difficult to manage. Therefore, the production also used stratification germination method. In the late autumn Gaozao choose the terrain, good drainage, sunny leeward at digging. Pit width l ~ 1.5m, deep in the water table above the frozen layer below, approximately lm, depending on the number of seeds and a long pit _set_. Bottom may be gravel or coarse sand spread a layer about 10 ~ 20cm thick, the pit plug 1 Sokcho for ventilation. The disinfection of seeds mixed with wet sand, into the pit, seeds and sand volume ratio of 1:3 or 1:5, or 1 layer 1 layer of seed cross-laminated sand. Each layer thickness of about 5cm or so. Hand can hold moisture to the sand into a group, no water, let go of that contact spread is appropriate. Loaded to about 20cm from the ground up, follow-5cm on the sand, and 10 ~ 20cm thick straw, surrounded by drainage ditches dug. March the following year, out of direct sowing seed. Dry storage of seeds about 40 days before planting, with 80 ℃, after soaking in warm water mixed with wet sand germination, when Liezui seed number can be up to 30% or more drilling. (4) seeding: Koelreuteria generally use the field nursery. Planting to ask the soil loose, breathable, water retention and drainage performance is good, with a certain degree of fertility, no soil pests and pathogens. Spring planting, the planting to the best in the autumn and winter tillage over 1 to 3 times, in order to promote soil weathering, Xushuibaoshang, eliminate weeds and pests. Preparation to be smooth, fine, the drought area before planting should be good at the end of irrigation water. Luan tree seed germination rate is low, with the kind of volume should be large, usually every square meter 50 ~ 100g. Spring planting in March, on the choice of good land base manure, spread carbofuran granules or granules of zinc parathion 3000g to 4000g per acre for insecticide. Using broadloom drilling, both conducive to seedling air and light, and easy to manage. After sowing seeds, cover 1 ~ 2cm thick layer of loose soil crushing, drying seeds to prevent water loss or damage by birds. Then irrigated with a small one, then grass, straw and other materials covering to increase in temperature, maintaining soil moisture, prevent weed growth and soil compaction. About 20 days after the seedlings out together, dropping the straw. Cutting propagation of hardwood cuttings seedling is often used. (1) cutting of the collection: in the autumn trees after the leaves, combined with the l-year-seedlings flat crop, the base diameter 0.5 ~ 2cm trunk collected as a kind of, or collection of perennial Luan tree then sprout seedling dry, leggy branches for species section, while collecting side bale. After finishing with wet soil or wet sand immediately buried it without losing the use of water to prepare for the cuttings. (2) cuttings clipping: Remove the buried cuttings, cut into small pieces of about 15cm, flat on the notches cut from the bud 1.5cm, under the following notches cut near the bud, oblique cut under notches. (3) cuttings Tozo: Tozo location should be _select_ed not easy to water the back shade, Goushen 80cm or so, groove width and length as the cuttings may be. Layer of depth in the ditch about 2 ~ 3cm of wet sand, the cuttings vertically in the Sand trench. Note buds upward, single display, then covered with 50 ~ 60cm thick wet sand. (4) cuttings: plug in humus rich soil, soil porosity, aeration, water retention as well a good loamy soil, decomposition of organic fertilizer applied. Soil plug ready for fall, deep secret agents, the whole flat fine, the following spring cuttings. Spacing of 30cm × 50cm, first with a wooden punch, line, cuttings exposed 1 to 2 buds. (5) _insert_ed after the administration: to maintain soil moisture, shade structures and appropriate nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer, proper irrigation and fertilizer, seedling hardening period, control of water control fertilizer to promote lignification. Seedling Management (1) shade: shade time, degree of shading should be considered when the local temperature and climate conditions, and to ensure that its seedlings from sunburn for the degree of hazard. Should be gradually extended into the autumn photoperiod and light intensity, until the acceptance of all light, in order to improve seedling lignification. (4) transplantation: transplant shoots to promote seedling root development, seedlings a year high 50 ~ 70cm. Luan is a deep-rooted tree species, transplantation should be repeated to form a good and effective root system. Seedlings in the year after the leaves fall into the ditch heel can rise, planted next spring equinox. Luan tree trunk is not easy because a long straight, flat when first transplanted crop cut dry, and to strengthen the fertilizer and water management. Sprout from the base of a spring