【Chinese Name】: Przewalski's gazelle 【Latin name】: procapra przewalskii 【Common name】: Mongolian gazelle, Mongolian gazelle Beach 【English name】: przewalski's gazelle Tibetan transliteration】 【Name: W & P's results 【】 Key state-level protection of animals: a 【The World Conservation Union (iucn)】: insufficient information Endemic】 【: Yes Grade】 【Endangered: Endangered 【Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (cites)】: not included 【Ecological environment: steppe, desert 】 【To risk factors: habitat destruction, interspecific competition, population isolation, over-hunting Status】 【Category: Artiodactyla, Bovidae, subfamily antelope, gazelle are
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Shape features
Przewalski's gazelle when running as the cosine of the arrow, different positions, individually and together, before the hind legs, hind legs kicking, after hard, physical leap into the air, when the force after the ground support, running such a leap in the antelope's body the air waves to draw a curve, exceptionally beautiful.
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Range:
Domestic distribution in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Xinjiang, eastern Tibet, Nagqu and Qamdo. Habitat around 3400m above sea level. Daily activities in the meadow area. Lake region of Qinghai Lake, lakeside sandy steppe zone is representative species. Over the past has long been used as a Tibetan gazelle subspecies (procapra picticaudata przewalski), is indeed a separate species. Only distributed in China, produced in the northern shore of Lake Qinghai, Qinghai Province and the northeastern shore area. Are there distribution in Inner Mongolia, to be verified. According to wilson and reeder (1993), mode of origin of the species should be Mongolia, but has long been mistaken for southern China in the Ordos.
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Population Status:
Far as far as we know, around the Qinghai Lake in Qinghai Province has only remnant populations of 3-4, 1-2 near the Bird Island group, about 37; Lake North Lake East vicinity of sheep breeding farm and a small 70 or so survive; Lake North Shore Beach Gangcha County Chala only 1 group of about 70-80. Currently less than the total number of terrorist 200--350 head.
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To risk factors
According to 1986 survey and interviews to understand, when there are 350 species or so, that not only did not increase the number, but a sharp decline that the species is the world's most endangered ungulate in a species. The endangered causes the serious impact of human activity, in: 1,1949-1987 years, Qinghai Lake, the surrounding population from the past 2 million to 9 million, which continued the construction of buildings and cultivated land area expanded (increased 20-fold), resulting in smaller and smaller living space Przewalski , fragmentation of habitats; 2, since 1949, The lake regions of animals increased by 3 times, occupied the Przewalski's food market, the Food and pressure; 3, the existing population groups too small, and because of obstacles caused by man-made, so that the lake population between East and Kosei separated from each other, can not be gene exchange. Therefore, the result of inbreeding, are also likely to lead to population decline; 4, since 1988 as a national i-level protected animals, illegal hunting is still in place between the past. As December 1994, the Republican county in the semi-automatic rifles Daochanghe Township, was hunting with the Przewalski's gazelle (number unknown); and ignite the grass, and burned about 1,000 acres of grassland area (spring and summer of 1995, according to Chen Liwei in the field survey) . Feeding is unknown.
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Protection Level:
Przewalski's gazelle is endemic mammals of the least number of species, Przewalski's gazelle was iucn 1996 Red Data Book as a critically endangered level (cr) animals, again in 1998 the Red Book as a critically endangered level iucn (cr) animals, 1999 Mammals in China Red Data Book of endangered animals be listed as critically endangered animal, is now listed by the State Forestry Administration, 2000-2005, 15 key protected wild animals and plants is one big project. Promulgated in 1988 "list of national key protected wild animals", this has been listed as species of protected animals in China Ⅰ, but the strict law enforcement has yet to strengthen. Protection measures proposed Department of Przewalski's gazelle or even the world of hoofed animals in the most endangered species, if not to take further protective measures for fear of extinction at any time. In view of this, to be proposed as follows: 1, the immediate strengthening of the importance of publicity to protect the species and meaning; 2, hunting is prohibited, violators are prosecuted; 3, immediately organized field trips, in the first-hand information on the basis of ecological and biological development of science-based protection or recovery plan, and designated Nature Reserve; 4, the population viability analysis and genetic diversity for the population to provide a scientific basis for recovery.
