Chinese philosophers : historical figures : celebrity : Literary Writing > Zhu Guangqian
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Zhu Guangqian (1897~1986) 安徽省安庆市桐城县

朱光潜(1897年9月19日—1986年3月6日),字孟实,安徽省安庆市桐城县(今安徽省枞阳县)麒麟镇岱鳌村朱家老屋人   ,现当代著名美学家、文艺理论家、教育家翻译家
1922年毕业于香港大学文学院。1925年留学英国爱丁堡大学,致力于文学心理学哲学的学习与研究,后在法国斯特拉斯堡大学获哲学博士学位。1933年回国后,历任北京大学四川大学武汉大学教授。1946年后一直在北京大学任教   ,讲授美学西方文学  
主要著作有《悲剧心理学》、《文艺心理学》、《西方美学史》、《谈美》等。此外,他的《谈文学》、《谈美书简》等理论读物,深入浅出,内容切实,文笔流畅,对提高青年的写作能力与艺术鉴赏能力颇有启迪,有《朱光潜全集》。美学大师经典作品精编《厚积落叶听雨声》、《一升露水一升花》。

 

人物生平

编辑
朱光潜
朱光潜(7张)
1897年9月19日出生于今安徽省安庆市枞阳县麒麟镇岱鳌村朱家老屋。支持马克思主义,少时课读于孔城高小,考入桐城中学,毕业后任教于北乡大关小学。青年时期在桐城中学、武昌高等师范学校学习,后肄业于香港大学文学院。他还请桐城著名书法家方守敦题写“恒、恬、诚、勇”4字的条幅,作为座右铭。五四运动中,他毅然放弃文言文,改写白话文。
1921年,朱光潜发表了白话处女作《福鲁德的隐意识说与心理分析》,随后又发表《行为派心理学之概略及其批评》、《进化论证》等读书心得,初步形成自己对治学和学术研究活动的看法。1922年,他在《怎样改造学术界》中,倡导培养“爱真理的精神”、“科学的批评精神”、“创造精神”和“实证精神”。这些观点一直影响着他漫长的学术道路。香港大学毕业后,先后在上海大学吴凇中国公学中学部、浙江上虞白马湖春晖中学任教。1924年,撰写第一篇美学文章《无言之美》。又到上海与叶圣陶、胡愈之、夏衍、夏丏尊、丰子恺等成立立达学会,创办立达学园,广泛进行新型教育的改革试验,倡导教育的自由独立。
1925年出国留学,先后肄业于英国爱丁堡大学伦敦大学,法国巴黎大学斯特拉斯堡大学,获文学硕士、博士学位。1933年回国,先后在国立北京大学、国立四川大学、国立武汉大学国立安徽大学任教。并任中华全国美学学会名誉会长。历任全国政协委员、常委,民盟中央委员,中国美学学会会长、名誉会长,中国作协顾问,中国社科院学部委员。朱光潜在20世纪30年代至40年代期间认为,在美感经验中,心所以接物者只是直觉,物所以呈现于心者只是形象。因此美感的态度与科学的和实用的态度不同,它不涉及概念和实用等,只是聚精会神地对于一个孤立绝缘的意象的观赏。
解放后,朱光潜系统接触到马克思主义。经过对自己以前的唯心主义美学思想的批判,提出了美是主客观的辨证统一的美学观点,认为美必须以客观事物作为条件,此外加上主观的意识形态或情趣的作用使物成为物的形象,然后才是美。他还以马克思主义的美学的实践观点(即把主观视为实践的主体——人,认为客观世界和主观能对立统一于实践)不断丰富和发展自己的美学思想,形成了一个颇有影响的美学流派。《西方美学史》是朱光潜解放后出版的最重要的一部著作,也是我国学者撰写的第一部美学史著作,代表了中国研究西方美学思想的水平,具有开创性的学术价值。1950年以后提出主客观统一说,认为美必须以客观事物作为条件,此外还须加上主观的意识形态或情趣的作用,使物成为物的形象,然后才是美。
20世纪60年代,他强调马克思主义的实践观点,把主观视为实践的主体“人”,认为客观世界和主观能动性统一于实践。在“文革”期间,朱光潜受到不公正待遇,但他仍认真系统地研究马列主义原著,力求弄懂弄通。1983年3月,朱光潜以八十六岁高龄,应邀赴香港中文大学讲学,出席“第五届钱宾四先生学术文化讲座   。1984年,香港大学授予朱光潜为该校名誉教授。1986年3月6日,朱光潜在北京逝世,享年88岁。朱光潜是北京大学一级教授、中国社科院学部委员,被选为全国政协二、三、四、五届委员、六届政协常务委员,民盟三、四届中央委员,中国文学艺术界联合委员会委员,中国外国文学学会常务理事。
朱光潜主要编著有 《文艺心理学》《悲剧心理学》《谈美》《诗论》 《谈文学》《克罗齐哲学述评》《西方美学史》《美学批判论文集》《谈美书简》《 美学拾穗集》等,并翻译了《歌德谈话录》、柏拉图的《文艺对话集》、G.E.莱辛的《拉奥孔》、G.W.F.黑格尔的《美学》、B.克罗齐的《美学》、G.B.维柯的《新科学》等。朱光潜不仅著述甚丰,他本人更具有崇高的治学精神和高尚的学术品格。他勇于批判自己,执著地求索真理:当他认识到以往在唯心主义体系下研究美学“是在迷径里使力绕圈子”,就开始用更先进的马克思主义指导自己的研究,使自己的美学思想向真理趋进;他反对老化、僵化,提倡不断进取。为方便研
朱光潜朱光潜
究马列主义原著,他在花甲之年开始自学俄语,更在八十高龄之际写出《谈美书简》和《美学拾穗集》,翻译近代第一部社会科学著作——维科的《新科学》,学习研究一生不辍。
朱光潜熟练掌握英、法、德语,几十年来,翻译了300多万字的作品。其中他对黑格尔110万字的巨著《美学》的翻译,为他赢得了历史性的崇高声誉。他出版的译著还有爱克曼的《歌德谈话录》、莱辛的《拉奥孔》、克罗齐的《美学原理》、路易哈拉普的《艺术的社会根源》和《柏拉图文艺对话集》等。此外,他通过系统认真的研究,对马克思主义经典《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》、《资本论》、《自然辩证法》的一些译文提出了具有重大价值的修改意见。
朱光潜是一位以救国兴邦为己任的爱国知识分子。在旧中国的漫长岁月中,尽管道路有过曲折,但他追求真理,向往光明,在复杂的斗争中,辨明了方向,看清了历史发展的潮流。在解放前夕的关键时刻,断然拒绝国民党当局的利诱威胁,毅然决定留在北京。他在与广大人民一起迎接解放的日子里,曾兴奋地说:“我像离家的孤儿,回到了母亲的怀抱,恢复了青春。”解放后,他始终不渝地拥护中国共产党的领导,坚持走社会主义道路,对党赤诚相见,肝胆相照。尽管他曾遭到不公正的待遇,但从未动摇过对党、对社会主义的决心以及为祖国、为人民服务的信念。粉碎“四人帮”以后,他衷心拥护党的十一届三中全会以来的路线、方针、政策,精神振奋,老当益壮,积极翻译名著,撰写文稿,发表演讲,指导研究生,在学术研究和教育领域驰骋不懈。1983年3月,他应邀去香港中文大学讲学,一开始他就声明自己的身份:我不是一个共产党员,但是一个马克思主义者。这就是他对自己后半生的庄严评价。
1979年,引碑入草开创者李志敏任首任会长的北大燕园书画会(北京大学书画协会前身)成立伊始,欣逢建国30周年大庆。书画会深入发动全校师生员工举办空前未有的大型书画展,展出作品近两百幅。朱光潜教授以82岁高龄兴致勃勃地前来观赏书画展。参观后还亲笔题诗赠送给笔者致贺。诗曰:琳琅满目诗书画,庆祝新华三十周。行看大鸟垂天翼,扇起东风拂九州。北京大学教授、著名书法家陈玉龙评价:北大教授中或长于书法,或精于书论,怀瑾握瑜者代不乏人。先后有:马叙伦邓以蛰魏建功向达冯友兰、朱光潜、宗白华王力黄子卿杨周翰周祖谟李志敏罗荣渠⋯诸先生。他们以器识为先,以人品、学养(学术品位)领字。他们的作品中不是书家、胜似书家,蕴藉风流、韵味醇深的浓郁的书卷气迥然不同于流俗的那种“匠气”。  
朱光潜学贯中西,博古通今。他以自己深湛的研究沟通了西方美学和中国传统美学,沟通了旧的唯心主义美学和马克思主义美学,沟通了“五四”以来中国现代美学和当代美学。他是中国美学史上一座横跨古今、沟通中外的“桥梁”,是我国现当代最负盛名并赢得崇高国际声誉的美学大师。  