branch, elected to stay straight, robust backbone were trained, the main fast-growing, straight. Mainly the first cut dry, the second spring can be re-cut dry handling. After the transplant once every three years or so, when transplanted to the appropriate cut the main root and coarse lateral roots, in order to trigger new root. Luan tree saplings grow slowly, the first two transplants should be appropriately high density, helping to train, straight trunk, save the land. Since then should be properly sparse, well-cultured crown. (5) Fertilization: Fertilization is an important measure to cultivate seedlings. Seedling root length, the ground should be combined with watering fertilization. Annual growth in the busy period, should be subject to nitrogen-based quick result fertilizers promote plant growth and nutrition. Autumn, to stop nitrogen, increased phosphorus, potassium, in order to improve plant lignification to improve seedling cold tolerance. Winter, farm organic fertilizer should be applied as basal fertilizer, both to provide support for the effectiveness of seedling growth nutrients, but also played insulation, improved the soil. With the growth of seedlings, to gradually increase the amount of fertilizer to meet the nutrient requirements for seedling growth. The first volume should be less fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer per acre 2500g to 3000g, after the fertilizer applied once every 15 days, the amount of fertilizer can be larger. When seedlings of tree height of cultivation is generally a high degree of branching point, the left main branch, 3 to 4 years can Chupu. Seedling dry year does not dry straight or reach the _set_ standard, flat crop the following year and re-training. Generally after two transplants, for 3 to 6 years, diameter can reach 4 ~ 8cm. Planting density: 4 ~ 5cm diameter at breast height of about 600 per acre, diameter 6 ~ 8cm of 200-300 per acre, choose to stay three to five main branch, short as 40cm, each main branch to stay two to three lateral branches, crown height ratio of 1:3. 8 ~ 12cm trunk diameter to cultivate the crown seedlings, planting 160 to 170 per acre, that spacing 2m × 2m; cultivate seedlings of more than 12cm trunk diameter, 130 per acre planted, that spacing 2m × 2.5m. With tending, pruning dry seeds of high-1.5m below the branches, in order to promote growth, straight trunk. Luan shaping and pruning the tree seedlings nearly spherical crown, tree upright, generally use natural-style tree. For different uses, the plastic requirements vary. Trees with seedlings requires trunk straight, the first branch height of 2.5 ~ 3.5m, crown complete fullness, branch distribution, to carry out. Large canopy shade trees court requirements, intensive, first branch height lower than trees. In the training process, should focus on these requirements take the appropriate pruning measures. And can be transplanted in the winter or when. Pest control Luan tree gum disease disease occurs mainly in the trunk and main branch, the branches may also occur. Early stages, the Ministry of disease is slightly swollen, dark brown, moist surface, the Ministry of depression after the disease split, spilling yellow translucent soft plastic blocks, and finally into amber-like blocks of hard rubber, the surface smooth and shiny. Trees grow weak, can cause some serious dry branches. The disease caused by a variety of reasons, roughly divided into a living rational flow plastic, such as frost damage, sunburn, wounds caused by mechanical damage, the wounds caused by insects, etc.; also infectious gum, bacteria, fungi can cause flow gum, disease-causing bacteria is not clear at present. Control measures: (1) scratch scar applicator. Branches scraping with a blade on the jelly, and then sort of pharmaceutical agents and applied wound. (2) strengthen management, pay attention to cold in winter, frost can be painted white or coated comb agent. Summer, pay attention to prevent sunburn and timely pest control branches to avoid mechanical damage. (3) lime sulfur spray in early spring before bud every 10 days, spray, and even spray twice to kill the winter germs. Carbendazim spray chlorothalonil or on_set_ period 800 to 1000 times. Control methods: (1) in the newly hatched nymphs start of spraying imidacloprid 2000 times, 40% omethoate EC, EC or loose soil aphid pharmaceutical imidacloprid. (2) in a timely cut in early stage of initiation of serious pests on the trunk branch, not to eliminate the spread of aphids occurred early. (3) attention to the protection and use of ladybugs, lacewings and other predators. (4) saplings can be in late April, the roots of buried facilities in 15% of the aldicarb granules, tree trunk diameter per cm medication 1 ~ 2g, after watering the casing; or dimethoate EC pouring, pouring per cm trunk diameter medicine