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History
In 1875, the Russian naturalist hot Val Ski & P (przewalski) Ordos grassland in Inner Mongolia, China found the animals unique to China, but has been mistaken for a Tibetan gazelle, until 13 years later had just been officially named as the "original Platts Ling. " Fossil records indicate that many locations in northwest China have had antelope distribution. This shows that before the formation of the Loess Plateau, the geological age of those in the warmer, grasslands and forests, alternative distribution, the antelope is a very popular animal species advantage. When the Tibetan Plateau began to uplift, the gradual formation of the Loess Plateau and environmental changes that produced a species of antelope differentiation, the formation of a unique Tibetan antelope groups today - Przewalski's gazelle. Przewalski's gazelle was found in the Inner Mongolia Region (specimens mined in 1923), southern Ordos, Sunan County, Gansu Province, Subei County (1952 picked specimens), Yinchuan, Ningxia region, Xinjiang, Dakar pier prairie, Carl seek card steppe, and Nagqu Changdu eastern province of Qilian Mountain area, Altun region and so on. Currently, the Przewalski's gazelle have been lost over the region, only to find that there is distribution of Qinghai Lake. They are located in East Lake, Bird Island and metadata are three regions, the range is very small. 1994 to 2001, according to a continuous projection, the total number of two hundred three species, of which the largest group of East Lake, about one hundred and twenty. Bird Island in Qinghai Lake, Bird Island population of desert grassland in the vicinity of an area of about 75 square kilometers. Pasture fence so that the Przewalski's activities and food has been limited, and wolf predation is the Przewalski's gazelle population recovery and development has been greatly affected. The remaining 19 to 22 species. Per person population in Qinghai Lake East Lake East Village and Yuan were sheep breeding farm in the middle, and the population close to the East Lake area of 333 square kilometers, is located in the history of the residual Daochanghe River. The early sixties of last century, Daotang River Basin was once home to thousands and thousands of Przewalski's gazelle. Per person of population density, population distribution is relatively large, there is no wolf distribution, the current number of about 51 (the most recent survey shows that the population may be extinct.) Przewalski's gazelle cluster activities, easy to be hunting, poaching still exists. Habitat loss and poaching are per person facing a direct threat to species. Population in the East Lake northeast of Qinghai Lake, an area of about 890 square kilometers. Because of habitat the larger, pasture density smaller space than the other two large population, is one of the largest number of population, currently about 120 (the most recent survey, the remaining population may be 60 to 80 only) . Forced to grazing activities of human interference, the original life of the Przewalski's gazelle in the typical steppe region had to move into the desert, grassland ecotone. When the animal into the summer pastures, Przewalski's gazelle in the desert will be re-depth winter pasture feeding, when you have to share food and animal sources, in order to avoid interference with livestock grazing, Przewalski's gazelle in the evening and after dark only feed, and because wolves are nocturnal and avoid the Przewalski livestock has increased the chance encounter with a wolf. The wolf as a predator in the ecosystem, is the Przewalski's major natural enemies. According to the survey, mostly of animals wolves kill the elderly and young individuals, the Przewalski's gazelle in the wreckage of predation by wolves, 80% of the Przewalski's gazelle larvae. Expert analysis, the wolf will kill the larvae of the Przewalski's gazelle extreme harm the survival of populations of Przewalski's gazelle, in the current predation pressure, the Przewalski's gazelle would be extinct in 50-100 years. According to the data, the early 80s, the number of Przewalski's gazelle around the lake close to more than 1000; the late 80s, down to 500-600 only; in 1995, still living in five areas around the Przewalski's gazelle populations, respectively, per person in the village of Daochanghe rural area, sheep breeding farm of East Lake, Bird Island near the fast-Mart Tianjun Gangcha County Hall township and village and covers sub-Gan Haiyan County Township at the junction of less than about 300 . In 2002, in addition to three Department, after the two parts of the Przewalski's gazelle populations have disappeared, the 2003 survey, those populations had not a trace element. Przewalski's gazelle has become endemic mammal species in the population at least, this deposit is estimated that only about 150 or so.
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Living Environment:
In Qinghai Province, Department of Przewalski's gazelle of a more typical desert and semi-desert ungulates, habitat in the growth of ephedra, Achnatherum splendens, Carex, sand whip, sandy Stipa, Artemisia chamaejasme and other vegetation types arid environment, during which there are tens of meters high dunes, gentle slopes and open desert plains and sand dunes as their hidden depths of the ordinary. Przewalski's gazelle live in the relatively flat semi-desert steppe region, the general altitude of 3400 meters below, never reach the higher mountains, nor to the desert areas of pure activity, known as the "Beach Mongolian gazelle." It is the phenomenon of seasonal migration levels, cluster activities, group size from a few to only fifty or sixty dollars. Like many other ungulates, like Przewalski's gazelle is also the phenomenon of same-sex clusters. In the non-breeding season, individuals of the same sex together activities. Flocks of migrating south in winter to the rich vegetation, snow and water in areas of thin, complex and back north in summer. Vision and hearing are very developed, but the sense of smell is poor, naturally alert, sensitive fast action, can feed on a large scale activities. Przewalski's gazelle will flee far away and although frightened, but will be back after a dangerous place, with a relatively fixed activity area. Living in groups. Summer generally of a few or only form a small group of more than 10; in the winter can reach 30 or more per group, but also encountered six and 12 groups.
