Artichoke bud bracts and receptacle to eat as a vegetable, the roots can be used as drugs, with enhanced liver function and the diuretic effect. Large artichokes are perennial herbaceous Compositae, plant up to 1.5 m, leaves large, pinnate deep crack, summer students braved the stem about 15 cm diameter head shaped flowers, bracts ovate was imbricate. Usually harvested before flowering heads in the flower, take fleshy bracts and receptacle for food. (A) Overview Artichoke, alias Ju Ji, vegetables thistle, the French lily and lotus lily, the scientific name cynarascolymus l., for the Asteraceae (comopsite) thistle is a perennial herb dishes. Mediterranean origin, is a dish thistle (c.cardunculus l.) evolved. Up to the French culture. 19th century by the French into China in Shanghai. At present, China mainly in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Hunan, Yunnan, a small amount of cultivation. In recent years, the United States and Western Europe and other developed countries, consumption and imports of artichokes growing shortage of canned products in the international market, to meet the needs of the international market, China's Taiwan province has a large area planted, the products for export. Artichoke in flower buds for food, by softening cultivated petioles after cooking. (B) Characteristics 1. Botanical characters 2. On the environmental conditions Artichoke hi humid climate, resistant to light frost, avoid hot and dry. Optimum temperature of 20 degrees Celsius seed germination, plant growth and optimum temperature 13 to 17 degrees Celsius, higher than 34 degrees C growth inhibition, down from 3 to 4 degrees C to stop growth. Temporary low-temperature capability -2 degrees Celsius, the temperature below -7 degrees Celsius or wilting. Vegetative growth and bolting and budding requires plenty of sunshine, there is an early seedling stage shading bolting budding phenomenon. Should _select_ the fertile loose, good drainage, water holding strong loam or clay loam planting. Growing season is not waterlogging. Pumping in case of dry stem bud stage can only yield to irrigation. (C) cultivation techniques (1) Cultivation and seasonal open field cultivation, propagation by seeds or ramets. ① seed breeding in the warm south of sowing in September, October height of about 10 cm or more, 4 to 6 true leaves transplant field. Yangtze River basin and north of the region, winter and spring in the protected breeding, April-May planting field, to the second squaring the spring harvest, such as the seedling stage shading to black film, you can then bolting bud early autumn harvest. Artichoke seeds thick-skinned, hard and should be soaked before sowing germination treatment. Method is to put the seed soaking in warm water at 55 degrees Celsius, and to keep stirring, to room temperature and then soaked in 12 to 16 hours, remove and rinse with water after the wrap with a damp cloth on the germination conditions of 20 degrees Celsius to Lu Bai. Available 72 or 6 cm square hole disc nutrition earth nursery, earth or a hole for each release has the seeds of a Lu Bai, with fine sand or vermiculite cover species. Seedbed temperature is kept at 25 degrees Celsius, when the outside temperature is stable at 17 degrees Celsius, the seedlings are 5 to 7 true leaves, field planting with soil. 3 to 5 true leaves when the seedlings are available adequate coverage of black film. (2) planting and field management ① look fertility situation Base Fertilizers Planting: planting density, groove width of 1.5 meters for the package's stretch of single species, spacing 100 cm, 6000 per hectare planted. Planted on the side of the root water be poured. Dependents planted in a row cultivator 2 times after planting to improve the ground temperature, Huanmiao and promote root development, plant height with seed nursery topdressing fertilizer when the hole is about one centimeter, 300 per hectare for a 450 kg fertilizer. Start budding, the topdressing human waste, can promote bud growth. Taken every 15 buds on a 20-day chase of urea, 300 kg per hectare, each dressing have to be watered. Pumping the stems of the anti-drought. Pay attention to drainage waterlogging during the rainy season. ② pest control Black cutworm: warm regions often issued in April, forecast to do well in front of small larvae of cutworm with 90% trichlorfon 800 to 1000 times or other active pharmaceutical spray at night, no rain. Aphids: occurs throughout the year, first discovered the use of dimethoate, pirimicarb and other sprayed, before squaring the pumping stem, continuous spray 3 times. Root rot occurred in the year of rain, the main symptoms of black root rot, followed by plant wilting lodging. Prevention is the indigenous roots of a knife cut out the rotten, then smear with streptomycin sulfate for agricultural tillage padding in the section. ③ warm winter protection, such as Yunnan, winter can be exposed to the winter. For the perennial crops. But Chi Yangtze River basin and north of the winter need to add protection measures can only live through the winter. Suburbs to earth before winter, and then irrigated earth, and then poured cold water and thickening of a soil, straw roof. Artichoke can be perennial in warm regions, in the bud or leaf surface soil after harvest will clawed at 10 cm from the soil surface the following clipping off at the stem residues, soil cover and then level, then cut the stems and leaves covered in the last . Homogeneous soil surface should not cut the leaves and thin to avoid excessive tiller buds under the influence of annual production. 