is about 1.5kg. Six point star black leopard moth generation a year, the larvae overwinter. Early April to begin its activities overwintering larvae infestation, pupation in mid-May after another, mating adult emergence in early June to lay eggs, the larvae hatch in late June. Larvae by the petioles, leaves the rear of the main vein or directly within the bore into twigs, branches bore tip is withered. Larval damage can be transferred, but also in the U-turn worm tract, October biennial Young branches into the winter moth. Emit large amounts of insect borer hazard granular sawdust. Affected a large number of dead branches plant in August or September, severe damage to the landscape. The most effective prevention method is to manually cut off the parasite branches, dead branches. Larvae can also bore into the period of incubation spray tag agents, such as See 1000 times to kill insects, or 2000 times with imidacloprid and other chemical control uptake. Pink bungii major hazard xylem. Branches in the weak grower prolific egg cracks in the bark, the larva eats into phloem down after hatching. The following spring the larvae resume activity, continue down to the xylem from the cortex gradually eats into the surface, the initial formation of short-sighted of the oval bore Road, central depression. After June, the central bore from the bore into the xylem Road, bore Road irregular. Followed by the top-down eats larvae, bore into the trunk without bending the rules of the channel, some channels up to 50cm. Careful observation, and in the trunk on the ground outside the Wormhole often have a lot of red-brown fecal debris discharge. Note dry rosé with pesticides bungii better control, the choice of the absorption of pesticides.
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Outline
Koelreuteria paniculata Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm English name: goldenrain tree Families and genera: Sapindaceae Koelreuteria is Koelreuteria distribution of origin: Originated in northern and central China. Japan, North Korea also has distribution. Luan tree base is of Jiangsu, Zhejiang Koelreuteria base are a large number of artificial cultivation. Dingzhou Hebei Sheng Luan tree farm green seedlings makeup habits: It is a happy light, slightly resistant to semi-shade plants; cold; resistant to drought and barren, like the growth in calcareous soil. Hi light, half shade tolerance, cold, drought, infertile. Adaptable, like born calcareous soil, salt-resistant and short-term waterlogging. Deep root, sprout and strong, moderate growth rate, slower growth of young trees, later becoming faster, there is a strong anti-dust capacity. Propagation: seed propagation to the main tiller or root cuttings can also, when the fall harvest ripe fruit, peeled drying time. Hard seed coat is not easy due to flooding, if not treated the first two years do not sprout spring constant, so the shell fall sowing, stratification can be used wet sand after sowing. Generally use the ridge sowing, ridge from 60-70cm, because of low seed germination rate, so with the kind of large, seeding rate 30-40kg / acre. Tillering, root cuttings can also be Applications: tree upright, dense foliage and beautiful, the court is a good shade tree and street trees species; more red leaves in spring, change the yellow autumn leaves into the room, is ideal for ornamental trees. Luan tree is also a good soil conservation and afforestation species. Luan tree cultivation and management of cultivation and management is simple, cut the main root and transplant when appropriate coarse lateral roots, which can promote multiple fibrous, easy to survive. Suitable ranges are distributed nationwide and more, and more common in northern China, are located at an altitude of 1500m below the low hills and plains, up to altitude of 2600m. Koelreuteria
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Ornamental value and landscape uses:
Tree upright, dense foliage and beautiful, spring leaves, mostly leaves, yellow flowers in summer garden trees, autumn leaves turn yellow, purple fruit, form lanterns, very beautiful, is the ideal green, foliage trees. Court to do a shade tree, street trees and landscape trees, in addition, can distill tannin: Flowers can be yellow dyes, seed oil extraction Luan tree (Koelreuteria paniculata), also known as the tree doctor, lantern tree, for the Sapindaceae Koelreuteria paniculata is a species. Luan tree is deciduous trees, tall and upright tree, dense foliage and beautiful, drunk like leaves in spring, summer flower garden trees, bright yellow autumn leaves, autumn Dan fruit garden trees, the track is very beautiful ornamental trees. Koelreuteria adaptability, seasonal obviously, is the ideal way street, court shade trees and other landscaping, but also polluted with industrial plant good species.
