AD 1840, Lin Humenxiaoyan after the British government to protect nationals in the name of Guangzhou dispatched warships attempted attack, historians generally this event as the starting point of modern Chinese history.
At this time when Emperor Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty (1821 - 1851) in place. At the beginning of the war, the British Emperor Daoguang considered vulnerable, but with the development of the war, the British siege of the Pearl River Estuary, captured Dinghai, encroaching Tianjin Dagu, making Emperor Daoguang shocked send Qishan, who is busy with the British military negotiations, but will also Lin Tse-hsu Offences reopen Guangzhou. However, the British are not satisfied with this, they continue to Humen, Ningbo, Xiamen and other places to attack, and captured Wu Song in 1842. So far, the Qing government had to sign a "Treaty of Nanking" and the United Kingdom. Since then, Britain, France and the United States followed suit, with China and France signed the "Treaty of Huangpu" and Sino-US "Wangxia Treaty," the gateway to China since been opened.
AD 1851, the Qing Emperor Xianfeng's reign, in the same year took place on January shocked the government's "Heavenly Kingdom." Hong Xiuquan to "worship God" in the name, in Guiping County Tamura started a rebellion. In two years, has captured the Taiping Hanyang, Yuezhou, Hankou, and other southern city of Nanjing, capital of Nanjing in 1853, promulgated the "Celestial Field System", formulated Bureaucracy, established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Since then, they conducted several Taiping Northern Expedition and Expedition, but because in 1856 "Tianjing Incident" Make Ground in the main portion of the Taiping away, greatly weakened the strength of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Since then, although there Xiucheng late Taiping, Yucheng other generals strongly support, but destroy the Qing government after years of war chaos, the capital of the kingdom of heaven is Zeng Tianjing in 1864 his troops captured Hunan, Taiping failed.
During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Britain, France and other countries in 1856-1860 once again declared war on China, known as the first "second Opium War." At the beginning of the war, British and French troops landed by Tianjin, encroaching Beijing, the Qing Emperor Xianfeng forced to flee to Rehe Mountain Resort. In 1856, British and French troops captured the western suburbs of Beijing's Summer Palace, and _set_ fire to this the "garden of the park," said the famous gardens. Later, China was forced to sign with the aggressor country of the "Treaty of Tianjin", "Beijing Treaty", "Treaty aigun" and other unequal treaties forced the Qing government to further open the door, and a large number of land ceded.
1862 AD Emperor Xianfeng died after the war ended in summer resort. Xianfeng Emperor's death, the crown prince _set_ out soon (Tongzhi Emperor) ascended the throne, his mother the Empress Dowager Cixi killed Sushun Colonial Secretary, etc., with the assistance of the Minister Yi Xin began nearly half a century of Chinese history "invisible hand" rule, Known as "yau coup." In the subsequent Qing Tongzhi and Guangxu reign of Emperor, the Empress Dowager Cixi power all come into the hands; during her invisible hand, China has with France, Japan and other countries at war, especially the failure of Sino-Japanese War, China was forced to Japan signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" ceded Taiwan, military compensation money, but also the beginning of the Westernization Movement just suffered a serious _set_back.
Guangxu 24 years (1898), Emperor Guangxu behind Responding to the status quo of China's preparation for the capitalist reforms. He accepted Reform Kang Yu proposed restructuring announced in order Fumin power. But this only lasted one hundred and three days political reform, and finally to the Empress Dowager Cixi imprisoned Guangxu Emperor, hunting, etc. Hundred Liujunzi Tan Kang, Liang duo ended in exile, later known as the "Hundred Days." After the Hundred Days Reform failed, northern China broke out with "help clear off the ocean" as the slogan of the Boxer Rebellion, the composition of the coalition in Britain, the United States, France, Russia, Japan, Germany, Italy, Austria Eight again into China and captured Beijing, Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu fled in panic. After that, China and the representatives of eight countries signed the "Boxer Protocol", agreed to further open commercial port, pay reparations, and to help eliminate the Boxers.
With the decline of the rule of the Qing government, some of the patriotic and progressive people throughout the organization's anti-bodies, which, pioneer of modern Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen as early as 1894 on the establishment of the "Revive China Society," in Honolulu, began a "get rid of Tartar Krupp, the restoration of China, the establishment of the Republic, "the revolutionary process. In 1905, Mr. Sun unite revolutionary forces around the world, _set_ up a "League" for the Chinese Kuomintang predecessor.
In 1911, the Wuchang Uprising occurred just two months, more than a dozen provinces nationwide have announced their support for the revolution and independence, the rapid disintegration of the rule of the Qing government. January 1, 1912, the Republic of China was proclaimed in Nanjing, Sun Yat-sen was elected provisional president. February 12 the same year, the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate.
A change in the Qing Dynasty councils
Background (a) political movements
1. Peasant war shook the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
2. Granville aggression ribs with the Qing Dynasty rule.
Establishment (two) Yamen - Changes central agencies
1. Time: 1861
2. Minister in charge: Woodland .
3. Wilson Affairs: diplomacy, trade, foreign affairs matters.
4. Impact:
(1) strengthen the Qing Dynasty and foreign ties, but also conducive to the capitalist state control Qing government domestic and foreign affairs.
(2) to promote the emergence and development of the Westernization Movement.
(3) clear central agencies began semi-colonial.
(C) yau coup - Changes in the central ruler and change the attitude of foreign powers
1. Background:
(1) "Beijing Treaty" was signed, British and French troops launched Beijing.
(2) The court also asked the aggressor in Beijing, to perform a treaty.
(3) Woodland advocated compromise and good Sushun, Zaiyuan etc. Vizier opposition.
2. After:
(1) 1861 Empress Dowager Wilson collusion with the coup, disposal eight ministers.
(2) contained Chun Emperor Tongzhi reign, the Empress Dowager Cixi behind a screen, Wang Yi of government.
3. Impact:
(1) Empress Dowager Cixi facto supreme ruler, started up 47 years of rule.
(2) In 1862 the Qing government decided to help destroy the British and French, by division, and foreign reactionary forces began openly colluding to suppress the Taiping Rebellion joint.
(D) Han bureaucrats forces expand - changes in local rulers of
1. Reason:
(1) Manchu bureaucrats, nobles, Banners fallen troops.
(2) Hunan become the main force against the Taiping. Han bureaucracy supported by foreign powers.
(3) In order to consolidate their rule relied on the Empress Dowager Cixi Han bureaucrats.
2. Performance
(1) Representative: Zeng, Li, Zuo.
(2) forces expand: Mastering armed, to form an independent military system; grasp where the real power, pivotal in the Qing government.
3. Influence
Han bureaucracy plays an increasingly important role in the Qing government.
Second, the Westernization Movement
1. Westernization Movement in historical conditions
(1) After the Second Opium War, facing internal and external problems, the Qing government internal political differences, Westernization appear.
(2) the suppression of the Taiping movement formed in the Han bureaucracy, becoming the backbone of Westernization.
Establishment (3) Yamen become a central agency to promote the Westernization Movement.
(4) Empress Dowager Cixi took a temporary support Westernization strategy.
2. Westernization and the diehards of the similarities and differences
On the issue of Western learning, Western Westernization advocates learning advanced technology to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, and the diehards blind xenophobia, hatred of all things foreign, advocates maintain intact the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the feudal autocratic in maintaining the system, both fully consistent and united opposition to the Reform Movement.
3. Stage of the Westernization Movement and the main content
After a total of two stages: the first stage, from the 1860s to the 1970s, and the second stage, from the 1870s to the 1990s.
Main contents: ① to "self-reliance" as the slogan founder military-industrial; ② to "seek the rich" slogan, the founder of the civilian industry; ③ founder of modern navy; ④ Flextronics new schools and sending students.
4. Signs of Westernization Movement and the reasons for bankruptcy
Westernization Movement is a sign of bankruptcy in Sino Qing government fiasco.
There are four reasons: ① Western powers thwart monopoly technology; damage ② diehards; ③ Westernization lack of sound, a strong core of leadership; ④ not revolutionizing the feudal system, which is the root cause of the failure of the Westernization Movement. |