10 months early, leaving the stout per plant _select_ion a tiller buds, remove the rest, except for breeding under the Emerging Artists with bud (tiller buds per hectare can be planted 5 hectares of land.) Ten cold winter training to be winter. Method is appropriate tilting of the earth, that is low in the plant south of the sunny surface of earth, back positive side of high earth to block the north wind and temperature favorable light. (3) timely harvest generally 10 to 15 days after bud harvest, the first shell should be taken 2 to 3 days in advance in order to promote the growth of the secondary buds. Harvesting standards: bud growth and flower petals have been fully carried out yet, the appearance of flower buds will not crack, chip squamous tightly packed, heart-shaped lock or a boxing-like synthetic, shiny, the base of the outer sepals not want to open open. Size for different purposes, as a fresh listing of the bud, the small weight of 200 to 250 grams, a large weight of 400 ~ 450 grams, plus the general requirements of t can re-use 50 to 100 grams. Harvesting should be carried out in the morning, with scissors cut the bottom from the bud bud. 7500 to 15000 per hectare kilograms. Stems and leaves for harvesting medicinal liquor: warm, close quarters a year, the first half of April to the end of harvest in late May, the second half of November to early December harvest. The first half of the higher yield. Leaves the average 22,500 kg per hectare, up to 37,500 kg or so. (4) Seed of Seed Plants should focus on planting, flower rain, Fang Feng. (D) and use of nutrients Bud eating when placed in boiling water for 25 to 45 minutes, until easily brushed aside when the sepals removed, take off the bracts, the total spent Tuoqie film, the two into the basin, fine salt thrown into the moment, picked up a little crowded to the water, mixed with spices, made into salads. Or mixed with eggs, made of starch syrup, deep fry pan put the surface of golden brown, remove and drain, dip in salt and pepper flower food, all with a unique flavor.
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No. 2
Artichoke bud bracts and receptacle to eat as a vegetable, the roots can be used as drugs, with enhanced liver function and the diuretic effect. Large artichokes are perennial herbaceous Compositae, plant up to 1.5 m, leaves large, pinnate deep crack, summer students braved the stem about 15 cm diameter flower heads, bracts ovate was imbricate. Usually harvested before flowering heads in the flower, take fleshy bracts and receptacle for food. (A) Overview Artichoke, alias Ju Ji, vegetables thistle, the French lily and lotus lily, the scientific name Cynarascolymus L., for the Asteraceae (Comopsite) thistle is a perennial herb dishes. Mediterranean origin, is a dish thistle (C.cardunculus L.) evolved. Up to the French culture. 19th century by the French into China in Shanghai. At present, China mainly in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Hunan, Yunnan, a small amount of cultivation. In recent years, the United States and Western Europe and other developed countries, consumption and imports of artichokes growing shortage of canned products in the international market, to meet the needs of the international market, China's Taiwan province has a large area planted, the products for export. Artichoke in flower buds for food, by softening cultivated petioles after cooking. (B) Characteristics 1. Botanical characters 2. On the environmental conditions Artichoke hi humid climate, resistant to light frost, avoid hot and dry. Seed germination optimum temperature 20 ℃, the optimum temperature for plant growth 13 ~ 17 ℃, 34 ℃ higher than the growth inhibition, less than 3 ~ 4 ℃ stop growing. Temporary low-temperature capability -2 ℃, the temperature is below -7 ℃ wither. Vegetative growth and bolting and budding requires plenty of sunshine, there is an early seedling stage shading bolting budding phenomenon. Should _select_ the fertile loose, good drainage, water holding strong loam or clay loam planting. Growing season is not waterlogging. Pumping in case of dry stem bud stage can only yield to irrigation. (C) cultivation techniques (1) Cultivation and seasonal open field cultivation, propagation by seeds or ramets. ① seed breeding in the warm south of sowing in September, October height of about 10 cm or more, 4 to 6 true leaves transplant field. Yangtze River basin and north of the region, winter and spring in the protected breeding, April-May planting field, to the second squaring the spring harvest, such as the seedling stage shading to black film, you can then bolting bud early autumn harvest. Artichoke seeds thick-skinned, hard and should be soaked before sowing germination treatment. Method is to put the seed soaking in warm water at 55 ℃, and to keep stirring, to room temperature and then soaked in 12 to 16 hours, remove and rinse with water after the wrap with a damp cloth on the germination conditions of 20 ℃ to Lu Bai. Available 72 or 6 cm square hole disc nutrition earth nursery, earth or a hole for each release has the seeds of a Lu Bai, with fine sand or vermiculite cover species. Seedbed temperature maintained at 25 ℃, when the outside temperature is stable at 17 ℃, the seedlings are 5 to 7 true leaves, field planting with soil. 3 to 5 true leaves when the seedlings are available adequate coverage of black film. (2) planting and field management ① look fertility situation Base Fertilizers Planting: planting density, 1.5 meters wide for the package's stretch of ditch single species, spacing 100 cm, 6000 per hectare planted. Planted on the side of the root water be poured. Dependents planted in a row cultivator 2 times after planting to improve the ground temperature, Huanmiao and promote root development, plant height with seed nursery topdressing fertilizer when the hole is about one centimeter, 300 per hectare for a 450 kg fertilizer. Start budding, the topdressing human waste, can promote bud growth. Taken every 