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Biology
Habits Luan tree species is a positive, happy light, slightly resistant to half shade; cold (Huangshan Luan poor); resistant to drought and barren, but also resistant to humidity, saline-alkali soil and short-term waterlogging. Deep-rooted, strong root, sprout and strong growth medium-speed, moderate childhood, after getting quick, appropriate broad nature of the soil not strict, in slightly acidic and alkaline soils can grow more like the growth in calcareous soil. Wind resistant and can withstand low temperatures of minus 25 ℃, the dust, sulfur dioxide and ozone have a strong resistance. Fewer pests and diseases, cultivation and management easy. Koelreuteria Suitable wide, originated in northern and central China, Japan, North Korea also has distribution. For our temperate and subtropical species, are located at an altitude of 1500m below the low hills and plains, up to an altitude 2600m. Mainly by seed propagation, tiller or root cuttings can be. Ornamental features Koelreuteria spring foliage, flower in summer, autumn and winter ornamental fruit, as it has a large number of Court of shade trees, street trees and landscape trees, but also as residential areas, industrial areas and tree species of villages. Belong to other common germplasm Luan tree is there are five, I made four. A common tree of the North, also known as the North Luan Luan tree, mostly distributed in North China. Huangshan Luan another common tree widely distributed tree Huangshan Luan Luan tree (var.intergrifola), and famous bladder, entire leaves Luan tree, the main producing southern, western South Africa. Deciduous tree, branchlets reddish brown, dense lenticels. 7 to 9 leaflets, entire or sparsely toothed. Flowers yellow. Capsule swelling, autumn red. Huangshan Luan tree primary production Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi and other provinces, many born in hills, foothills and valleys. Yoshimitsu childhood a little shade. Prefer warm humid climate, fertile soil. Strict requirements for soil pH, slightly acidic, neutral, saline-alkali soil could grow hi born calcareous soil. A deep-rooted, strong sprout, longer life expectancy, intolerance trim. Cold in general, suitable areas in the Yangtze River or the south plant. Fewer pests and diseases, the growth rate, there is strong anti-dust capacity. Luan tree is less than its cold, but more Koelreuteria developed shoot buds, branching habit and therefore no false binary tree Luan obvious, therefore easier to develop good tree. Huangshan Luan tree because of its fast growing nature (when seedlings can grow to 80 ~ 100cm, 3 years to 5 years to bear fruit), anti-dust, and three quarters viewing characteristics, are fast becoming the Yangtze River scenic forest tree species. The young grow slowly for Luan tree, the tree is also poor in recent years, applications in the garden is less than Huangshan Luan tree. Re-re-pinnata Koelreuteria bipinnata Koelreuteria (Koelreuteriabipinnata) located in South China, Southwest, deciduous tree, up to 20m, yellow flowers, purple fruit, bipinnate compound leaf. August flowering, capsule large, red fall fruit, good viewing. Autumn flower autumn flower Koelreuteria Koelreuteria (Koelreuteriapaniculata'September ') is a Koelreuteria paniculata cultivars, large deciduous tree, up to 15m or so, is every inch a Beijing native species. Main producing northern China, is the North China Plain and the common tree species with low mountains, Korea, Japan also has distribution. Leaves mostly a response leaves, small leaves of each large, flowering from August to September, and Koelreuteria easy to distinguish. Lush foliage, late autumn yellow, is a good viewing Beijing court shade trees and street trees, can be used as soil conservation and afforestation species.