人物事迹

编辑
朱光潜,安徽桐城县人(今枞阳县麒麟镇)。父亲朱子香,是乡村私塾先生,颇有学识。朱光潜少年在父亲的督
相关著作封面
相关著作封面(20张)
促下读私塾,15 岁上孔城高小(在今孔城镇桐乡书院内),半年后升入桐城中学。在桐中他弃时文而从古文,受国文教师潘季野熏陶,而对中国旧诗产生浓厚兴趣。中学毕业后,入免费的武昌高等师范学校中文系。入学后一年又考取北洋政府教育部派送生,到英国人办的香港大学学教育。民国七年(1918年)至民国十一年(1922年),学习了英国语言和文学、教育学、生物学、心理学等课程,奠定了一生教育活动和学术活动的方向。
入香港大学后不久,国内爆发五四运动,朱光潜由《新青年》杂志看到胡适提倡白话文的文章,深受震撼,毅然放弃古文和文言,改写白话文,后用白话文发表美学处女作《无言之美》。香港大学毕业后,经同班好友高觉敷介绍结识吴淞中国公学校长张东荪,并应邀于民国十一年(1922年)夏到该校中学部教英文,兼校刊《旬刊》主编。编辑助手是当时以进步学生面貌出现的姚梦生(姚蓬子)。在吴淞时期,朱光潜心向进步青年却不热心于党派斗争,不问政治,与左派郑振铎、杨贤江,右派陈启天、李璜等都有往来。
江浙战争中吴淞中国公学关闭,由朋友夏丏尊介绍到浙江上虞白马湖春晖中学教英文,不久匡互生不满春晖中学校长的专制作风,建议改革未被采纳,遂辞去教务主任职。朱光潜同情他,一起断然离开春晖中学赴上海谋生。后夏丏尊、章锡琛、丰子恺、周为群等也陆续离开春晖中学赶到上海。加上上海方面的叶圣陶胡愈之、周予同、陈之佛、刘大白夏衍等,成立了一个立达学会,在江湾办了一所立达学园。按匡互生的意见,朱光潜草拟了开办宗旨,提出教育独立自由的口号,矛头直指北洋政府的专制教育。他们还筹办了开明书店(中国青年出版社的前身)和《一般》杂志(后改名《中学生》)。
立达学园办起后,朱光潜考取安徽官费留英,民国十四年(1925年)夏入英国麦丁堡大学,选修英国文学哲学心理学、欧洲古代史和艺术史,民国十八年(1929年)毕业后转入伦敦大学,同时又在法国巴黎大学注册听讲,对巴黎大学文学院长德拉库瓦讲授的《艺术心理学》甚感兴趣,并受其启发起念写《文艺心理学》。后离开英国转入莱茵河畔歌德的母校斯特拉斯堡大学,完成《悲剧心理学》。英法留学8年中,朱光潜先后获英国文学硕士和法国国家博士学位。但由于官费经常不发,经济拮据,他只得边听课、边阅读、边写作,靠稿费维持生活。
先后替开明书店《一般》和后来的《中学生》写稿,曾辑成《给青年十二封信》出版。该书反映了当时一般青年小知识分子的心理状况,畅销全国,影响很大。从此他和广大青年结缘。接着《文艺心理学》及其缩写本《谈美》、译著克罗齐《美学原理》、总结自己对变态心理学的认识的《变态心理学派别》(开明书店)和《变态心理学》(商务印书馆)陆续问世,《诗论》写出初稿,还在罗素的影响下写过一部叙述符号逻辑派别的书(稿交商务印书馆,抗日战争中遭焚毁)。这些书文笔优美精炼,资料翔实可靠,说理明晰透彻,见解独到精辟,蜚声海内外学术界。
回国前,经高师同班好友徐中舒介绍给北京大学文学院院长胡适,委聘北大西语系教授,除讲授西方名著选读和文学批评史外,还在北大中文系和清华大学中文系研究班开过《文艺心理学》《诗论》,后又应留法老友徐悲鸿之约到中央艺术学院讲了一年《文艺心理学》
当时正逢“京派”(多是文艺界旧知识分子)和“海派”(主要指“左联”)对垒。朱光潜由胡适约到北大,自然就成了京派人物。京派“新月”时期最盛,诗人徐志摩死于飞机失事后日渐衰落。胡适、杨振声等人想重振京派,由朱光潜、杨振声、沈从文周作人俞平伯朱自清、林徽因等人组成编委会,筹办《文学杂志》(月刊,商务印书馆出版)。朱光潜任主编。朱自清、闻一多冯至、李广田、何其芳、卞之琳等经常为杂志撰稿。杂志于民国二十六年(1937年)5月创刊,至8月,出了4期,是当时最畅销的一种文艺刊物。抗日战争爆发后停刊。民国36 年复刊,民国三十七年(1948年)出了6期后终止,前后共出了3卷22期。
抗日战争爆发后,朱光潜应四川大学代理校长张颐约任川大文学院长。民国二十七年(1938年)秋,国民党二陈系派程天放接替张颐正式长校,企图推行党化教育。朱光潜为了维护学府的尊严,捍卫教育自由和学术独立,坚决反对易长。他主持全校教师大会,号召罢教,教师们纷纷响应,大家公推他草拟抗议电文和罢教宣言。“易长风潮”轰动一时,但迫于压力,以妥协告终:一方面不拒程天放任校长,一方面不许程天放动全校人事。这场斗争得到中国共产党的支持,沙汀和周文把消息传到延安,周扬立即通过他俩转信约朱光潜去延安参观,朱光潜回信欲去。这时陈立夫邀他去重庆晤谈,又通过他的一些留欧好友劝阻,再由王星拱和陈西滢几位旧友把他拉到武汉大学任教,延安之行落空。晚年朱光潜回忆此事,认为延安之行未果是因自己“当时根本没有革命的意志”,是“一次惨痛的教训”。
民国三十一年(1942年),武大校内湘皖两派内讧,遂以朱光潜出任教务长来调和,因为他是皖人而和湘派较友好。按国民党规矩,学校“长字号”人物都须参加国民党,朱光潜名义上被拉入国民党(后挂名三青团中委和国民党常务监委)。并让他在国民党的《中央周刊》上经常写稿。虽然如此,他并不屈从任何政治偏见,说诗、论文、谈修养,后来集成两本书《谈文学》、《谈修养》。民国三十年(1941年)至民国三十一年,国民政府教育部、中央党部每次密令武汉大学监视一批点名的“奸匪”和“奸匪嫌疑”学生的行动,强制一批学生离校。身为教务长的朱光潜与校长王星拱、训导长赵师梅一面应付教育部,一面向学生通气,提醒他们行动谨慎,维护他们到民国三十一年夏天毕业安全离校。
抗日战争胜利后,朱光潜不愿去安徽大学当校长,仍回北京大学文学院,任代理院长。受与地下党有联系的化学家袁翰青影响,他的政治观点逐渐明朗化,开始同情并支持民主运动。民国三十七年(1948年)6月29日,他与北平各院校教授104人联名发表宣言《抗议轰炸开封》;民国三十七年10月,他与郑华炽、陈发松等17 名教授联名写信给蒋介石及行政院长翁文灏,呼吁“解除人为的经济痛苦与不平”,并宣言“停教”;民国三十七年11月4日,他与北平各院校47名教授联名发表《我们对于政府压迫民盟的看法》的抗议书,抗议国民政府用所谓“处置后方共产党临时办法”强行解散民盟。
北平解放前夕,国民政府派专机接“知名人士”去台湾,名单上胡适居首,朱光潜列名第三。这时袁翰青教授受地下党的重托,挽留他熟悉的“文化人”不要离开北平。朱光潜毅然决定留下。建国初思想改造阶段,他是重点对象,受到很多教育,特别是在参加文联和全国政协(先后担任了全国政协第二、三、四、五届委员,第六届常委,民盟第三、四、五届中央委员,全国文联委员等)后,常有机会参观访问全国各地,经比较新旧中国,他心悦诚服地认识到社会主义能够救中国。
1957年,全国开始6年之久的美学大讨论。朱光潜积极投入到这场原本起自对他过去的美学思想“批判”的论争,既不隐瞒或回避自己过去的美学观点,也不轻易接纳他认为不正确的批判,客观上他带动了大家不断前进,促进了美学研究空前普遍地蓬勃发展。这次讨论发表的文章辑成6册《美学问题讨论集》、朱光潜发表的论争文章另辑成《美学批判论文集》,均由作家出版社出版。
这次讨论促使朱光潜认真钻研辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义。在年近60岁时,他还挤出时间攻读俄文,并达到能阅读和翻译的程度。他曾精选几本马克思主义经典著作来摸索,译文看不懂时就对照英、法、德、俄4种文字的版本去琢磨原文的准确含义,对中译文的错误或欠妥处作了笔记,后写了“建议的校改译文”。同时他惊讶地发现不少参加美学论争的人并未弄通马克思主义,由于资料的贫乏,对哲学史、心理学、人类学和社会学之类与美学密切相关的科学,有时甚至缺乏常识。因此他立志翻译一些重要资料,此后20多年他陆续译出柏拉图的《文艺对话集》、莱辛的《拉奥孔》、袁克曼辑的《歌德谈话录》、黑格尔的《美学》3卷、维柯的《新科学》等。
1962年,朱光潜受邀到中央党校讲授美学史。同年文科教材会议决定大专院校文科逐步开设美学课,并指定他编写教材。1963年,《西方美学史》这部倾注他多年研究成果、全面系统阐述西方美学思想发展的专著由人民文学出版社出版,它代表了迄今为止我国对西方美学研究的水平,推动了我国美学教育和研究工作。“文化大革命”中,朱光潜被关进牛棚,尽管遭受到不公正的待遇,但从未动摇过对党、对社会主义的信念以及为祖国、为人民服务的决心。他坚持锻炼身体,时刻准备重新拿起笔。“四人帮”垮台后,他重振精神,老当益壮,积极翻译名著、撰写文稿、先后出版了《谈美书简》和《美学拾穗集》,还指导研究生,在学术研究和教育领域驰骋不懈,成就蜚然。
1980年5月,在昆明召开的中华全国第一届美学会议上,他被一致推选为中国美学会会长。
1983年3月,朱光潜应邀去香港中文大学主讲“钱宾四(钱穆)先生学术文化讲座”,一开始就声明自己的身份:我不是一个共产党员,但是一个马克思主义者。这实为他后半生的定论。
同年,北京大学为朱光潜举办执教60周年纪念会。翌年,香港大学授予他名誉博士学位。
1984年夏朱光潜由于多年工作过于疲累,患疲劳综合症,出现脑血栓。1986年3月6日,朱光潜在北京病逝,终年89 岁。在他逝世的前3天,他神志稍许清醒,趁家人不防,竟艰难地沿梯独自悄悄向楼上书房爬去,家人发现急来劝阻,他嗫嚅地说,要赶在死前把《新科学》的注释部分完成。
朱光潜视野开阔,对中西文化都有很高的造诣。在他的700万字的论著和译著(已由安徽教育出版社出全集,共20卷)中,对中国文化作了深入研究,对西方美学思想作了介绍和评论,融贯中西,创造了自己的美学理论,在我国美学教学和研究领域作出了开拓性的贡献,在我国文学史和美学发展史上享有重要的地位,是我国近代继王国维后的一代美学宗师,并享有很高的国际声誉,日本、联邦德国、英国、荷兰、法国、美国都有人研究他。他鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已,为中国人民留下了宝贵的文化财富。
●遭遇“朱光潸”
美学家朱光潜早年出版过《给青年的十二封信》,是当时最流行的书籍之一。
过了不久的1936年初,朱光潜在写《文艺心理学》等专著之余,又写出一部
朱光潜和孙辈照朱光潜和孙辈照 
亲切自然的《谈美》小册子。书店在出版时,将《谈美》封面附注上“给青年的第十三封信”字样。书出版之后,受到广泛欢迎。
不久,上海书摊上便出现一本署名“朱光潸”,题目为“致青年”的书。书名接近,姓名几乎难辨不说,该书竟也有一个副题:“给青年的十三封信”;与朱光潜先生的著作副题只少一个“第”字,打眼看去,没有什么分别;封面设计也追踪摹形:书名字形,位置相仿,连一些直线中间嵌一些星星都一样,所以,一位朋友寄这本书给朱光潜后,连朱光潜自己也以为是自己的作品。
待看清楚后,朱光潜先生竟然给这位“朱光潸”写了一封信。首先,他请朱光潸原谅,说是自己误将此书认作自己的了。接下说:
“光潸先生,我不认识你,但是你的面貌,言动,姿态,性格等等,为了以上所说的一点偶然的因缘,引动了我很大的好奇心……不认识你而写信给你,似乎有些唐突,请你记得我是你的一个读者。如果这个资格不够,那只得怪你姓朱名光潸,而又写《给青年的十三封信》了!”
接下,朱光潜先生将自己写《给青年的十二封信》时的情形略作回溯。认为当时“稚气和愚?”,但因坦坦白白流露,才得到青年的喜爱。这话的潜台词,大约是告诉那位“朱光潸”,人得“坦坦白白”、“老老实实”做人;否则就算一时得逞,也难免长久不被人戳穿,落得个不道德名。
这封信的落款也颇有意思:“几乎和你同姓同名的朋友”。信当然无法寄出,只好在《申报》上发表。
●三立座右铭
朱光潜先生是我国现代著名美学家,著作等身,建树颇丰。他一生曾三立座右铭,给人们留下了悠长的思索。
第一次,是在香港大学教育系求学时。他以“恒、恬、诚、勇”这四个字作为自己的座右铭。恒,是指恒心,即无论做人做事,都要持之以恒、百折不挠。恬,是指恬淡、简朴、克己持重,不追求物质上的享受。诚,是指诚实、诚恳,襟怀坦白,心如明镜,不自欺,不欺人。勇,则是指勇气,志气,勇往直前的进取精神。这四个字不仅集中反映了朱光潜先生求学时的精神状态,而且贯穿了他的一生。朱光潜先生曾说:“这四个字我终生恪守不渝。”
第二次,是在英国爱丁堡大学学习时。朱光潜先生兴趣广泛,学过文学、心理学和哲学。经过比较和思索,他发现美学是他最感兴趣的,是文学、心理学和哲学的共同联络线索,于是把研究美学作为自己终身奋斗的事业。当时,他的指导老师著名的康德专家史密斯教授竭力反对。他告诫朱光潜说,美学是一个泥潭,玄得很。朱光潜先生认真思索后,决定迎着困难上。这时,他给自己立下这样一条座右铭:“走抵抗力最大的路!”从此,他全身心地投入到美学研究中,终于写出了《悲剧心理学》、《文艺心理学》、《变态心理学》等具有开创意义的论著。
第三次,是在20世纪30年代。座右铭共6个字“此身、此时、此地。”此身,是说凡此身应该做而且能够做的事,决不推诿给别人;此时,是指凡此时应该做而且能够做的事,决不推延到将来;此地,是说凡此地(地位、环境)应该做而且能够做的事,决不等待想象中更好的境地。在这条座右铭的激励下,朱光潜先生不断地给自己树立新的奋斗目标,在他80多岁时,依然信心十足地承担起艰深的维柯《新科学》的翻译任务。
朱光潜先生三次所立的座右铭,由于环境不同,侧重点自然有异。第一次,主要是确立做人求学之志;第二次,侧重点是理想、事业的抉择;第三次,在学有所成后,对自己明确而具体的要求。从朱光潜先生三立座右铭中,我们除了看到一个自我砥砺、矢志以求的形象外,难道不应该获取更多的人格力量和思想的启迪吗?
晚年风趣
朱光潜先生晚年时,经常在北大燕南园一段残垣断壁边,静静地坐在青石板上。看到学生走近,老人拄起拐杖,慢慢绕到残垣之后,隔着那段残破的矮墙,递过一枝盛开的花朵。
同学们被老人家浪漫的举动吓坏了,便加快脚步,慌张地跑掉了。
后来同学们才知道,老人家竟是美学大师朱光潜。是那位写过鸿篇巨制的朱光潜,至今仍对中国美学有深切的影响力!他中西合壁,学富五车,却又是如此赤子心性。
那时的中午,朱先生总是独自静坐在青石板上,目光中充满童真,凝望着来来往往的后生。
先生对后生的爱,让人动容。那时,许多家境贫穷的学生时常到先生家索要钱票。先生乐善好施,家门大开,从他悟彻一切的目光中可以知道,朱先生不问得失,完全是一位打碎了算盘的人。
那枝花朵不是自然界中一枝普通的花朵,它分明是人类精神之树的果实,是一代宗师无言的暗示。在即将熄灭生命之火的岁月里,先生不断越过隔墙,把旷世的风范吹进晚辈们的心灵中。
先生之风,山高水长。  