15 buds on a 20-day chase of urea, 300 kg per hectare, each dressing have to be watered. Pumping the stems of the anti-drought. Pay attention to drainage waterlogging during the rainy season. ② pest control Black cutworm: warm regions often issued in April, forecast to do well in front of small larvae of cutworm with 90% trichlorfon 800 to 1000 times or other active pharmaceutical spray at night, no rain. Aphids: occurs throughout the year, first discovered the use of dimethoate, pirimicarb and other sprayed, before squaring the pumping stem, continuous spray 3 times. Root rot occurred in the year of rain, the main symptoms of black root rot, followed by plant wilting lodging. Prevention is the indigenous roots of a knife cut out the rotten, then smear with streptomycin sulfate for agricultural tillage padding in the section. ③ warm winter protection, such as Yunnan, winter can be exposed to the winter. For the perennial crops. But Chi Yangtze River basin and north of the need to add winter protection can only live through the winter. Suburbs to earth before winter, and then irrigated earth, and then poured cold water and thickening of a soil, straw roof. Artichoke can be perennial in warm regions, in the bud or leaf surface soil after harvest will clawed, the following away from the soil surface 10 cm stubble clipping off stems, then levels of soil cover, and then cut the stems and leaves covered in the last . Homogeneous soil surface should not cut the leaves and thin to avoid excessive tiller buds of next year's production. 10 months early, leaving the stout per plant _select_ion a tiller buds, remove the rest, except for breeding under the Emerging Artists with bud (tiller buds per hectare can be planted 5 hectares of land.) Ten cold winter training to be winter. Method is appropriate tilting of the earth, that is low in the plant south of the sunny surface of earth, back positive side of high earth to block the north wind and temperature favorable light. (3) timely harvest generally 10 to 15 days after bud harvest, the first shell should be taken 2 to 3 days in advance in order to promote the growth of the secondary buds. Harvesting standards: bud growth and petal has not been fully carried out, the appearance of flower buds will not crack, chip squamous tightly packed, heart-shaped lock or a boxing-like synthetic, shiny, the base of the outer sepals not want to open open. Size for different purposes, as a fresh listing of the bud, the small weight of 200 to 250 grams, a large weight of 400 ~ 450 grams, plus the general requirements of T can re-use 50 to 100 grams. Harvesting should be carried out in the morning, with scissors cut the bottom from the bud bud. 7500 to 15000 per hectare kilograms. Stems and leaves for harvesting medicinal liquor: warm, close quarters a year, the first half of April to the end of harvest in late May, the second half of November to early December harvest. The first half of the higher yield. Leaves the average 22,500 kg per hectare, up to 37,500 kg or so. (4) Seed of Seed Plants should focus on planting, flower rain, Fang Feng. (D) and use of nutrients Nutrient-rich artichoke buds. Per 100 grams edible part of the 86.5% moisture content, 2.8 grams of protein, fat 0.2 g, carbohydrates 9.9 g, Victoria biological A160 international units of vitamin B10.06 mg, 0.08 mg vitamin calendar, vitamin 11 mg, 51 mg calcium, phosphorus 69 mg, iron 1.1 mg. Thistle leaves dishes containing the treatment of chronic hepatitis and is known as cholesterol-lowering effect. Stems and leaves softened cooking after cooking, smell fresh. Medicine processing system has been used to aid digestion leaf tablets and an aperitif. For the food portion of the total bud and flower receptacle part, a chestnut like flavor, can be fresh, made sauce for soup, or processed into canned. The world's annual demand for canned artichokes more than 10 million tons. Artichoke sepals also to make preserves. Bud eating when placed in boiling water for 25 to 45 minutes, until easily brushed aside when the sepals removed, take off the bracts, the total spent Tuoqie film, the two into the basin, fine salt thrown into the moment, picked up a little crowded to the water, mixed with spices, made into salads. Or mixed with eggs, made of starch syrup, deep fry pan put the surface of golden brown, remove and drain, dip in salt and pepper flower food, all with a unique flavor. (E) _Select_ base planting artichokes Artichoke asparagus cultivation started later than in China, mainly distributed in southern China, all products are currently export-oriented market, so the artichoke planting bases, processing conditions should be its premise. Processing is divided into two forms, one can directly processed into finished products for export, the second is processed into primary products for the production of salted canned artichoke bud. The first form, you need to base 500 kilometers artichoke build processing plants with processing conditions. The second form, near the base needs to artichokes, artichokes with a simple salt processing and storage capacity. Artichoke bases, taking into account harvest processing is running, planting requirements of accessibility, prescription contiguous land, if the area can reach over 5000, to consider the construction of processing plants to ensure product quality, long-distance transport, Processing part of the cost. Beijing Hi-tech companies AgroSciences bases in the development process of artichoke, the reference to foreign cropping patterns, combined with the successful experience of planting, the introduction of the species, base planning, technical guidance, foreign trade order, the implementation of transporting products, support services and other sectors, to organize, coordinate, and achieved good results.