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Breeding and cultivation
Koelreuteria available planting, tillering, root cuttings and other methods of reproduction, and to the main planting. Seed propagation (1) seed collection: Luan tree fruit in mature from September to October. Election grew well, straight stem form, crown open, full of fruit, in the age of the fine strong plant as seed mother trees, the fruit was red-brown or orange-yellow and crack in time capsule has not been collected, or will be off on their own. But it should not be taken too soon, otherwise the seed germination rate. As the seeds of different provenances cold resistance are quite different to try to use local seed nursery. (2) fruit processing: Fruit collection after removing the peel, stems, should be spread out drying or dried until the capsule after cracking, beat threshing, with the screening net species. Seeds black, spherical, diameter about 0.6cm, a kind of rate of about 20%, grain weight is about 150g, the germination rate of 60% to 80%. (3) before sowing seed storage and handling: Koelreuteria seeds seed coat hard, not easy to flooding, such as germination without reason, the second year in spring often do not germinate or the germination rate is very low. Therefore, it is best sown in autumn that year, so that the seeds to complete germination stage in the soil, eliminating the need for seed storage, germination and other processes. After a winter and spring after two years early seedling and neat, robust growth. However, autumn sowing, seeds placed on the field too long, the work of planting more difficult to manage. Therefore, the production also used stratification germination method. In the late autumn Gaozao choose the terrain, good drainage, sunny leeward at digging. Pit width l ~ 1.5m, deep in the water table above the frozen layer below, approximately lm, depending on the number of seeds and a long pit _set_. Bottom may be gravel or coarse sand spread a layer about 10 ~ 20cm thick, the pit plug 1 Sokcho for ventilation. The disinfection of seeds mixed with wet sand, into the pit, seeds and sand volume ratio of 1:3 or 1:5, or 1 layer 1 layer of seed cross-laminated sand. Each layer thickness of about 5cm or so. Hand can hold moisture to the sand into a group, no water, let go of that contact spread is appropriate. Loaded to about 20cm from the ground up, follow-5cm on the sand, and 10 ~ 20cm thick straw, surrounded by drainage ditches dug. March the following year, out of direct sowing seed. Dry storage of seeds about 40 days before planting, with 80 ℃, after soaking in warm water mixed with wet sand germination, when Liezui seed number can be up to 30% or more drilling. (4) seeding: Koelreuteria generally use the field nursery. Planting to ask the soil loose, breathable, water retention and drainage performance is good, with a certain degree of fertility, no soil pests and pathogens. Spring planting, the planting to the best in the autumn and winter tillage over 1 to 3 times, in order to promote soil weathering, Xushuibaoshang, eliminate weeds and pests. Preparation to be smooth, fine, the drought area before planting should be good at the end of irrigation water. Luan tree seed germination rate is low, with the kind of volume should be large, usually every square meter 50 ~ 100g. Spring planting in March, on the choice of good land base manure, spread carbofuran granules or granules of zinc parathion 3000g to 4000g per acre for insecticide. Using broadloom drilling, both conducive to seedling air and light, and easy to manage. After sowing seeds, cover 1 ~ 2cm thick layer of loose soil crushing, drying seeds to prevent water loss or damage by birds. Then irrigated with a small one, then grass, straw and other materials covering to increase in temperature, maintaining soil moisture, prevent weed growth and soil compaction. About 20 days after the seedlings out together, dropping the straw. Cutting propagation of hardwood cuttings seedling is often used. (1) cutting of the collection: in the autumn trees after the leaves, combined with the l-year-seedlings flat crop, the base diameter 0.5 ~ 2cm trunk collected as a kind of, or collection of perennial Luan tree then sprout seedling dry, leggy branches for species section, while collecting side bale. After finishing with wet soil or wet sand immediately buried it without losing the use of water to prepare for the cuttings. (2) cuttings clipping: Remove the buried cuttings, cut into small pieces of about 15cm, flat on the notches cut from the bud 1.5cm, under the following notches cut near the bud, oblique cut under notches. (3) cuttings Tozo: Tozo location should be _select_ed not easy to water the back shade, Goushen 80cm or so, groove width and length as the cuttings may be. Layer of depth in the ditch about 2 ~ 3cm of wet sand, the cuttings vertically in the Sand trench. Note buds upward, single display, then covered with 50 ~ 60cm thick wet sand. (4) cuttings: plug in humus rich soil, soil porosity, aeration, water retention as well a good loamy soil, decomposition of organic fertilizer applied. Soil plug ready for fall, deep secret agents, the whole flat fine, the following spring cuttings. Spacing of 30cm × 50cm, first with a wooden punch, line, cuttings exposed 1 to 2 buds. (5) _insert_ed after the administration: to maintain soil moisture, shade structures and appropriate nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer, proper irrigation and fertilizer, seedling hardening period, control of water control fertilizer to promote lignification.