编辑特色

编辑
中国现代作家中,与报刊没有任何关系的,大概可以说是绝无仅有,不是编者,就是作者。很多作家都当过报刊编辑,正是经过他们之手,一部部重要作品,从报刊走入读者。现代美学大师朱光潜(1897~1986)先后主编过多种报刊,尤其是他在抗战前后两度主编的《文学杂志》,是当时最畅销的文艺刊物,每期行销都在两万份以上,读者印象极为深刻。
朱光潜是一个成功的报刊编辑家,1948年有人颂扬说:“二十年来以最庄重、最热诚的态度支持引导中国文艺界的几乎只有朱(光潜)先生一个人。”这话固然说得有点过头,但就其主编刊物的态度而言,朱光潜则无愧于“最庄重、最热诚”的称谓。综观朱光潜《文学杂志》的编辑实践,体现出如下特色。
1.追求刊物个性。
个性特色是报刊赢得读者、占领市场的重要手段。没有个性的刊物,即使短暂生存,也难以发展。报刊的个性归根结底是编辑者性格情趣的体现。朱光潜在报刊编辑实践中,追求报刊个性风格的编辑思想一直贯穿其工作始终。1935年年底,《人间世》小品文半月刊出至第42期停刊。该刊编辑徐讦于1936年春又创办了《天地人》半月刊。创刊前夕,徐讦两次写信请朱光潜为《天地人》写点儿稿子。朱光潜写了《论小品文(一封公开信)》告诫他,不要把《天地人》办成和《人间世》、《宇宙风》相类似的小品文刊物。“《人间世》和《宇宙风》里面有许多我爱读的文章,但是我觉得它们已算是尽了它们的使命了,如果再添上一个和它们同性质的刊物,恐怕成功也只是锦上添花,坏就不免画蛇添足了。”这里就体现出了强烈追求新创刊物个性的设计思想。
朱光潜主编《文学杂志》,在创刊词《我对本刊的希望》里,明确宣称要创办出一种新刊物:“一种宽大自由而严肃的文艺刊物。”他赋予刊物独特的使命是:它应该尽一部分纠正和向导的义务;它应该集合全国作家做分途探险的工作,使人人在自由发展个性之中,仍意识到彼此都望着开发新文艺一个共同目标;它应该时常回顾到已占有的领域,给以冷静严正的估价,看成功何在,失败何在,作前进努力的借鉴;同时,它应该是新风气的传播者,在读者群众中养成爱好纯正文艺的趣味与热诚。应该在陈腐枯燥的经院习气与油滑肤浅的新闻习气之中,辟一清新而严肃的境界。
编辑者的创造意识是锻造报刊个性的前提。朱光潜说编辑报刊与艺术创作具有同样的道理,“我始终相信在艺术方面,一个人有一个人的独到,如果自己没有独到,专去模仿别人的一种独到的风格,这在学童时代做练习,固无不可,如果把它当作一种正经事业来做,则似乎大可不必。”任何一种好的东西,模仿的人多了,其结局必然是归于俗滥。刊物设计是一门艺术。创办报刊尤其是文学、文化报刊的过程中,首先要对社会文化状况予以深刻细致的分析、研究,预测社会文化对拟办报刊接纳与拒绝的可能性,即如朱光潜所说,“它应该认清时代的弊病和需要”。在现有媒介之间发现空白和薄弱之处,从而打破现有报刊市场的平衡、静止状态,对期刊文化结构作出重新调整,对读者布局予以重新分配。报刊担负着引领时代风气的重任,它是否具有创造的精神,对社会将会有直接的影响。报刊编辑通过对作品的选择,必然会给作者以一种暗示、一种引导。一个没有创造性的报刊,是无法引导作者进行创造性的劳动的,也无法向人们奉献出有创造性的精神产品。
2.兼容并包,驳杂中见出统一。
朱光潜对于文化思想运动的基本态度是自由生发、自由讨论。受其文化思想的浸染,在报刊编辑工作中,他主张编辑不能把报刊办成个人拉帮结伙、党同伐异的工具。报刊编辑可以有自己的文艺思想,但他的文艺思想只应体现在自己的创作之中,而不能把自己所主张的文艺思想作为刊物稿件取舍的标准。朱光潜坚决反对报刊编辑“把个人的特殊趣味加以鼓吹宣传,使它成为弥漫一世的风气”。他认为文艺上的伟大收获都有丰富的文化思想做根源,编辑要真地希望能为文学、文化的发展助一臂之力,那就不妨让许多不同的学派思想同时在酝酿、骚动甚至冲突斗争。冲突斗争是思想生发所必需的刺激剂。“别人的趣味和风格尽管和我们的背道而驰,只要他们的态度诚恳严肃,我们仍应表示相当的敬意。”他主编《文学杂志》的理想就是把它办成一个全国性的刊物。“凡是爱护本刊而肯以好作品见投的我们都一律欢迎。”实际情况也确是这样。在《文学杂志》上发表作品的,除了京派文人以外,还有很多左翼作家。萧军是著名的左翼青年作家的代表人物。他的长篇小说《第三代》就受到了朱光潜的青睐。朱光潜在《文学杂志》第1卷第2期的《编辑后记》中向读者热情推荐:“萧军的《第三代》是近来小说界的可宝贵的收获,值得特别注意。”胡适热心创办《文学杂志》,也许有振兴京派的想法,但朱光潜主编的《文学杂志》并不是京派专有的田园。如朱自清和冯至并不隶属于京派,而他们却是《文学杂志》的核心成员。朱光潜曾剖析“文以载道”说的浅陋和“为文艺而文艺”说的不健全,反对空谈什么联合战线,主张通过多多的尝试,让不同的趣味和风格互相交流,从而造成新鲜自由的思想潮流,以洗清我们的成见和积习,推动新文艺的繁荣和发展。
3.理论与创作并重。
20世纪三四十年代的我国,一般的文艺刊物往往只重创作,人为地割裂了文学创作和文学批评的关系,特别是表现出一种藐视文学理论批评的倾向。朱光潜非常清醒地看到了文艺报刊编辑界存在的这种不足之处。他认为文学批评虽然来自于文学创作实践,但又对文学创作具有巨大的能动的反作用,有时甚至成为决定文学发展趋向的有力因素。他在英国留学期间,留心过欧洲几种著名的文艺刊物的编排方法。因此他主编《文学杂志》时,就借鉴了欧洲文艺刊物理论与创作并重的编排方法。
《文学杂志》在篇幅的分配上,创作约占五分之三,论文和书评约占五分之二,“比一般流行的文艺刊物,本刊似较着重论文和书评,但是这并不就是看轻创作。论文不仅限于文学,有时也涉及文化思想问题。这种分配将来也许成为本刊的一个特色”。刻意地加大理论的力度,意图让读者得到刊物以后,“不仅要读,还要谈,要想”。可见,理论与创作并重,这是他主编《文学杂志》时有意追求的一个编辑特色,王了一的《语言的化装》、郭绍虞的《宋代残佚的诗话》、陆志韦的《论节奏》、知堂的《再谈俳文》、钱钟书的《中国固有的文学批评的一个特点》、朱东润的《说“衙内”》、迥之的《再谈差不多》等,共十一篇。这些论文或隐或显地凸现了京派的文艺观和文学史观。
朱光潜认为编辑的作用犹如一座桥梁,“一个编辑者的地位是很卑微的,他只是作者与读者中间的一个媒介人”。不能因为自己手中有发稿权,就以为能够对作者颐指气使,对读者居高临下。当然,朱光潜同时指出,编辑固然要在满足读者阅读需要和为作者服务的基础上实现自己的价值,但作为传播中的一个主体,他又有必要也有可能对传播施加相应的影响。读者需要是复杂的,有的科学健康,有的消极低级,正确的做法是:编辑“不能轻视读者,他不必逢迎读者,他却不妨由迁就读者而逐渐提高读者”。
朱光潜不以编辑家名世,但他主编的《文学杂志》不仅推出了一大批具有文学史意义的作品,还培养了一大批文学新人。他的编辑思想是其报刊编辑实践的概括和总结,很多观点和做法有着深厚的实践基础,至今仍闪耀着理性和科学的光芒,我们能够从中获得很大的教益。