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Habits
Przewalski's gazelle is a small fine ruminant feeding type. Food is mainly Gramineae, Cyperaceae and other desert plants, twigs, stems and leaves, compared to dry grass stems and leaves in winter, smaller meals, daily intake over shorter periods, the ability of drought tolerance strong. Przewalski's rutting season is December to next January, when male and female reproductive gregarious form larger groups. Even with the phenomenon of male competition, but not fierce fighting, the winner of a few led to the only female antelope with more than 20 activities, the loser is often followed opportunistic mating groups, or leave the group find a new love, and sometimes there is one male and one female case of cohabitation . During the group temporarily disbanded litter, male beast form a small group or individual activities, females are separate to the cove of tall grass or bushes and other secluded areas are more labor, female gazelle July lambing, births per 1 Aberdeen , occasionally 2, Aberdeen, Gao Ling is able to stand a few minutes after birth, a baby antelope antelope follow the activities of the mother until adulthood. Young male antelope antelope do not participate in feeding.
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Przewalski's gazelle-induced risk factors
According to 1986 survey and interviews to understand, when there are 350 species or so, that not only did not increase the number, but a sharp decline that the species is the world's most endangered ungulate in a species. The endangered causes the serious impact of human activity, in: 1,1949-1987 years, Qinghai Lake, the surrounding population from the past 2 million to 9 million, which continued the construction of buildings and cultivated land area expanded (increased 20-fold), resulting in smaller and smaller living space Przewalski , fragmentation of habitats; 2, since 1949, The lake regions of animals increased by 3 times, occupied the Przewalski's food market, the Food and pressure; 3, the existing population groups too small, and because of obstacles caused by man-made, so that the lake population between East and Kosei separated from each other, can not be gene exchange. Therefore, the result of inbreeding, are also likely to lead to population decline; 4, since I in 1988 as a national protected animals, the years of illegal hunting still occurs near room. As December 1994, the Republican county in the semi-automatic rifles Daochanghe Township, was hunting with the Przewalski's gazelle (number unknown); and ignite the grass, and burned about 1,000 acres of grassland area (spring and summer of 1995, according to Chen Liwei in the field survey) . Feeding is unknown. Przewalski activities in the region and habitat, threatening the survival of Przewalski major factors in the following areas: 1, habitat reduction and fragmentation. Serious degradation of the various activities of the regional grassland, desertified area gradually expanded. Before the lush, rich grass, weeds and flowers Euphorbia now replaced sharp decline in pasture quality, a serious rodent infestation, bare land, beach to increase livestock overloading. 2, the fence barrier on the Przewalski's gazelle natural activities. Activities in the Przewalski's gazelle, mating, breeding time, fences greatly facilitate the wolf and the fox hunting of Przewalski's gazelle, the Przewalski's gazelle of the region is limited, increasing the number of deaths Przewalski's gazelle. 3, livestock and serious conflicts in Przewalski's gazelle. Przewalski's gazelle is no fixed feeding sites, drinking water, the activities of an excessive number of areas of livestock, pasture severely overloaded, resulting in the snatch competition with livestock food, you feed me back, you back me into the phenomenon. 4, poaching still exists. 5, the lack of water. 6, higher outside the incidence of parasitic diseases, and lead to mortality in Przewalski's gazelle. 7, the phenomenon of eating more junk. Were seen in the many visits, Przewalski's gazelle after eating garbage, resulting in indigestion and kill more. Domestic and wild animals, alkaline salt lick and eat other things because more often due to salt and alkaline minerals, especially the lack of salt, calcium deficiency, trace elements (iron, copper, zinc, etc.) deficiency and vitamin deficiency, and certain chronic wasting disease caused by abnormal weight loss and taste like licking a variety of foreign bodies. 8, human activity, in large part a serious interference and obstruction of the Przewalski's gazelle habitat environment, resulting in Przewalski's gazelle habitat destruction of vegetation ecology, population fragmentation, shrinking grassland area, resulting in Przewalski's smaller and smaller habitats. 9, inbreeding. According to statistics, the number is too small a population, genetic diversity will be reduced and the reduction of genetic diversity, genetic drift prone, a phenomenon that is very vulnerable population, and lead to loss of population diversity. Due to the current population of Przewalski's gazelle population is too small, isolated populations between and can not exchange genetic nature, therefore, lead to inbreeding. This also contributed to the decline of the main reasons for Przewalski's gazelle population. Once gone wild population, it means the extinction of the species, which is a world of eternal regret it.