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Seedling Management
(1) shade: shade time, degree of shading should be considered when the local temperature and climate conditions, and to ensure that its seedlings from sunburn for the degree of hazard. Should be gradually extended into the autumn photoperiod and light intensity, until the acceptance of all light, in order to improve seedling lignification. (4) transplantation: transplant shoots to promote seedling root development, seedlings a year high 50 ~ 70cm. Luan is a deep-rooted tree species, transplantation should be repeated to form a good and effective root system. Seedlings in the year after the leaves fall into the ditch heel can rise, planted next spring equinox. Luan tree trunk is not easy because a long straight, flat when first transplanted crop cut dry, and to strengthen the fertilizer and water management. Sprout from the base of a spring branch, elected to stay straight, robust backbone were trained, the main fast-growing, straight. Mainly the first cut dry, the second spring can be re-cut dry handling. After the transplant once every three years or so, when transplanted to the appropriate cut the main root and coarse lateral roots, in order to trigger new root. Luan tree saplings grow slowly, the first two transplants should be appropriately high density, helping to train, straight trunk, save the land. Since then should be properly sparse, well-cultured crown. (5) Fertilization: Fertilization is an important measure to cultivate seedlings. Seedling root length, the ground should be combined with watering fertilization. Annual growth in the busy period, should be subject to nitrogen-based quick result fertilizers promote plant growth and nutrition. Autumn, to stop nitrogen, increased phosphorus, potassium, in order to improve plant lignification to improve seedling cold tolerance. Winter, organic fertilizer should be applied as basal Nongjia, both provide support for the effectiveness of seedling growth Yangfen, and the functions of heat, improving the soil. With the growth of seedlings, to gradually increase the amount of fertilizer to meet the nutrient requirements for seedling growth. The first volume should be less fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer per acre 2500g to 3000g, after the fertilizer applied once every 15 days, the amount of fertilizer can be larger. When seedlings of tree height of cultivation is generally a high degree of branching point, the left main branch, 3 to 4 years can Chupu. Seedling dry year does not dry straight or reach the _set_ standard, flat crop the following year and re-training. Generally after two transplants, for 3 to 6 years, diameter can reach 4 ~ 8cm. Planting density: 4 ~ 5cm diameter at breast height of about 600 per acre, diameter 6 ~ 8cm of 200-300 per acre, choose to stay three to five main branch, short as 40cm, each main branch to stay two to three lateral branches, crown height ratio of 1:3. 8 ~ 12cm trunk diameter to cultivate the crown seedlings, planting 160 to 170 per acre, that spacing 2m × 2m; cultivate seedlings of more than 12cm trunk diameter, 130 per acre planted, that spacing 2m × 2.5m. With tending, pruning dry seeds of high-1.5m below the branches, in order to promote growth, straight trunk. Luan shaping and pruning the tree seedlings nearly spherical crown, tree upright, generally use natural-style tree. For different uses, the plastic requirements vary. Trees with seedlings requires trunk straight, the first branch height of 2.5 ~ 3.5m, crown complete fullness, branch distribution, to carry out. Large canopy shade trees court requirements, intensive, first branch height lower than trees. In the training process, should focus on these requirements take the appropriate pruning measures. And can be transplanted in the winter or when. Pest control Luan tree gum disease disease occurs mainly in the trunk and main branch, the branches may also occur. Early stages, the Ministry of disease is slightly swollen, dark brown, moist surface, the Ministry of depression after the disease split, spilling yellow translucent soft plastic blocks, and finally into amber-like blocks of hard rubber, the surface smooth and shiny. Trees grow weak, can cause some serious dry branches. The disease caused by a variety