治学精神

编辑
1、自我解剖 不断批评
在20世纪五六十年代的美学批判和美学辩论中,朱光潜勇于解剖自己,严肃批判了唯心主义美学思想,特别是他自己曾经宣扬过的唯心主义。他不断地批判自己,不断提出新的 观点和新的问题,堪称学者的楷模。
2、寻求真理 学风端正
朱光潜通过批判唯心主义认识到以往自己是在“迷径里使力绕圈子”,以后开始学习马列主义原著。他在近六十岁时开始自学俄语,并用各种文本(中、德、俄、法、英)进行比较研究,取得一系列新的成果。他提倡独立思考,从不人云亦云,晚年的《谈美书简》和《美学拾穗集》就是他治学精神的具体表现。
3、“三此主义”忘我精神
朱光潜信奉“三此主义”,即此身,此时,此地:“此身应该做而且能够做的事,就得 由此身担当起,不推诿给旁人”。“此时应该做而且能够做的事,就得在此时做,不拖延到未来。”“此地(我的地位、我的环境)应该做而且能够做的事,就得在此地做,不推诿到想象中另一地位去做。”这是朱光潜不尚空谈,着眼当代,脚踏实地的治学精神的体现。
4、《谈读书》节选
朱光潜朱光潜
书是读不尽的,就读尽也是无用,许多书都没有一读的价值。多读一本没有价值的书,便丧失可读一本有价值的书的时间和精力;所以须慎加选择。真正能够称为“书”的恐怕还难上十卷百卷。你应该读的只是这十卷百卷的书。在这些书中间你不但可以得到较真确的知识,而且可以于无形中吸收大学者治学的精神和方法。这些书才能撼动你的心灵,激动你的思考。你与其读千卷万卷的诗集,不如读一部《国风》或《古诗十九首》,你与其读千卷万卷谈希腊哲学的书籍,不如读一部柏拉图的《理想国》。
中国学生们大半是少年老成,在中学时代就欢喜煞有介事的谈一点学理。他们――包括你和我自然都在内――不仅欢喜谈谈文学,还要研究社会问题,甚至于哲学问题。这既是一种自然倾向,也就不能漠视,我个人的见解也不妨提起和你商量商量。十五六岁以后的教育宜重发达理解,十五六岁以前的教育宜重发达想象。所以初中的学生们宜多读想象的文字,高中的学生才应该读含有学理的文字。
我自己便没曾读过几本“青年必读书”,老早就读些壮年必读书。比方中国书里,我最欢喜《国风》、《庄子》、《楚辞》、《史记》、《古诗源》、《文选》中的《书笺》、《世说新语》、《陶渊明集》、《李太白集》、《花间集》、《张惠言词选》、《红楼梦》等等。在外国书里,我最欢喜溪兹(济慈)、雪莱、考老芮基(柯尔律治)、白朗宁诸人的诗集,苏菲克里司(索福克勒斯)的七悲剧,莎士比亚的《哈孟列德(哈姆雷特)》、《李尔王》和《奥塞罗》,歌德的《浮士德》,易卜生的戏剧集,杜(屠)格涅夫的《新田地(处女地)》和《父与子》,妥斯套夫斯克(陀斯妥耶夫斯基)的《罪与罚》,福洛伯(福楼拜)的《布华里(包法利)夫人》,莫泊桑的小说集,小泉八云关于日本的著作等等。
读书方法,我不能多说,只有两点须在此约略提起:第一,凡值得读的书至少须读两遍。第一遍须快读,着眼在醒豁全篇大旨与特色。第二遍须慢读,须以批评态度衡量书的内容。第二,读过一本书,须笔记纲要精彩和你自己的意见。记笔记不但可以帮助你记忆,而且可以逼得你仔细。
学问不只是读书,而读书究竟是学问的一个重要途径。因为学问不仅是个人的事而是全人类的事,每科学问到了现今的阶段,是全人类分途努力日积月累所得到的成就,而这成就还没有淹没,就全靠有书籍记载流传下来。读书是要清算过去人类成就的总账,把几千年的人类思想经验在短促的几十年内重温一遍,把过去无数亿万人辛苦获来的知识教训集中到读者一个人身上去受用。有了这种准备,一个人总能在学问途程上作万里长征,去发见新的世界。
历史愈前进,人类的精神遗产愈丰富,书籍愈浩繁,而读书也就愈不易。书籍固然可贵,却也是一种累赘,可以变成研究学问的障碍。它至少有两大流弊。第一,书多易使读者不专精。我国古代学者因书籍难得,皓首穷年才能治一经,书虽读得少,读一部却就是一部,口诵心惟,咀嚼得烂熟,透入身心,变成一种精神的原动力,一生受用不尽。其次,书多易使读者迷方向。许多初学者贪多而不务得,在无足轻重的书籍上浪费时间与精力,就不免把基本要籍耽搁了;比如学哲学者尽管看过无数种的哲学史和哲学概论,却没有看过一种柏拉图的《对话集》,学经济学者尽管读过无数种的教科书,却没有看过亚当斯密的《原富》。
朱光潜朱光潜
读书并不在多,最重要的是选得精,读得彻底。与其读十部无关轻重的书,不如以读十部书的时间和精力去读一部真正值得读的书;与其十部书都只能泛览一遍,不如取一部书精读十遍。"好书不厌百回读,熟读深思子自知",这两句诗值得每个读书人悬为座右铭。世间许多人读书只为装点门面,如暴发户炫耀家私,以多为贵。这在治学方面是自欺欺人,在做人方面是趣味低劣。
读的书当分种类,一种是为获得现世界公民所必需的常识,一种是为做专门学问。为获常识起见,现今一般中学和大学初年级的课程,如果认真学习,也就很够用。所谓认真学习,熟读讲义课本并不济事,每科必须精选要籍三五种来仔细玩索一番。常识课程总共不过十数种,每种选读要籍三五种,总计应读的书也不过五十部左右。这不能算是过奢的要求。一般读书人所读过的书大半不止此数,他们不能得实益,是因为他们没有选择,而阅读时又只潦草滑过。
常识不但是现世界公民所必需,就是专门学者也不能缺少它。近代科学分野严密,治一科学问者多固步自封,以专门为藉口,对其他相关学问毫不过问。这对于分工研究或许是必要,而对于淹通深造却是牺牲。宇宙本为有机体,其中事理彼此息息相关,牵其一即动其余,所以研究事理的种种学问在表面上虽可分别,在实际上却不能割开。世间绝没有一科孤立绝缘的学问。比如政治学须牵涉到历史、经济、法律、哲学、心理学以至于外交、军事等等,如果一个人对于这些相关学问未曾问津,入手就要专门习政治学,愈前进必愈感困难,如老鼠钻牛角,愈钻愈窄,寻不着出路。其他学问也大抵如此,不能通就不能专,不能博就不能约。先博学而后守约,这是治任何学问所必守的程序。我们只看学术史,凡是在某一科学问上有大成就的人,都必定于许多它科学问有深广的基础。
有些人读书,全凭自己的兴趣。今天遇到一部有趣的书就把预拟做的事丢开,用全副精力去读它;明天遇到另一部有趣的书,仍是如此办,虽然这两书在性质上毫不相关。这种读法有如打游击,亦如蜜蜂采蜜。它的好处在使读书成为乐事,对于一时兴到的著作可以深入,久而久之,可以养成一种不平凡的思路与胸襟。它的坏处在使读者泛滥而无所归宿,缺乏专门研究所必需的"经院式"的系统训练,产生畸形的发展,对于某一方面知识过于重视,对于另一方面知识可以很蒙昧。如果一个人有时间与精力允许他过享乐主义的生活,不把读当做工作而只当做消遣,这种蜜蜂采蜜式的读书法原亦未尝不可采用。但是一个人如果抱有成就一种学问的志愿,他就不能不有预定计划与系统。
读书必须有一个中心去维持兴趣,或是科目,或是问题。以科目为中心时,就要精选那一科要籍,一部一部的从头读到尾,以求对于该科得到一个概括的了解,作进一步作高深研究的准备。读文学作品以作家为中心,读史学作品以时代为中心,也属于这一类。以问题为中心时,心中先须有一个待研究的问题,然后采关于这问题的书籍去读,用意在搜集材料和诸家对于这问题的意见,以供自己权衡去取,推求结论。重要的书仍须全看,其余的这里看一章,那里看一节,得到所要搜集的材料就可以丢手。这是一般做研究工作者所常用的方法,对于初学不相宜。不过初学者以科目为中心时,仍可约略采取以问题为中心的微意。一书作几遍看,每一遍只着重某一方面。苏东坡的《又答王庠书》曾谈到这个方法:
"少年为学者,每一书皆作数次读之。当如入海百货皆有,人之精力不能并收尽取,但得其所欲求者耳。故愿学者每一次作一意求之,如欲求古今兴亡治乱圣贤作用,且只作此意求之,勿生余念;又别作一次求事迹文物之类,亦如之。他皆仿此。若学成,八面受敌,与慕涉猎者不可同日而语。"
朱子尝劝他的门人采用这个方法。它是精读的一个要诀,可以养成仔细分析的习惯。举看小说为例,第一次但求故事结构,第二次但注意人物描写,第三次但求人物与故事的穿插,以至于对话、辞藻、社会背景、人生态度等等都可如此逐次研求。
读书要有中心,有中心才易有系统组织。比如看史书,假定注意的中心是教育与政治的关系,则全书中所有关于这问题的史实都被这中心联系起来,自成一个系统。以后读其它书籍如经子专集之类,自然也常遇着关于政教关系的事实与理论,它们也自然归到从前看史书时所形成的那个系统了。一个人心里可以同时有许多系统中心,如一部字典有许多"部首",每得一条新知识,就会依物以类聚的原则,汇归到它的性质相近的系统里去,就如拈新字贴进字典里去,是人旁的字都归到人部,是水旁的字都归到水部。大凡零星片断的知识,不但易忘,而且无用。每次所得的新知识必须与旧有的知识联络贯串,这就是说,必须围绕一个中心归聚到一个系统里去,才会生根,才会开花结果。
记忆力有它的限度,要把读过的书所形成的知识系统,原本枝叶都放在脑里储藏起,在事实上往往不可能。如果不能储藏,过目即忘,则读亦等于不读。我们必须于脑以外另辟储藏室,把脑所储藏不尽的都移到那里去。这种储藏室在从前是笔记,在现代是卡片。记笔记和做卡片有如植物学家采集标本,须分门别类订成目录,采得一件就归入某一门某一类,时间过久了,采集的东西虽极多,却各有班位,条理井然。这是一个极合乎科学的办法,它不但可以节省脑力,储有用的材料,供将来的需要,还可以增强思想的条理化与系统化。

美学思想

编辑
朱光潜的美学、文艺学思想以人文主义为核心,结合现代心理学,将
《文艺心理学》《文艺心理学》
现代人文主义心理学的美学思想运用于文学研究。在康德开始的近代美学研究后,朱光潜将审美同情与道德同情的质的区分作出揭示,指出审美同情消除主客体之间的界限,“把一瞬间的经验从生活中孤立出来,主体‘迷失’在客体中”,也就排除了理性的审美同情中的地位。
他和梁实秋等人都与当时的主流文化不一致,但他们对西方传统的借鉴有古今种种的不一。《给青年的十二封信》、《文艺心理学》比较系统地表述了这些美学思想,在当时文学青年中影响较大。《文艺心理学》被一些大学作为文艺理论的教材。朱光潜对文学更直接鲜明的态度在《文学杂志》发刊词《我对本刊的希望》中表露着,他提倡“自由生发,自由讨论”,“不希望某一种特殊趣味或风格成为‘正统’“,”殊途同归地替中国新文艺开发出一个泱泱大国“。这是当时一批立足于独立自由的人文主义立场上的文学家的心声的集中体现:奉行严谨而超脱的风格,强调文学表现人生和怡情悦性的功用,维护文学的独立自足性。他是以一种学者的姿态来要求齐放争鸣,以抗衡包括左翼文艺在内的占主流地位的文艺潮流。
黑格尔影响
黑格尔
黑格尔(4张)
在中国,朱光潜可以说是最早介绍黑格尔并对其研究有成果的学者之一。从1929年7月写《黑格尔哲学的基本原理》到20世纪70年代末译完黑格尔《美学》,前后达半个世纪之久。他自己多次讲过:西方美学著作虽是汗牛充栋,但真正有科学价值且影响深广的也只有亚里士多德的(诗学)和黑格尔的(美学)。
统观朱光潜一生美学思想逻辑演化的轨迹,和黑格尔哲学有着极为深切的关系。从早期美学来说,朱光潜一方面接受了黑格尔“一原主义”代替“二原主义”的观点;另一方面又觉得唯理哲学太虚玄,毕竟和现实美感有距离。这样他接受了当时在西方流行的克罗齐直觉说,这样,不可避免地在朱光潜美学系统里产生了矛盾:即黑格尔的唯理论无法架接克罗齐的直觉感性之间的矛盾。抗战期间(中期),在和冯友兰讨论冯氏《新理学》论战过程中,朱逐渐感到自己的美学形而上(哲学)和艺术之间的裂痕,这就促使他进一步研究克罗齐及唯心派哲学。结果他发现唯心派打破“二元论”的企图终归失败。但在研究的过程中既发现克罗齐表现说的毛病;又看到黑格尔打消“二元论”的不彻底。从而他开始用黑格尔“思有同一”命题的精神来修正克氏的表现说,提出“思想和语言是一致”的主客观统一命题。不过,这里的“语言”客观性仍是在思想统摄下的,就
黑格尔相关著作封面
黑格尔相关著作封面(4张)
象黑格尔的“存在”被思维统摄一样。
实际上,朱光潜此时的美是“主客观统一”命题比起他早先“美既不在物,又不在心”的主客观统一命题更彻底地嘲唯心立场倾斜。他自己也苦恼于跳不开“二元”和“一元”不彻底的循环“怪圈”。新中国成立后,他在重新审视黑格尔,努力学习马克思主义的过程中,发现黑格尔哲学中除一般认识论之外,还有实践观点的萌芽,也恰恰是这一点被马克思站在唯物辩证法的立场加以改造后对哲学和美学产生了“翻天覆地”的变革。朱光潜接受了这一实践的观点,美学的主客观问题实质上是一个实践的辩证把握过程。这就在真正意义上消解了他早年美学形而上和艺术之间的矛盾和对立。总而言之,清理黑格尔和朱光潜美学思想发展的关系,既能加深我们对朱光潜美是“主客观统一”命题丰富内容的理解;同时又能促使我们对黑格尔哲学的包容性和伸展性有一个冷静的判断。

写作贡献

编辑
朱光潜是著名的美学家,但在写作理论研究方面,朱光潜也颇有建树。虽然其提出的写作理论均散见于其他美学著作中,并未形成专题性、系统性地写作理论专著,但其观点确为真知灼见,为写作理论的丰富和发展作出了贡献。他提出:“简洁是文章一个极可珍视的美德”“实用性与艺术性不是互相排斥而是相辅相成的。实用性的文章也要求能产生美感,正如一座房子不但要能住人而且要样式美观一样”“我很相信说理文如果要写好,也还是动一点情感,要用一点形象思维”“人们一向把‘作文章’称为写文章,西方称作家为写家,作品为写品,这极易使人产生错觉,‘写’与‘作’有着‘用手’与‘用心’的区别”等。(参考《应用写作》杂志1992年第6期《应用写作教学形象化初探》)