of reasons, roughly divided into a living rational flow plastic, such as frost damage, sunburn, wounds caused by mechanical damage, the wounds caused by insects, etc.; also infectious gum, bacteria, fungi can cause flow gum, disease-causing bacteria is not clear at present. Control measures: (1) scratch scar applicator. Branches scraping with a blade on the jelly, and then sort of pharmaceutical agents and applied wound. (2) strengthen management, pay attention to cold in winter, frost can be painted white or coated comb agent. Summer, pay attention to prevent sunburn and timely pest control branches to avoid mechanical damage. (3) lime sulfur spray in early spring before bud every 10 days, spray, and even spray twice to kill the winter germs. Carbendazim spray chlorothalonil or on_set_ period 800 to 1000 times. Control methods: (1) in the newly hatched nymphs start of spraying imidacloprid 2000 times, 40% omethoate EC, EC or loose soil aphid pharmaceutical imidacloprid. (2) in a timely cut in early stage of initiation of serious pests on the trunk branch, not to eliminate the spread of aphids occurred early. (3) attention to the protection and use of ladybugs, lacewings and other predators. (4) saplings can be in late April, the roots of buried facilities in 15% of the aldicarb granules, tree trunk diameter per cm medication 1 ~ 2g, after watering the casing; or dimethoate EC pouring, pouring per cm trunk diameter medicine is about 1.5kg. Prevention and control measures 1 winter eggs and more trees in early spring before germination of wood, spray 20 to 30 times the oil emulsion. 2 in April in time cut shoots with insects, aphids occurred in the early elimination. 3. Saplings can be in late April, the roots of buried facilities in 15% of the aldicarb granules, tree trunk diameter per cm medication 1-2 grams, the casing after watering; or dimethoate EC pouring, pouring per cm trunk diameter syrup 1.5 kg or so. 4 1,500 to 2,000 times can be sprayed 40% of aphid omethoate EC or loose soil EC and so on. Six point star black leopard moth generation a year, the larvae overwinter. Early April to begin its activities overwintering larvae infestation, pupation in mid-May after another, mating adult emergence in early June to lay eggs, the larvae hatch in late June. Larvae by the petioles, leaves the rear of the main vein or directly within the bore into twigs, branches bore tip is withered. Larval damage can be transferred, but also in the U-turn worm tract, October biennial Young branches into the winter moth. Emit large amounts of insect borer hazard granular sawdust. Affected a large number of dead branches plant in August or September, severe damage to the landscape. The most effective prevention method is to manually cut off the parasite branches, dead branches. Larvae can also bore into the period of incubation spray tag agents, such as See 1000 times to kill insects, or 2000 times with imidacloprid and other chemical control uptake. Pink bungii major hazard xylem. Branches in the weak grower prolific egg cracks in the bark, the larva eats into phloem down after hatching. The following spring the larvae resume activity, continue down to the xylem from the cortex gradually eats into the surface, the initial formation of short-sighted of the oval bore Road, central depression. After June, the central bore from the bore into the xylem Road, bore Road irregular. Followed by the top-down eats larvae, bore into the trunk without bending the rules of the channel, some channels up to 50cm. Careful observation, and in the trunk on the ground outside the Wormhole often have a lot of red-brown fecal debris discharge. Note dry rosé with pesticides bungii better control, the choice of the absorption of pesticides. Huangshan Luan tree: the tree, also known as Dr. Luan tree, lantern tree, scientific name Koelrenteria Paniculata. To Sapindaceae Koelreuteria are species. Luan tree is deciduous trees, tree upright, umbrella-shaped crown and more. Lush foliage and beautiful red leaves in spring, golden yellow of summer garden trees, autumn capsule like light lanterns, red skin, gorgeous looking, blowing in the breeze under the rushing sound like bells, also known as "cash cow." Seed beads can be made, it is especially common in the monastery. Koelreuteria temperate