著述目录

编辑
我所认识的沈从文》(朱光潜著/张兆和著) 岳麓书社 1986年
朱光潜选集》(朱光潜著) 天津人民出版社 1993年、安徽教育出版社 1987年
我与文学及其他》(朱光潜著) 安徽教育出版社 1996年
美学和中国美术史》(朱光潜著) 知识出版社 1984年
《悲剧心理学:各种悲剧快感理论的批判研究》(朱光潜著) 人民文学出版社 1983年
《悲剧心理学:中英文合本》(朱光潜著) 安徽教育出版社 1989年
《悲剧心理学》(朱光潜著) B83-06/2a1 安徽教育出版社 1996年
朱光潜美学文集》(朱光潜著) (1) 上海文艺出版社 1982年
给青年的十二封信》(朱光潜著) 170.7/2593 开明书店 民国二十年
《给青年的十二封信》(朱光潜著) I266/17b1 开明出版社 1996年;I266/17b2 开明书店 民国三十七年
《给青年的十二封信》(朱光潜著) I266/17b 安徽教育出版社 1996年
《诗论》(朱光潜著) I052/20.1 安徽教育出版社 1997年、I052/20 三联书店 1984年
变态心理学派别》(朱光潜著) B84-06/59 安徽教育出版社 1997年
《文艺心理学》(朱光潜著) B849:I/15 安徽教育出版社 1996年
谈文学》(朱光潜著) I0/159d 安徽教育出版社 1996年;I0/159d1 上海文艺出版社 2001年;I0/159d2 康桥出版事业公司 1986年;汉艺色研文化事业有限公司 1989年
谈美》(朱光潜著) I0/159a1 安徽教育出版社 1997年;I0/159a2 开明出版社 1994年;I0/159a 安徽教育出版社 1989年;I0/159a3 汉艺色研文化事业有限公司 1988年
西方美学史》(朱光潜著) 700.9/2593.1 人民文学出版社 1979年
谈读书》(朱光潜著) I106/126 天津人民出版社 1998年
美学拾穗集》(朱光潜著) B83-53/5 百花文艺出版社 1980年
《变态心理学派别》(朱光潜著) 155/2593a1上海文化出版社 1989年
《美学》(黑格尔/朱光潜) 700.1/0464:3.2 商务 1981年
《美学批判论文集》(朱光潜著) 700.1/2593a 作家出版社 1958 年
《美学原理》(克罗齐著/朱光潜译) 700.1/2702a1 作家出版社 1958年
《文艺心理学》(朱光潜著) 700.15/2593 开明书店 民国二十六年;700.15/2593/1936 开明书店 民国25年
《西方美学史》(朱光潜著) 700.9/2593 人民文学出版社 1963年
《变态心理学派别》(朱光潜著) 155/2593a2 上海书店 1989年
《柏拉图文艺对话集》(柏拉图 著/朱光潜 译) 800.1/1703.1 新文艺出版社 1957年
《美学.谈文学》(朱光潜著) I0/159 人民文学出版社 1988年
《朱光潜美学文学论文选集》(朱光潜著) I0-53/5 湖南人民出版社 1980年
《艺文杂谈》(朱光潜著) I266/17 安徽人民出版社 1981年
《朱光潜批评文集》(朱光潜著) I206.7/501 珠海出版社 1998年
《朱光潜自传》(朱光潜著) B83/168f 江苏文艺出版社 1998年
《变态心理学派别》(朱光潜著) 155/2593a (赠) 开明书店 1930年
《朱光潜学术文化随笔》(朱光潜著) I0/159e 中国青年出版社 1998年
谈美书简二种》(朱光潜著) D432.63/42 上海译文出版社 1999年
《诗论》(朱光潜著) I052/20.3 三联书店 1998年;I052/20.2 上海古籍出版社 2001年;I052/20.4(SH)广西师范大学出版社2004年
《变态心理学派别》(朱光潜著) B84-06/59.1 商务印书馆 1999年
《谈修养》(朱光潜著) 188.6/2593 中周出版社 1946年;B825/160 广西师范大学出版社 2004年
《孟实文钞》(朱光潜著) 817.8/2593 上海良友图书印刷公司 1936年
《美学原理》(朱光潜重译) 700.1/2702a正中书局民国三十六年
《给青年的十二封信》(朱光潜著) 170.7/2593.1 爱丽书店 1931年;170.7/2593.2 开明书店 1929年
《Wit in the essay on criticism》(Empson,著/朱光潜著/钱学熙著/袁可嘉著/金?著/夏济安著) 北京大学 1948年
《谈美:给青年的第十三封信》(朱光潜著) 700.1/2593 开明书店 民国二十二年
《孟实文钞》(朱光潜著) 817.8/2593.1 上海书店 1990年
《谈美书简》(朱光潜著,1979年完成) B83/252 北京出版社 2004年
《新文学作家信札》(朱光潜著) I266/17a 业强出版社 1988年
《无言之美》(朱光潜著) 北京大学出版社 2005年
《谈作文》 (朱光潜著)
《谈翻译》(朱光潜著)
厚积落叶听雨声》(朱光潜著)江苏凤凰文艺出版社出版 2016年
一升露水一升花》(朱光潜著)江苏凤凰文艺出版社出版 2017年

社会职务

编辑
北京大学一级教授、中国社会科学院学部委员,全国政协二、三、四、五届委员、六届常务委员,民盟三、四届中央委员,中国文学艺术界联合委员会委员,中国外国文学学会常务理事。
Biography
朱光潜 生平简介
朱光潜 生平简介
朱光潜 生平简介
  Qian (1897 ~ 1986), the esthetician, literary theorist, educator and translator. Meng real pen name, league stone. Anhui Tongcheng people. September 19, 1897 students. Support came from a Marxist reading of the hole city of upper primary classes, admitted to the Tong Cheng Secondary School, after graduating from primary school teaching at North Rural mark. Tong Cheng youth in secondary schools, Wuchang Higher Normal School learning, educated at University of Hong Kong Faculty of Arts. He also invited the famous calligrapher Tong Cheng Fang Shoudui wrote "Constant, Tim, honesty, courage," 4 the word banner, as the motto. May Fourth Movement, he gave up classical, rewritten vernacular. 1921, published a vernacular Guangqian debut, "said Fu Lude implicit sense of psychological analysis," and then issued a "rough behavior of school psychology and its critics", "Evolution Card" and other reading experiences, the initial formation of the scholarship and their view of academic research activities. In 1922, his "how to transform academia", the advocacy training "the spirit of truth and love," "critical spirit of science," "creative spirit" and "positive spirit." These views have affected his long academic career. University of Hong Kong after graduating University in Shanghai Wu Song School of Chinese Ministry of Public School, Zhejiang Shangyu White Horse Lake Chunhui Middle School. In 1924, wrote the first article in aesthetics, "the beauty of silence." Went to Shanghai and tao, Hu Yuzhi, Xia Yan, summer hideaway respect, such as the establishment of Lida Feng Institute, founded Rieter academy, extensive testing of new educational reform, promote education, free and independent.
  Guangqian mainly write a "literary psychology" "Tragedy Psychology" "On Beauty" "Poetry", "On Literature", "Philosophy of Benedetto Croce," "History of Western Aesthetics," "Proceedings aesthetic criticism," "Letters about the U.S." " Aesthetics Gleaners _set_ ", etc., and translated the" Goethe Conversing, "Plato's" Art Dialogues ", GE Lessing's" Laocoon ", GWF Hegel's" Aesthetics ", B. Crowe Sarkozy's "aesthetics", GB Vico's "new science". Guangqian not only works very lucrative, he is more noble spirit and lofty scholarship academic integrity. He criticized his courage, perseverance in quest of truth: when he realized that under the past system of idealistic aesthetics "is the diameter of the fan in the power of beating about the bush" to start with more advanced guide their study of Marxism, to make their own aesthetic ideological tendency into the truth; he was against aging, rigid, to promote constant progress. To facilitate the study of Marxism-Leninism the original, in his sixtieth year he started learning Russian, but also the occasion of the eighty-old wrote, "On the United States and Letters" and "aesthetic Gleaners _set_," the first modern translation of social scientific work - Vico The "new science" to learn of life near death.
  Guangqian master English, French, German, for decades, has translated the works of more than 300 million words. Of which 1.1 million words of Hegel he masterpiece "aesthetics" translation, as he won a historic high reputation. He also published translations Aike Man's "Goethe Conversing," Lessing's "Laocoon," Croce's "aesthetic principle", 路易哈拉普 the "art of the social roots" and "Park La Art Dialogues, "and so on. In addition, he carefully studied the system for the Marxist classics "on Feuerbach," "Das Kapital", "Dialectics of Nature," some of the translations of great value proposed amendments.
  Qian is a patriotic duty to save the country prosperous intellectuals. The long years in old China, although the road has twists and turns, but his pursuit of truth, longing for light, in a complex struggle, identify the direction, to see the trend of historical development. The eve of a crucial moment in the liberation, the lure KMT authorities flatly rejected the threat, resolutely decided to stay in Beijing. Together with the majority of the people he meet in the days of liberation, he excitedly said: "I like the home of the orphans, returned to his mother's embrace, restore their youth." After the liberation, he consistently supported the Chinese Communist Party's leadership, adhering to the socialist road, the party meet sincere, utter devotion. Although he had been treated unfairly, but never wavered in the party and the faith in socialism and the motherland, serve the people's determination. Smashing of the "Gang of Four", he wholeheartedly supported the party since the Third Plenary Session of the line, principles, policies, spirits, healthy and strong, positive translation masterpiece, written presentations, speeches, guiding graduate students, academic research and education in the ride unremitting. March 1983, he was invited to lecture the Chinese University of Hong Kong, started his own identity on the statement: I am not a Communist, but a Marxist. This is his own half after the solemn evaluation.
  Qian Chinese and Western, erudite. Shenzhan of his own to communicate the aesthetics of western and traditional Chinese aesthetics, communication, aesthetics and idealism of the old Marxist aesthetics, communication and the "May Fourth Movement" in China since the modern aesthetic and contemporary aesthetics. He is an across the ancient and modern history of Chinese aesthetics, communication and foreign "bridge" is the most prestigious contemporary China and has won high international reputation of aesthetics.
Translated by Google
_Set_ slightly past
  Guangqian, Tongcheng County. Father, Zhu Hong, a rural private school President, quite knowledgeable. Guangqian juvenile in his father's urging to read private school, 15-year-old city on the upper primary holes (holes in this town in Tongxiang Academy), six months later promoted to Tongcheng School. Tong when he jumped in from the classical text by Chinese teachers, the influence of the opposition Pan quarter of a keen interest in Chinese classical poems. After high school, Wuchang Higher Normal School into a free secondary education. One year after enrollment and obtain delivery of the Northern Government Ministry of Education, Health, University of Hong Kong to the British Office of Education. Republic of China seven years (1918) to the Republic of eleven years (1922), learning the English language and literature, education, biology, psychology and other courses, educational activities and laid his life in the direction of academic activities. Into the University of Hong Kong shortly after the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement China, qian by the "New Youth" magazine article that Hu advocated the vernacular, by the shock, gave up classical and classical, rewritten vernacular, later published in the vernacular aesthetic debut "Silent Beauty" . University of Hong Kong after graduation, the classmate and friend introduced deposited high sense of public schools met Wusong long Dongsun China, and was invited to eleven years in the Republic of China (1922) Secondary school summer to teach English, and the school magazine "Xunkan" editor in chief. Assistant editor was to progress in the face of emerging Yao Mengsheng students (Yao Peng child). In Wusong period, qian yearned for progressive youth are not interested in the partisan struggle, do not ask political, and left Zhenduo, Thoughts from, right CHEN Qi days, Li Huang and others have contacts. China Jiangsu and Zhejiang war Wusong Public School closed, introduced by friends to a summer hideaway Zhejiang Shangyu White Horse Lake respect Chunhui Middle School to teach English, get to know Marina alternate, qing, Feng Zhu friends. Chunhui near Marina alternate school principals less autocratic style of the proposed reforms were not adopted, then resigned from the Senate Officer. Guangqian sympathize with him, left the Springfield school with absolutely living in Shanghai. Respect after the summer hideaway, Zhang Tin Chen, Feng, weeks after another group left the Springfield Middle School, also arrived in Shanghai. Shanghai area with tao, Hu Yuzhi, to the same week, the Buddha Chen, Liu Pak, Xia Yan and so on, established a _set_ of learned, in the Bay Rieter organized an academy. Alternate views by Marina, opened Guangqian drafted purpose put forward the slogan of independence and freedom of education, directed at the Northern Government's authoritarian education. They also organized an open book (China Youth Press, the predecessor) and the "General" magazine (later renamed the "School").
  After the academy run from Rieter, qian obtain Anhui government fees in England, the Republic of fourteen years (1925) University of summer into the UK Maiding Fort, elective English literature, philosophy, psychology, ancient history and art history in Europe, the Republic of Ten eight (1929) transferred to the University of London after graduation, while the University of Paris in France, up to speak, President of the University of Paris literature taught Delakuwa "psychology of art" is very interested in, and be inspired to write from the read "literary psychology." Leave the UK after the Rhine into the University of Strasbourg, Goethe's alma mater to complete the "tragedy of psychology." Britain and France to study 8 years, qian has been Master of English Literature and French national doctorate. However, fees are often not made official, financial difficulties, he had to side and lectures, while reading, while writing, by the royalties to support themselves. Has an open book for the "general" and later "students" writing, has compiled a "second letter to the Youth" was published. The book reflected the small young intellectuals in general psychological state, selling the country a significant influence. Since then he and the young become attached to. Then "literary psychology" and its abbreviation of the "talks the United States", translated Croce's "aesthetic principle", summing up his understanding of abnormal psychology, "Abnormal Psychology factions" (open book) and "Abnormal Psychology "(Commercial Press) gradually come out," Poetry "to write the first draft, still under the influence of Bertrand Russell wrote a description of symbolic logic factions of the book (issued to pay the Commercial Press, the War of Resistance were burnt.) These books are tremendously well-refined and informative, reliable, clear and thorough reasoning, offer unique brilliant, renowned academics at home and abroad.
  Before returning home the same class by the teachers to Friends Xu Shu Jieshao Hu, Dean of Peking University, Peking University Hispanic appointed professor, in addition to teaching Readings in Western history and literary criticism, but also the Chinese Department of Peking University and Tsinghua University to open classes too "literary psychology" and "Poetics" and later in France should be about an old friend of Xu to the Central Institute of the Arts about a year "literary psychology."
  War broke out, qian be acting president of Sichuan University, Sichuan Zhang Yi literature about any president. Twenty-seven years the Republic of China (1938), in autumn, the KMT Department of the Second Chen Zhang Yi sent a formal process to succeed long Liberating the school in an attempt to implement the party of education. Guangqian institutions in order to maintain the dignity, to defend freedom of education and academic independence, firmly opposed to prone. He presided over the General Assembly, school teachers, called teacher's strike, the teachers have to respond, we generally acclaimed his message and the teacher's strike to protest the drafting of the Declaration. "Easy to long wave," a sensation, but under pressure, ended in compromise: one does not refuse to process Liberating president, while school personnel not allowed to drive Liberating action. This struggle has the support of the Chinese Communist Party, the news reached the Sha Ting and Zhou Yan, Zhou immediately about the letter by qian They turn to visit Yan'an, qian want to reply. Then he went to Chongqing, Chen Li-fu invited to interview, but also to stay in Europe by some of his friends discouraged, then arch and Chen Xi Ying Wang Xing, a few old friends pulled him to teach, Wuhan University, Yan'an trip in vain. Guangqian later years recalled the matter is that the unsuccessful trip to Yenan because of his "revolution did not have the will" is "a painful lesson."
  Eve of the liberation of Peking, the national government to send special plane take "eminent persons" to Taiwan, Hu topped the list, qian column names third. Professor Yuan Hanqing then the trust by the underground, retaining his familiar "intellectuals" Do not leave Peking. Guangqian resolutely decided to stay. The early stage of the founding of thought reform, he is a key target, subject to a number of education, especially in the Federation of Literary and participate in the CPPCC National Committee (CPPCC has served as the second, third, fourth and fifth members of the Sixth Standing Committee of China Democratic League third, fourth and fifth Central Committee, Quanguowenlian members etc.), often had the opportunity to visit the country, by comparing old and new China, he willingly recognize that socialism can save China.
  In 1957, the country began 6 years old Grand Aesthetic discussion. Guangqian actively involved in this effect since the original aesthetics of his past "critical" debate, not to conceal or evade his past aesthetic point of view, not easily accept criticism of his view is not correct, objective, he led the people constantly advance and promote the aesthetics generally unprecedented boom. This discussion into a series of articles published in six "aesthetic discussion _set_", qian Debate articles published in other series as "aesthetic criticism Proceedings," published by the author.
  In 1962, qian invited to teach Aesthetic History of the Central Party School. The same year, liberal arts colleges of liberal arts teaching was decided to gradually Kaishe aesthetics class, and specify the preparation of his materials. 1963, "History of Western Aesthetics" This devoted his years of research, describes a comprehensive system of development of Western aesthetics monograph published by the People's Literature Publishing House, which represents the date of the level of Western aesthetics and promote aesthetic education in our country and research work. "Cultural Revolution", qian thrown into the bullpen, although subjected to unfair treatment, but never wavered in the party and the faith in socialism and the motherland, serve the people's determination. He insisted exercise, always ready to re-
  New pick up the pen. "Gang of Four" after the fall, he revive the spirit, healthy and strong, positive translation masterpiece, written presentations, has published "Letters about the United States" and "aesthetic Gleaners _set_", also directs the graduate students, academic research and education in the gallop work, achievement Fei Ran.
  May 1980, China held in Kunming, the first national meeting on aesthetics, he was unanimously elected president of the Chinese Arts Association.
  March 1983, the Chinese University of Hong Kong Guangqian was invited to speak on "Qian Mu (Qian Mu), Mr. Lectures" at the out_set_ declare their own identity: I am not a Communist, but a Marxist. This is indeed the conclusion of his later life.
  In the same year, organized by Peking University, taught for the 60th anniversary commemoration Guangqian. The following year, the University awarded him an honorary doctorate.
  Qian summer of 1984 the work was too tired due to years of suffering from fatigue syndrome, cerebral thrombosis occurred. March 6, 1986, qian in Beijing, died at 89 years old. In the 3 days before his death, his mind a little bit awake, while the family did not prevent, actually struggling along the staircase alone quietly crept upstairs study, family members found anxious to discourage, he softly said, to catch in the death of " new science, "the comment section to complete.
  Guangqian vision, of Chinese and Western cultures have a high attainments. 700 million words in his essays and translations (from the Complete Works of Anhui Education Press, a total of 20 volumes), the study of Chinese culture in depth, introduced to Western aesthetics and comments, coherent and West, creating his aesthetic theory, teaching and research in the field of aesthetics has made pioneering contributions to literary history and aesthetics in our history have an important position in China after a generation of modern aesthetics following the master Wang Guowei, and enjoys high international Reputation, Japan, Germany, Britain, the Netherlands, France, the United States there are people who study him. He spared no efforts in dying for the Chinese people left a precious cultural as_set_
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Interesting Life
  ● qian experience "Zhu Shan"
  Name esthetician Guangqian earlier published "Twelve letters to the youth", was one of the most popular books.
  Not long after the early 1936, qian in writing "literary psychology" and other monographs while they write a kind of nature, "On Beauty" booklet. Bookstore at the time of publication, the "On Beauty" on the cover note "to the youth of the thirteenth letter" words. After the book was published, was widely welcomed.
  Soon, Shanghai bookstall will appear on a signature, "Zhu Shan", entitled "To Youth" book. Title close, do not say the name is almost difficult to distinguish the book actually has a subtitle: "Thirteen letters to the young"; and Mr. Zhu Guangqian little book subtitle only a "first" word, drill and looked no different; G-shaped cover design also tracks: the title font, position similar to, and even some straight-line embedded in the middle of some of the stars are the same, so a friend sent this book to Guangqian, even the qian himself thought it was your own work.
  To be upon closer scrutiny, Mr. Zhu Guangqian even to this "Zhu Shan," wrote a letter. First, he invited Zhu Shan pardon, saying that his book is mistakenly identified as his. Take over, said:
  "Light Shan President, I do not know you, but your face, the words move, gesture, character, etc., to the point mentioned above on Funny, motivate me a lot of curiosity ... do not know you and write ... to you, it seems that some offensive, please remember that I am one of your readers. If this qualification is not enough, it can only blame you name surname light Shan Zhu, who wrote "letters to the youth of thirteen," the! "
  Took over, Mr. Zhu Guangqian will write "letters to the youth of the second," back when the situation slightly. That was "childish and stupid ", but in vain Yintan Tan revealed only by young love. Subtext of these words is about to tell who "Zhu Shan," who was "Tan-Tan in vain," "honest" man; otherwise even if temporarily successful, are bound to not be exposed a long time and ended up with a wicked name.
  The letter of the inscription is also quite mean: "Almost the same name and your surname friends." Can not send the letter, of course, had to "declare" published.
  ● Guangqian Sanlih motto
  Mr. Zhu Guangqian is a famous modern aestheticians of himself, and achievements quite good. The motto of his life, a three-_set_, people left a long thought.
  The first time was in school at the University of Hong Kong Department of Education. His "constant, Tian, ​​honesty, courage," the words as their motto. Constant, is the perseverance, that regardless of doing things, we must persevere, perseverance. Tim, is tranquil, simple, self-denial pragmatic, not the pursuit of material comfort. Honesty, is honest, sincere, open-minded frank, heart like a mirror, do not fool yourselves, not deceptive. Yong, it is the courage, ambition, courage and enterprising spirit. The words not only reflected Mr. Zhu Guangqian focused state of mind in school, and throughout his life. Mr. Zhu Guangqian said: "This is my lifelong abide by the enduring words."
  The third is 30 years in the 20th century. 6 characters motto "this body, here and now." This body, the body is that above activities should be done and can do, not try to shift to others; At this point, is who should do and can do at this time things, never deferred to future; here, is that above activities in (the status of the environment) should do and can do, not waiting to imagine a better situation. In this article, inspired by the motto, Mr. Zhu Guangqian continue to give their own _set_ new goals, in his more than 80 years old, is still difficult to assume with confidence the Vico "new science" of the translation task.
  Mr. Zhu Guangqian three times the motto of the legislation, due to different environments, the focus is naturally different. First, the main ambition is to establish the school life; the second time, the focus is an ideal career choice; the third time, after the academic success of their own clear and specific requirements. Sanli motto from Mr. Zhu Guangqian, we see a self-tempering in addition, committed to a view of the image, why should not gain more strength of character and ideas of enlightenment it?
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Editor Career
  Chinese modern writers, without any relationship with the press, probably can be said to be unique, not editors, is the author. Many writers have been a newspaper editor, it is through their hands, a major works, from the press into the reader into the historical glory. Master of modern aesthetics Guangqian (1897 ~ 1986) has edited a variety of newspapers, especially before and after the war he was twice editor of the "literary magazine," was the most popular literary journals, twenty thousand copies of each issue are more than marketing, the reader impressed.
  Qian is the home of a successful newspaper editor in 1948, was praised, said: "Two years in the most solemn manner to support the most dedicated almost exclusively to guide China's literary circles Zhu (light potential) President a man." While these words right a bit too far, but the attitude of its editor in chief in terms of publications, qian is worthy of "the most solemn, most dedicated," the title. Looking qian "literary magazine," the editorial practice, reflect the following characteristics and the arts.
  1. The pursuit of individual publications.
  Personality characteristics of the print to win the reader to occupy the market an important means of publication. Publication no personality, even if short-term survival, is difficult to develop, it is difficult for long. Newspaper editors personality is ultimately the ideal explicit, is to edit the main pursuit of practical work in the freeze of the results. Guangqian the practice of editing in the press, the pursuit of individual style of newspaper editors thought their work has always been firmly throughout. The end of 1935, "Human World" essays out fortnightly to 42 discontinued. Xu pry journal editors in the spring of 1936 and founded the "Heaven, Earth," fortnightly. Founded on the eve of qian Xu pry the two wrote to the "Heaven, Earth," write a little manuscript. Qian wrote "Essays on (an open letter)," warned him not to "Heaven, Earth," accomplishing and "Human World", "cosmic wind" essays similar publications. "" The Human World "and" Cosmic Wind "there are many things I love to read the article, but I think they have done, regardless of their mission, and if one more for the same properties and their publications, I am afraid that success is only icing on the cake, bad can not help but superfluous the. "here reflects a strong personality to pursue new publication design innovation. Qian editor of "literary magazine" in Chuang Kanci "I hope publication", the explicit claim to _set_ up a new publication: "a large and serious literary publications free." He's unique mission is to give publications: it should do as part of the obligation to correct and guide; it should _set_ the national writers do to separately explore the work of everyone being in the free development of personality, is still aware of each other looking at the development of new literature and art share a common goal; it should be recalled that from time to time has occupied the field, give calm and solemn assessment, to see what success and failure lie and make progress to the reference; same time, it should be the new trend for the diffusion of the masses to develop in the reader's fun-loving art and pure enthusiasm. Boring should be worn slick by the hospital with superficial habits of news habits among the provision of a fresh and serious level.
  Editors forging press to create awareness is the premise of personality. Qian said that newspapers and the art editor with the same token, "I have always believed in the arts, a person has a unique person, if he is not unique, designed to imitate a unique style of others, which do the exercises in the school age, No non-solid, and if it as a serious cause to do, it seems totally unnecessary. "any kind of good things, more people to imitate, the end must be attributed to vulgar abuse. Publication design is an art. Founder of the press in particular literary, cultural press in the process, we must first be Shenke detailed socio-cultural analysis, research, prediction of a plan to organize social and cultural newspapers 接纳 and refusal of the possibility of, just as Zhu Guangqian said, "it should be recognized ills and needs of the Qing era. " Found in the existing gap between the media and weaknesses, and thus break the existing balance of the newspaper market, static state, to re-cultural structure of the periodical adjustment of the layout of the readers to be reallocated. Newspapers charged with the task of leading the trend of the times, whether it has the spirit of creation, to create awareness of the community will have a direct impact. Newspaper editors on the choice of works is bound to the author in a hint of a boot. A newspaper is not creative, can not guide the work of the creative, and can not devote to the people the spirit of creative products.
  2. Inclusive, heterogeneous in see the unity.
  Guangqian the basic attitude of cultural ideological movement germinal free, free discussion. Disseminated by the prevailing cultural ideology, in the press editorial work, he argued that newspapers can not edit accomplishing personal and partisan, partisan tool. Newspaper editors can have their own literary theory, but his literary theory should only be reflected in their creations, and not able to claim his own literary theory choice as the standard publication manuscript. Guangqian firmly opposed to newspaper editors, "the personal information of special interest to advocates, making it the atmosphere filled with I's." He believes that great literature and art has a rich cultural harvest root of thinking to do, to really want to edit the literary and cultural development of helping hand, it might make a lot of different schools at the same time thinking of brewing unrest or even conflict struggle. Ideological struggle of conflict necessary for hair growth stimulant. "While other people's taste and style and our contrary, as long as their sincere and serious, we should still expressed considerable respect." He edited "literary magazine" The ideal is it to make a sizable national publications. "Those who care for publication and is willing to vote to see the good works we are all welcome." Actual situation is indeed the case. In the "literary magazine" published works, in addition to the Beijing School scholars, there are many left-wing writer. Xiao Jun is a well-known left-wing representatives of young writers. His novel "third generation" to be a Guangqian of all ages. Qian in the "literary magazine" Vol 1, 2, "Edit postscript" warm and recommend to the reader: "Xiao Jun" third generation "of recent novels can be a valuable harvest sector deserves special attention." Hu enthusiastic founder "literary magazine", perhaps the idea of ​​revitalizing the Beijing school, but qian editor of the "literary magazine" is not exclusive pastoral Beijing school. Qing and Feng Zhi, such as not part of the Beijing school, and they are "literary magazine" core members. Qian has analyzed "the text as a vehicle," said the shallow and "for art and literature and art" that is not complete, what united front against the talk, he preferred to promote fair trade and gentleman, and stands for adventure and try a lot, so that each with different tastes and styles to observe each other and inspire each other remedy, resulting in fresh currents of thought freedom to wash away our prejudices and habits, and promote the prosperity and development of new literature and art.
  3. Both theory and writing.
  Three to four decades of the 20th century in China, the general literary journals often only re-created, artificially separates the literature and the dialectical relationship between literary criticism, in particular, show a tendency to flout Literary Criticism. Guangqian very clear to see that the art world there is such a newspaper editor deficiencies. Although his literary criticism that comes from the practice of literary creation, but on the literary creation of the dynamic reaction of great and sometimes even a decisive factor in the strong trend of literary development. During his study in the UK, pay attention to several well-known European art through the presentation method of publication. Therefore, he edited "literary magazine" when to draw the European literary theory and creative publications both in the scheduling method. "Literary magazine" in the space allocation, accounting for about three-fifths of writing, essays and book reviews about two fifths of the "literary than popular publications, journal articles and book reviews seem more focused, but that does not is underestimate the importance of creation. paper is not limited to literature, sometimes involving cultural ideology. This allocation in the future may become a feature of the magazine. " Deliberate efforts to increase the theory, intentions are to give readers after publication, "not only to read, but also about, in order." Visible, and Creation both, which he edited "literary magazine" the intention to pursue an edit feature, the king of a "language of the make-up," Guo Shao Yu's "The Song residual Yi's Poetry," Lu Zhi Wei's "On the Rhythm" Zhi Tang's "talk about haiku culture", Qian "Chinese literary criticism inherent in a feature," Zhu Dongrun "saying" Yanei "," regression of the "talk about", etc., a total of eleven. These papers either explicitly or implicitly to highlight the concept of the Beijing School of Art and Literary History. Some papers also caused widespread controversy, expanding the Kyoto School.
  Qian shi not to edit the home, but he edited the "Literary Magazine" not only introduced a large number of significant works of literary history, but also trained a large number of new literature, and became the literary center in northern China and the headquarters of the Beijing School Scholars. His idea is that the newspaper editors Summary and Conclusion of the practice of editing, a lot of ideas and practices have a strong practical base, still shining with the light of reason and science, we can derive great lessons. As the years no disposition to change, new and his individual point of view there may not seem today, suspected of uncertainty, but this is caused by the limitations of history, we are not demanding on him.
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Learning Spirit
  First, the self-dissection, and constantly criticized.
  Fifties and sixties of the 20th century aesthetic criticism and aesthetics debate, qian anatomical own courage, idealism, aesthetics seriously criticized, in particular, he had been preaching idealism. With excellent success as a professor, he is very valuable to this behavior. After that, he continued to criticize themselves, constantly put forward new ideas and new issues, called Scholars of the model.
  Second, seek the truth, correct style of study.
  Guangqian recognized in the past through critical idealism, he was "beating about the bush fan diameter in the force," began to study Marxism-Leninism after the original. In the nearly sixty years of age he began to teach himself Russian, and use a variety of texts (Chinese, German, Russian, French, English) a comparative study made a series of new results. He advocated independent thinking, never others, and in his later years "about the United States Letters" and "aesthetic Gleaners _set_" is a concrete manifestation of the spirit of his scholarship.
  Third, the "three of this doctrine," dedication.
  Qian believe in "three to this doctrine," that this body, here and now: "This body should do and can do, you have to take on this body, does not impute to others." "At this point should do and can do, you have to do at this time, no delay to the future." "Here (my place, my environment) should do and can do, you have to do here, do not impute to the status of the imagination to do another. "This is qian no-nonsense, focused now, down to earth's academic spirit.
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Talks about life
  Everyone can not help but have an ideal, or for food and clothing, or for fame, or knowledge, or virtue, or for Utility, or for wine, women, or for running dog fighting cocks, the so-called "general from those for adults, from their bodies were as villains. " Is this what were the standards? Philosophers have recognized: the highest purpose of life is happiness. What is the real happiness? For this problem each have their own opinions. Integrated Studies may be regarded as virtue happiness, hearty warm clothes can also be seen as happiness, Who is wrong? Our point of view from the people, who were the reason the noble beast is in his soul. If you want to show people his full humanity, to enrich his spiritual life. Happiness is a pleasure. Enjoyment or as a body, or mind. People both physically, that is not without physical enjoyment. If we do not have to hold the heartless Puritan asceticism, but we also have to understand: the enjoyment of the flesh is not the best on the enjoyment of human, but human and chicken are common dolphin Gouzhi. Enjoy the most is the human soul on the enjoyment. What is the soul to enjoy it? Three values ​​is good and the beautiful. Knowledge, art, morals are all the activities of the mind, people in these areas if the highest state, while the state will achieve the most happiness.
  A person's life is rich, that is without value, depends on his spiritual life of the mind or the size of the efforts and achievements. If Zhigu eat warm food and clothing and for good and the beautiful are not interested, he would become a zombie out. Zhefan no deep sense of the text of Austrian Italy, but it seems very Yu Kuo said. Body and Soul was originally an ancient conflict is not easy to chemical control of the conflict. Many people were taken into meat and then forget the spirit, the phase study was rampant, and spiritual life has been regarded as bizarre ridiculous thing. Especially in the comfort of modern materials were confused by this concept, we compete to worship the God of Wealth, Wealth also enveloped everything.
  At the end, I hope all our young people to determine their life's mission as soon as possible, to seek their own life work.
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And Hegel
  In China, Zhu Guangqian Hegel can be said to introduce the first results of its research with one of the scholars. From July 1929 to write "The basic principle of Hegel's philosophy" to the late 20th century, 70 translated Hegel "aesthetics", after over half a century. He himself said on many occasions: although the voluminous writings of Western aesthetics, but the real impact of a deeper scientific value and only Aristotle (Poetics) and Hegel (aesthetics).
  System logical view of aesthetics Guangqian evolution of life trajectory, and Hegel's philosophy has a very deep relationship. From the early aesthetic, qian on the one hand accepted the Hegelian "one of the original doctrine" instead of "two of the original doctrine" point of view; the other hand, think that rationalism philosophy Void mysterious, after all, a far cry from beauty and reality. So he accepted Croce was popular in the West Intuition, so inevitably produced Zhu Guangqian system contradiction: that the only theory can not stand Hegel Croce then the conflict between emotional intuition. War period (mid-term), the discussion in the Feng Feng and the "New Science" debate process, Zhu gradually feel their metaphysical aesthetics (philosophy) and the rift between art, which prompted him to send further philosophical idealism of Croce and . He found idealism sent to break the "dualism" after all attempts failed. But in the course of the study show that both the defects found in Croce; also see Hegel dispel the "dualism" is not complete. Hegel thus he began "thinking with the same" spirit of the proposition to fix the performance of Clinton, said that "thought and language is the same," the subjective and objective unity of proposition. However, where the "language" of objectivity is still under the unifying thought, as Hegel's "existence" was thinking the same unifying.
  In fact, the United States at this time Guangqian is "objective and subjective unity" proposition than his earlier, "the United States are neither in matter nor mind," the unity of subjective and objective idealism proposition more thoroughly ridiculed the position tilt. He himself is struggling to jump not open "binary" and "one dollar" is not complete the cycle "cycle." After the founding of New China, Mr. Zhu in the re-examine Hegel, to study the process of Marxism, found that in addition to the general epistemology of Hegel's philosophy, there are practical point of view of the bud, is precisely what it stood by Marx the position of dialectical materialism to be modified on the philosophy and aesthetics of the "radical" change. Accepted the practice of qian's point of view, the problem of subjective and objective aesthetic practice is essentially a grasp of the dialectical process. This digestion in the true sense of the metaphysical and aesthetic of his early years, the contradiction between art and the opposition. In short, clean-up the development of Hegel and the relationship between aesthetics qian, qian both deepen our understanding of beauty is "objective and subjective unity" proposition rich understanding of the content; same time to promote our philosophy of Hegel stretch are inclusive and A sober judge.
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Chu Quotations
  Too much ambition, ideals too, welcome the fact that not on the head, the result is naturally disappointed with boredom; ambition is too small, procrastination, numbness, depression, he will regard the results fall.
  Some high and achievement is extraordinary talents, they do not like to make large capital and big business, while others are not specific talents and achievements are striking handsome, they like to take a small capital and big business. The difference between this effort and work hard in the.
  Entertainment is entertainment, no entertainment of course, is depressed. People who like the entertainment world, no matter how different their hobbies, have one thing in common is that they have a strong prosperous vitality.
  Right way is not necessarily a flat straight roads Tan, it is inevitable that some twists and turns and the rugged, dangerous, certain to be around the corner, or even inevitably go astray.
  Asked the mind question the moral grounds rather than moral, so the emotional sense of life is better than life.
  China's problems, not all because of system problems, more than half because of bad people.
  Slowly, enjoy ah!
  Imperfection is beauty.
  Who have born the spirit of the WTO can do business. This world is just a thick seamless web of interests, most people can not escape this trap, so turn around, still tied by two characters of interest. Surface of the stakeholders, who have been most co-ordination is not easy, and everyone gives to their first place, fraud, abuse, steal all the sins of all kinds of roots here.
  I like the home of the orphans, returned to the mother's arms, restored youth.
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Writing theory contribution
  Qian is a famous esthetician, but in writing theory research, qian also successes. Although his proposed theory of writing are scattered in other aesthetic works, do not form a thematic and systematic theory of writing monographs. But their views are indeed insights for the enrichment and development of writing theory to make a contribution. Such as: "a very simple article can be valued is the virtue of"; "practicality and artistry are not mutually exclusive but complementary. Practicability of the article is also required to produce beauty, not only as a house but also to be able to live in the same style appearance. ";" I believe that reasoning the text if you want to write, it is still moving a little emotional, thinking to use that image. ";" There has always been the "fuss" is called to write the article, said the Western writers to write home work to write products, which can easily and illusions, "write" and "for" has a "hand" and "intention" of the difference. "and so on. (See "Practical Writing" magazine No. 6 of 1992, "Application of visualization of Writing")
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Writing Directory
  "I know Shen" (qian forward / Zhao and forward) 1986 Yuelu bookstore
  "Qian Anthology" (qian a) Tianjin People's Publishing House in 1993, Anhui Education Press, 1987
  "I and the literary and others" (qian a) Anhui Education Press, 1996
  "Aesthetics and the History of Chinese Art" (qian a) Knowledge Press, 1984
  "Tragedy Psychology: Critical Theory of the tragedies of pleasure" (qian a) People's Literature Publishing House in 1983
  "Tragedy Psychology: Chinese and English together in this" (qian a) Anhui Education Press, 1989
  "Collected Works of Zhu Guangqian" (qian a) (1) Shanghai Art Press, 1982
  "Twenty letters to the youth" (qian a) 170.7/2593 two decades of the Republic of open book
  "Poetry" (qian a) I052/20.1 Anhui Education Press, 1997, I052/20 1984 Joint Publishing
  "Abnormal Psychology factions" (qian a) B84-06/59 Anhui Education Press, 1997
  "Literary psychology" (qian a) B849: I/15 Anhui Education Press, 1996
  "The second letter to the young" (qian a) I266/17b Anhui Education Press, 1996
  "On Literature" (qian a) I0/159d Anhui Education Press, 1996; I0/159d1 Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 2001; I0/159d2 Cambridge Publishing Company 1986; color research and culture of Chinese Art Ltd. 1989
  "On Beauty" (qian a) I0/159a1 Anhui Education Press, 1997; I0/159a2 liberal Press, 1994; I0/159a Anhui Education Press, 1989; I0/159a3 study of Chinese culture Color Art Co., Ltd. 1988
  "Tragedy Psychology" (qian a) B83-06/2a1 Anhui Education Press, 1996
  "The second letter to the young" (qian a) I266/17b1 liberal Press, 1996; I266/17b2 open book thirty-seven years the Republic of China
  "History of Western Aesthetics" (qian a) 700.9/2593.1 People's Literature Press, 1979
  "On Reading" (qian a) I106/126 Tianjin People's Publishing House 1998
  "Aesthetics Gleaners _Set_" (qian a) B83-53 / 5 1980 Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House
  "Abnormal Psychology factions" (qian a) 155/2593a1 Shanghai Culture Publishing House 1989
  "Aesthetics" (Hegel / qian) 700.1/0464: 3.2 Business 1981
  "Proceedings aesthetic criticism" (qian a) 700.1/2593a Writers Publishing House in 1958
  "Aesthetic principle" (Croce a / qian translated) 700.1/2702a1 Writers Publishing House in 1958
  "Literary psychology" (qian a) Twenty-six years the Republic of 700.15/2593 open book; 700.15/2593/1936 25 years of the Republic of open book
  "History of Western Aesthetics" (qian a) 700.9/2593 People's Literature Publishing House in 1963
  "Abnormal Psychology factions" (qian a) 155/2593a2 Shanghai Bookstore, 1989
  "Art Dialogues of Plato" (Plato / qian translated) 800.1/1703.1 New Art Press, 1957
  "Aesthetics. On Literature" (qian a) I0/159 People's Literature Publishing House in 1988
  "_Select_ed Papers Zhu Guangqian Literature" (qian a) I0-53 / 5 1980, Hunan People's Publishing House
  "Arts Zatan" (qian a) I266/17 Anhui People's Publishing House 1981
  "Qian Criticism Collection" (qian a) I206.7/501 Zhuhai Press, 1998
  "Qian Autobiography" (qian a) B83/168f Jiangsu Art Press, 1998
  "Abnormal Psychology factions" (qian a) 155/2593a (gift) in 1930, an open book
  "Qian academic and cultural essays" (qian a) I0/159e China Youth Press, 1998
  "On two U.S. Letters" (qian a) D432.63/42 Shanghai Translation Press, 1999
  "Poetry" (qian a) I052/20.3 Joint Publishing 1998; I052/20.2 Shanghai Ancient Books Press, 2001; I052/20.4 (SH) 2004, Guangxi Normal University Press
  "Abnormal Psychology factions" (qian a) B84-06/59.1 Commercial Press, 1999
  "On Culture" (qian a) 188.6/2593 Press, 1946, in the week; B825/160 Guangxi Normal University Press, 2004
  "Real Wen Chao Meng" (qian a) 817.8/2593 Shanghai Companion 1936 Book Printing Company
  "Aesthetic principle" (qian Finn) 700.1/2702a Cheng Chung thirty years the Republic of China
  "The second letter to the young" (qian a) 170.7/2593.1 Ariel Bookstore, 1931; 170.7/2593.2 open book 1929
  "Wit in the essay on criticism" (Empson, a / qian a / Qian Xi a / Yuan Kejia forward / gold? A / Xia Jian a) of Peking University in 1948
  "On the U.S.: the thirteenth letter to the young" (qian a) 700.1/2593 two years of the Republic of open book
  "Real Wen Chao Meng" (qian a) 817.8/2593.1 Shanghai Bookstore, 1990
  "On the United States and Letters" (qian a 1979 completion) B83/252 Beijing Press, 2004
  "New Literature Letters" (qian a) I266/17a industry strongly Press, 1988
  "Silent Beauty" (qian a) Peking University Press, 2005
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Encyclopedia
  Zhu Guangqian
  Qian
  Modern aestheticians, literary theorist. Real pseudonym Meng, Meng Shi. Anhui Tongcheng people. September 19, 1897 students. Wuchang Higher Normal School in 1916 admitted to the Department of Chinese, the following year into the University of Hong Kong, the main education. After graduating in 1922, in Shanghai and Zhejiang Province on China's Yu Chunhui public school high school coach, and with the Marina alternate, qing, Xia Gaizun, tao, Feng Li, who amounted academy in Shanghai, organized an open book and "general" magazine (later renamed the "School"). 1925 into the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1929, transferred to the University of London, while the University of Paris in France, registered, and later into the University of Strasbourg, France, to paper, "Tragedy Psychology" by the literary doctorate. Home autumn 1933, has at Beijing University, Sichuan University, Wuhan university professor and former Dean of Arts, Sichuan University, Wuhan University Provost, Deputy Dean of Peking University, College of Liberal Arts. After the founding of the People's Republic, qian has been a professor at Peking University, served as second, third, fourth and fifth members of the CPPCC National Committee, the China Democratic League third and fourth Central Committee, President of the Society of Chinese aesthetics, executive director of the Chinese Institute of Foreign Literature, Chinese Social Sciences, academician, Professor Emeritus, University of Hong Kong and other staff.
  Scholars Guangqian origin, juvenile court and training commitments, familiar with the scriptures. Liang was occasionally have to read the "Collected Works of drinking ice room", this book reveals a new world to qian. He "began to dream of 'new school'", and "an interest in drama for the novel" ("how to learn Chinese from me talking about"). Studying abroad, he has extensive contacts with modern Western culture, mainly interested in literature, psychology and philosophy. When he found that aesthetics is common these subjects contact the clue, finally embarked on the road of aesthetics.
  "Literary psychology" and "Poetics" is qian representative before returning in 1933. The former is China's first systematic introduction and exposition of works of literary psychology specializing in the field of pioneering significance. In addition to providing a large number of book ideas in the history of Western Aesthetics information on Croce's Intuition, Bullock said the distance, empathy Phillips said Groos's theory of imitation and other factions within the doctrine, but also from the inductive some principles of literary criticism, applied to analysis of literary phenomenon, which broadened the vision of literature and ideas, at the time of academic, literary and art circles have a greater impact. According to "literary psychology," changed to the Popular Reading of "On Beauty", has widely spread in young readers. "Poetry" Poetry from the perspective of the establishment of view, are widely involved in the origin of poetry, nature poetry, and poetry the characteristics of the basic theories of poetics; start and from analysis of specific poems, focuses on the rhythms of Chinese poetry and rhyme; and the impact from the Han and the translation of Buddhist scriptures, Fine input of Chinese poetry has embarked on the road law. "Poetry" to promote poetry writing includes creative purposes. Guangqian that was urgent need to study two questions: "First, what sort of the tradition can follow, whether one is sort of outside influences can accept." Correct solution of these two issues, for promoting the development of poetry has a role can not be ignored. So he used the methods of comparative literature, both from a historical perspective vertical comparison on, he horizontal comparison of Chinese and foreign poetry, that poetry to explain the Chinese with Western classical poetry, Poems to prove the West with Chinese poetry.
  Qian in writing
  After returning in 1933 Guangqian, apart from the coach, continue to engage in aesthetic and literary research. Mainly the actual light of the new literary movement, writing papers and book reviews, articles, revenues were "real paper copy Bangladesh" (after the minor additions and deletions, changed its name to "I and the literature and other") and "On Literature". He also strengthened the links and writers. In 1936 about the beginning of a number of poets and scholars invited Peking Liang, qing, Feng Zhi, Yu Pingbo, Bian, Qifang, Shen, Li Jian, Cao Baohua, etc., form the "poetry readings"; the same year in May, but also with Hu Shi, Gu, Luo Changpei, Wushi Chang, Shen and so initiated the establishment of "China Wind Knot Society." May 1937, "literary magazine" founded, qian chief editor. In his foreword in the proposed "free hair growth, free discussion" slogan. This publication is a "Beijing School" writer's primary position, at that time had a greater impact on literary and art circles. This stage, qian study in literary theory literature on the one hand clearly expressed their opposition to the detective, sex, shady, romantic, dogmatic slogans for the content, against the authors hold, "making a fuss," "
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English Expression
  1. n.:  Zhu Guangqian
Thesaurus
zhumengshi, mengshi, mengshi
Related Phrases
literatureaestheticsclassicphilosophyscience
psychicsbooklife
Containing Phrases
Zhu guang QianjiZhu guang QiantanmeiZhu guang hidden corpus
Xinkai Lay one's heart bear Zhu GuangqianTin Zhu guang hidden narrate aestheticsZhu guang hidden Aesthetics elevate research
Zhu guang hidden Aesthetics Literature thesis anthology