and subtropical species. Prefer warm humid climate; hi light, also slightly resistant to semi-shade; like growth in the limestone soil, and ability to saline soils, drought resistance, cold and barren, and the capability of short-term waterlogging. Deep-rooted, growing in speed, moderate childhood, after getting faster. Wind, dust pollution, sulfur dioxide, ozone has a strong resistance. Branches have bacteria; good nectar flowers, and extract the yellow dye. Koelreuteria adaptability, seasonal obviously, is the ideal way street, court shade trees and other landscaping, but also polluted with industrial plant good species. As the Taiwan Lin respected scientists should vigorously promote the Asian Baoshu. Luan tree is there are five, I made four, Jiangsu Koelreuteria base common widely distributed Koelreuteria Huangshan Luan tree, in Zhejiang and Jiangsu region up to, as long as the search for Koelreuteria base you can find cheap green with Luan tree, the cold a little less than Koelreuteria paniculata, Koelreuteria but more developed shoot buds, so the false binary branching habit of not Koelreuteria obvious; therefore easier to cultivate a good tree. In recent years, the industry was generally optimistic. Luan jujube tree turtle wax-mediated Occurrence and Prevention Turtle Wax referral date (Ceroplastes japonicus Gr) are Homoptera, wax-mediated Division, also known as Japan wax-mediated, a wax-mediated date package, commonly known as date lice. Luan tree in the event of severe large leaves covered with parasites all branches, the branches attached to the female distance, like under the snow, sap-sucking nymphs on the leaves, the whole tree full of excrement, resulting in a weak grower also seriously affected the green landscape. Through two years of research, find out the occurrence of the pest, to find a satisfactory control methods. During the eggs hatch, the case of rain, air humidity, temperature normal, egg hatchability and larval survival are high, up to 100%, when heavy damage. Conversely, lack of rain during this period, the temperature is high, dry, a large number of eggs and newly hatched nymphs will dry out and die at home under the shell, then damage to light; female adults during winter, more snow, ice formed on the case of branches, natural mortality is high. Control measures 1. Manual control: from November through March, winter can scrape the female adults, with pruning, cut off worm sticks. 2. Play Bingleng eliminate overwintering female adults, the winter season in case of rain and snow, thick ice on the branches, the branches promptly beat the fear of falling ice, ice can be fear of falling over wintering insects. 3. Nymphs the occurrence of large spray 40% 40% omethoate isocarbophos 1000 to 1500-fold, spray 2 to 3 times, an interval of 7 to 10 days. 4. Carbofuran IRRIGATING: 25% wettable powder with 200 to 300 times in May IRRIGATING 2, works well for killing the nymphs.
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Flowers 百科
栾树 花木百科
栾树 花木百科
Koelreuteria Introduction Luan tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm) Families and genera: Sapindaceae Alias: Cash cow, lantern fruit, Mulan bud Characteristics: Luan tree is deciduous trees, tree height can grow to 15 meters; leaves pinnate, the branches opposite, leaf margin serrate, sometimes bipinnate compound leaf; large panicles, up to 30 cm long about the students in the top branches, flower color is yellow, opening in June-July; fruit capsule, hollow out there like the three paper-wrapped fruit, peel each piece triangle, the whole fruit like small lanterns Like a string of fruit covered with conical crown lantern, lantern light yellow-green when immature fruit, yellow fruit garden trees from afar, mature brown in winter after the leaves, the tree is still hanging lantern fruit. Distribution and habits: Koelreuteria hi light, cold, barren soil resistance, in northeast China, north, east, southwest and other places are distributed. Propagation and cultivation: Available planting, tillering, root cuttings and other methods of reproduction, and to the main planting. Application: Luan tree buds in early spring, after processing by the blisters, is a nutritious vegetable food; Luan tree flowering, the fruit of ornamental and strong, a good landscape trees. Photo:
