Autumn curl Yu Xiaoxiao, Wu Wu rural living away from cities. Pass Road is not due to three cups, and the Ming Yan 九日. Kansas side of the old fence hesitation Abstract Ju, Tin Hung is not the end of the new recruit. Do not hate climbing leg muscles, build strength prop Xiangzhu salamanders.
Morning. Jin Zuo Si, "A Rose for Emily" Poetry: "Ming get comb sets, Dai Mei class sweep trace."
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Tomorrow
Tomorrow. Today's the next day. Bao Zhao Southern Song "to be difficulties in traveling," Poetry 5: "Do not you see the city the previous day, do not go this dark, complex even more out of the Ming Dynasty." "Beijing this popular fiction 西山一窟鬼": "Let me go back, You have to send my husband to return the Ming dynasty was one. "desert Hua Pan," March 5 Night "poem:" Ming will leave for you, but also to stay one day. "
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Later, in the future
Later, in the future. Five Sarkozy had "flu" poem: "Today Ming infinite things, limited people born to die." Ming Gao Qi, "Song to Uncle Fu hidden for love": "I now feel like a cloud leisure, is co-long forest. If Xu Ming park with habitat will also be flying with the crane. "
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No. 6
Sheng Ming DPRK. Poems often called the move as "Ming." Song Wang Yucheng, "free house hanging in the car Shi Yang Chunyu," poem: "Hung Ming Hsieh car ride to get rid of Zanying like a hair." Ye Shi Song, "and then apply province-like": "but want to beg for body Mujing may Xie Ming. "
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Overview of the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1644), a description of death in the DPRK (1368-1683), etc., also known as the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Empire, called out, the last in Chinese history from the Han Dynasty established a unified feudal. 1368 (Yuan positive twenty-eight years, the first year of Hongwu), the first Ming emperor should be days of the emperor, the country, "Ming." In the same year the "expulsion of Hulu restoration of China" as called for the Northern Expedition, the Ming army captured the Yuan capital Dadu (now Beijing), Yuen Shun, who favored the north to escape, the Yuan dynasty to perish. The early Ming to be Tianfu (now Nanjing) to the capital, in 1421 (the Yongle nineteen years), Yongle Emperor Zhu Di moved the capital to Shuntian (now Beijing), Nanjing Yingtian have to stay. 1644 (Chong seventeen years, the first year of the Qing Junji), Rereading the Dashun army captured Beijing, Chong Zhendi hanging, Ming perish. In the same year Qingjunruguan, Central Plains. Some ministers in the South crowned royal Ming Dynasty established several Xiaochao Ting (called the "Southern Ming"), to 1662 completely eliminated by the Qing Dynasty. Taiwan's government to continue with the Southern Ming Cheng Yongli reign until 1683 Qing imperial court crushed Taiwan. Emperor Ming after sixteen, Jo 276 years to enjoy the country. After four Southern Ming Dynasty, which lasted 18 years. Taiwan Cheng regime lasted 21 years. Beijing Ming Thirteen territory includes the mainland of two provinces, Northeast China, eastern Xinjiang, Tibet, South China Sea Islands, this northern Burma, northern Vietnam (administrative commissioner's office tomorrow, said toe), eastern Siberia and other places, and worked in Southeast Asia, Hong Kong and other places the old _set_ Detaining authorities have, influence, affecting the entire east coast of Asia and Africa. Zheng defeated Dutch colonialists in 1662 recovering Taiwan, the island the first time in a government administrative body _set_ up counties (East Ning Fu, administered Tianxing, years counties) to Taiwan reverted to Chinese territory.
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Political history
The first Ming emperor Ming the historical process and its associated regime, are divided into four phases: Ming Dynasty predecessor - West Wu (1364 -1368) of Rule the country - the Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644) of South Banbi - Southern Ming (1644 -1662) of Finally, the aftermath - Ming Cheng (1662 -1683) of Yuan Dynasty, the Mongol rulers increasingly brutal darkness, to the Yuan Shun, who favored the period, and the outbreak of the Korean mountain boy, Liu Tong, Xu Shouhui red scarves and other leaders of the uprising. The emperor took part in the red scarves, fighting north and south. 1364, the emperor himself king, known as the West Wu regime. In 1368, the emperor emperor to be Tianfu (Nanjing) to the capital, the country Ming dynasty, Hongwu reign, the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, is the first Ming emperor. Soon he ordered Xu Da, regular book and other general Expedition Yuan, captured Dadu (Beijing), Yuen Shun, who favored the north to escape, the Yuan dynasty in the country after 98 years of the reign came to an end, China has entered the Ming Dynasty rule. Ming Dynasty China was strong, the Hongwu, Jianwen, Yongle dynasties good governance, to the Ming Emperor Xuan Zong of the past hundred years, the Ming Dynasty into the north of the Mongolian Plateau, Nanzheng Annan, cutting Ceylon, the fetters of ethnic Malay islands to the Ming throne young Yingzong When North Korea in the "Three Yang" Yang Pu, Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong presided Council, "at home and Qingping, IMC to North Korea." 1442, the eunuch Wang began to monopolize power, 1449 shocked the whole world changes the civil Fort, Yongle's military superiority has been destroyed, and to a great loss of national power, Jingtai Emperor Yu Qian decisively defeated Wala appointment. Then through Jingtai Tianshun two Koreas resumed operations, national strength has gone up, to re-Ming Ye Xiaozong Dodge Hongzhi Period, when the political Qingming, people's livelihood and well-being, external re-Hami health legislation, re-establish and control of the fetters of Western history on the call this time as "Hongzhi ZTE." North Korea began to decline gradually in Zhengde to the implementation of the New Deal when Jiajing, political strength was somewhat restored, but the obvious contradiction between Yin Jiajing late monarch, and began the decline, social conflict germination. To Longqing years Xu Jie, Gao Gong, who introduced the New Deal, strikes ban on maritime trade, the canonization of I up to others, to Wanli, in the name of the Colonial phase Jang under the reform, re-ZTE, at home and liquidation of this period, and has put down in Gansu , Guizhou rebellion, and to rescue the Japanese aggression against Korea beat North Korea. This highly developed economy and culture during the Ming Dynasty, was later court-year-old collection account, the Ming economic scale in the world. However, before the mid to Wanli emperor lazy government officials more corrupt and plunder landlords around the flesh and blood, resulting in Jiangnan Min change occurs. Wanli Dynasty, Jurchen rebels statehood outside the customs, the Ming Dynasty began to decline. Revealed years of the dictatorship of the official yellow doors Group accelerated the development of this process. To Chongzhen years, as successive years of disaster, the Ming court due to financial bankruptcy, unable to Zhenfu, the people have to rise up, the army also broke after the Golden Great Wall line of defense within five entry. Chongzhen seventeen years (1644), Li Zi Cheng led his army captured Beijing, Chong Zhendi hanging, the Ming demise, the same year Qingjunruguan, Central Plains. Some ministers in the South crowned Ming Ming imperial clan creation of several regimes, known as the Southern Ming. Yongli sixteen years (1662), down the Ching Ming Emperor Yongli strangling the Sangui to Kunming in Yunnan Province, Southern Ming perish. Taiwan's government to continue with Yongli reign Zheng, Shi Lang sent the Qing Dynasty in 1683 to attack Taiwan, Cheng surrender, monitoring state of Wang Zhu Ning Jing Gui suicide martyrdom operation. Ming Dynasty in Chinese history, economy and culture are developed stage. Strengthen the early Ming dynasty centralized monarchy, the emperor monopolize all powers. Xuande after the imperial power began to weaken, the power struggle between the cabinet and the eunuchs. Starting from the late Ming Dynasty, along with the Western Renaissance, the Reformation and geographical discovery, science and technology developed rapidly. At the same time, China has emerged Xu, Sung, Xu, Feng Meng, a large number of scientists, geographers and writers but also as a number of Western missionaries came to China in exchange for the East and West opened up the window and opportunities, China traditional science and technology into the final stage of accelerated development. West Wu (1364-1368) Yuan Dynasty, political corruption, the Mongol rulers struggle for power, including the Han, including an unprecedented number of people under oppression, the Treasury has become more empty. In 1351, the court more than a dozen people mobilized farmers and soldiers of the Yellow River flood control. "River" and "change note" as the people change the fuse, resulting in red scarves uprising broke out. May 1351, Han Shan Tong, Liu Tong led red scarves uprising broke out. The following year, Guo Zixing response, mob uprising, captured Hao Zhou. Soon, poor peasants who came Haozhou soup and invited by the emperor defected Guozi Xing, Li exploits repeated by Guo Zixing esteem and confidence, and married his wife Guo Zixing daughter Ma. After the emperor to leave Hao Zhou, develop their own forces. 1355, Liu Tong Li Han Lin child for the Emperor, the country, the Song dynasty, dragon and phoenix reign, said small ming to Bozhou the capital. Guo Guo Zixing command of the Ministry of the emperor after the death of the deceased, Ren Xiaoming Wang Vice Marshal left. In 1356, occupation _set_ shuaibing Qing, changed its name to be Tianfu, and take around a number of military importance, access to a piece based on the base. Zhu Yuan Zhu Sheng adopted the "high wall, wide grain, slow kings" of the proposal. 1360, through the Poyang Lake water war, Chen Youliang forces suffer a great blow. 1361, the small letters the emperor was Wuguo Gong Ming Wang. 1363, Chen Youliang forces are completely eliminated. 1364, the emperor himself king, king known as the West, and East Wu in Wang Zhang Shicheng Pingjiang distinguished. 1366 Little Ming Wang Shen drowned in the river, the first year of the emperor Wu will be replaced next year. 1367, captured Pingjiang FRACTAL himself, then off Zhejiang Fang Guozhen. In 1368 the first month, the emperor should be days of the emperor, the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, reign title of Hongwu, after the Northern Expedition and the west, captured most of the same year, Yuen Shun, who favored the north to escape. After the emperor to destroy the Ming Yuzhen forces in Sichuan and Yunnan in the Yuan Dynasty guarding the King of Liang. And in-depth Mobei, attack North yuan. To this initial list of the world. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Hongwu Period After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, on the one hand to reduce the burden on peasants and restore social and economic production and punishment of corruption of officials, received certain effects. A system established in the Ming Dynasty, with the liturgical books and yellow fish scale implementation of Atlas, the implementation of tax collection and local labor to maintain law and order. But the suspicious character of the emperor, but also the hero of some suspicion, fear of the credit for bending the law, up to no good. However, some hero has crossed the rites, all kinds of evil. Hing emperor prison to two, namely "Blue Party Hu Yu", almost all of Heaven's hero. Battle of the Yongle period Jingnan Military Governors Scholars for the emperor packet to strengthen the border and defend the throne. Military Governors among the stronger forces of the North Military Governors, the main task is the border of Mongolia. Yan Wang Zhu Di, and the king and particularly the most powerful. Pose a serious threat to the imperial power. But Chengzu same mass killings of dissidents, such as Huangzi Cheng, Qi Jiu Chen Jianwen Thai, etc. are all killed. Fang Xiaoru which the "punish the ten tribes," and King Qing of "Guaman copy" the most tragic. He has also _set_ up another spy organization - East plant. Wei Ming factory system established. Ren Xuan Governance Yongle Emperor died, ascended the throne, Prince Ju Chi, is the Ming Ren. Ming Ren respite implemented policies to savings of their resources. He also encouraged the production and wide province prison. After the Ming Emperor Xuan Zong to continue the policy of benevolent rule, so that a strong national strength, known as "Ren Xuan Governance." However, no interference in domestic affairs of their breaking the rules of the eunuchs, some eunuchs began to interference in domestic affairs, the mid-Ming eunuch lay hidden. Fort civil and walked out the door of the change variable Xuande Decade (1435), 9-year-old Ming Zhu Qizhen Yingzong throne. Queen Mother and the veteran minister of state in Zhangtai Huang Yang Shiqi, Yang Pu, Yang Rong (Three Yang) and his assistant, the Ming Ren Xuan continue along the route during the steady progress. Orthodox seven years (1442) Queen Mother died too, the three Yang also quit the political arena, so the eunuch Wang Yingzong Chongxin more imperious and despotic, authoritarian started. Orthodoxy in the early years of Mongolia Wala Department began to grow, often along the border trouble in the Ming Dynasty. Wala head first while in the orthodox fourteen years (1449) out of attack south in July. Wang Yingzong led troops that rely on half a million foreign crusades. After the army left Beijing, the soldiers lack of food Lawton. Only to the common ground troops in early August. Wang and received front-line separate ways defeat, fear not war, lie in return. Return in triumph to the civil Fort, they were Wala military to catch up, half dead and wounded soldiers, kings and ministers, or followers killed or captured. The breakthrough Yingzong not a prisoner, Wang Zhong Fan was killed by security guard generals, namely, the change for the civil Fort. Kenso period Chenghua the early Ming Dynasty, from time to time by the gradual intrusion Jurchen strong statehood, a large number of property stolen each year, the people unbearable, fully integrated multiple pacify statehood leader Tung Tai Shan accomplished. Chenghua three years, the Ming court to induce North Korea to apologize to the Dong Shan Dong Shan machine beheaded. Koji ZTE Takemune in politics Eighteen years Hongzhi May, Hsiao Tsung died. Fifteen-year-old crown prince ascended the throne according to Zhu thick, is Takemune, reign title Masanori. Takemune pleasure-seeking, and indulge in sensual pleasures among the minister. Liu Jin, Ma Yung-cheng, Dayong Gu, Wei Bin, Zhang, Qiu together, Gao Feng, Luo Xiang Orient House, with eight of the past collusion between the eunuchs, for "eight tiger." However, the proprietary rights of Liu Jin led to the ministers also one of the other "seven Tiger" dissatisfaction. Liu Jin was the end lynching. Masanori years of October, the Mongolian Tatars Little Prince Lv five million large-scale invasion of the border, Masanori Emperor Yu Jia foreign crusades beat Little Prince, known as "Victory should be the state," The campaign consequences, Tatars "is made after the old edge, then not in depth. " Takemune the shortage of travel pleasures lead to annexation of land between Masanori intense class contradictions and contradictions among the ruling group to deepen, so frequent upheaval has occurred Ningxia An Zhu Home Fan rebellion of the king, Liu Zhili six, seven uprising Liu, Jiangxi ning Chu Chen Hao rebellion and other major events. Masanori fifteen years, Wu Zong Qing Jiangpu in southern Zhili (Huaian) fell into the water when boating fun disease. Masanori sixteen years (1521) March Takemune died. Jiajing Longqing dynasties Jiajing Once, while the Ministry of the Ming Dynasty the northern Tatar weak and occupy the Loop. Jiajing 1550, Tatar leader Altan Khan invade, in a Beijing suburb, after looting the West, the Ming army in pursuit of the defeated, this is Gengxu the change. Mouzon, the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia Tonghao, Altan has been called the king of Shunyi, in the southern territorial waters, pirates run amok, causing serious damage to people's lives and production. But after the Chi Chi, Hu Zongxian, Yu Dayou consumed. Sejong after the death of Prince Chu Tsai Hou ascended the throne, is to Mingmu cases, reign title Khanh. Mouzon six years in office, appointment to Robinson, such as Gong, Xu Jie, Zhang, etc., Mouzon, the Altan been called Shunyi Wang, Han Meng flak. Domestic situation is generally better. The early years of the Wanli laid the foundation for ZTE. Jang reform Khanh six years, Mingmu were a stroke died, Zhu Yijun, whose son succeeded to the throne, reign title Wanli, is Shenzong. The young, by the Regent Queen Mother. Minister of state with the Queen Mother as a trusted Gao Gong Feng Bow against eunuchs was dismissed from office, Zhang was supported by Feng Bow. Wanli lazy policy Jang early death, Wanli Emperor still capable of maintaining interest in affairs of state, but soon began to idle government. Wanli 14 years later, towards a Shenzong started for less. Seventeen years after the New Year Wanli, Shenzong to remove the grounds of the New Year Chaohe eclipse. New Year's Day every year since then no longer, as the DPRK Shenzong. Wanli 16 years since, often towards the Emperor Shen-often do not see. Political affairs in the palace in the eye all day, being immersed in the life of debauchery. General trend of the beauty pageant every year. Fortunately Shenzong construction, often massive construction projects. In his twenty-year-old began to build the cemetery. Wanli seventeen years, supreme court left things Luo Ren-assessment memorial, said Shenzong indulge in alcohol, color, money, gas, result relegated to the people. Shenzong also sent mine supervision and monitoring plunder private property taxes, resulting in many uprisings occurred. Ignoring affairs of state due Shenzong, lack of government is very serious. Wanli 30 years (1602), missing a total of two capitals of North and South Book of Three, assistant minister ten; around the three missing governor, lieutenant-governor, provincial judge, etc. Sixty-six, twenty-five prefect. Shenzong Weidun last, Baiguan party struggle in the next, the Government fully into being idle. Bureaucracy in the factions, each other down, such as the Donglin party, declared the party, the party Kun, Qi party, Zhejiang Party, many names, but it is not proposed how to improve the affairs of state issues, but personnel arrangement only. It is for these reasons then, folk culture has been a great business and the development of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty during the most developed, called the seeds of capitalism, it flourished here. Wanli including assistance against the Japanese invasion of Korean Japanese invasion chaos, put down the rebellion in Ningxia Bo worship, put down the rebellion in Guizhou Yang Wanli Long Zheng have won three. Wanli forty-six years (1618), after the gold sweat Nurhaci to "Seven hate" Notice to day, cutting out swearing. The following year the Battle of Hu in the Saar defeated the Ming army, turned out on the gold from strategic defense. Wanli 48 years, died Shenzong. Wei Zhongxian in politics Taichang first year (1620), Mitsumune Jiabeng. Zhu succession by the eldest son of the school is to clearly Xizong, reign title revealed. Xizong educational level is not high, and he likes to carpenter work. Yan Dang Wei Zhongxian rose up gangs in politics, Ming society more darkness. So-called "Wei Zhongxian in politics," is to take advantage of the Ming Dynasty number of civilian groups "East Forest Party" and "Zhejiang Party", "Let the party", "Lu Party" for their own interests arising. Emperor attempted in the inner court with the DPRK officials in the minority together, from the Donglin party cabinet dominated the struggle for power. Struggle with the revelation that the emperor died and the last end. Revealed after the death of the emperor, the emperor began to only use Chongzhen "Donglin Party" officials, in October 1627 transferred to the emperor Wei Zhongxian Fengyang guard tombs, Wei Zhongxian hanged himself. Internal and external problems The late Ming Dynasty map (Chongzhen years) 1629 (Chongzhen years) 10 months after the King Khan, a guide led a Taiji by the army of the Mongols, by xifengkou, breaking off from the Dragon Wall, the fall of Zunhua, Luanzhou, Wing Ping, Qian'an four fortress, almost equal to the Royal Park. Because personnel changes, the court once lost control of border guards in western Liaoning, while the garrison of the three major business empire by force of deterrence for the post-gold, Beijing pavilion village homes outside the city torn away by an intruder. In the same year in December, Chong Zhendi Dahir world to Beijing loyalist troops and horses. 1630 (Chongzhen three years), the emperor of "do not care commanded effect indefinitely on bullying hidden to the capital city of Pirates of rice to cut seek suspect is handsome" and other charges will be responsible for military affairs of the Yuanchonghuan Liaodong death. In the same year, after Beijing Jinda Jun straight outside the city, the Ming court earthquake, Chongqing, Chief General Qin Liangyu women to come forward, led the "white bar" soldiers of the Eight Banners Army initiative to attack. Yongding Gate in Beijing, the second emperor Qin Liangyu sent Dorgon against the Department of the Ministry. This battle, Qin Liangyu rate of white soldiers in the Sun Chengzong rod in cooperation with other veteran cavalry beat iron heel. After the Qin Liangyu and take advantage of a successful attack on the night after the snow gold sweat Huang Taiji Camp. Taiji have forced even the abandoned Luanzhou, Yongping, Qian'an, Zunhua four cities, without success, to exit customs. Qing invasion of 1640, Jinzhou, Chongzhen Di sent Hong Chengchou taking part with eight-way rate of just suppressing the uprising thirteen million strong Central Plains exit assistance Jin, Qing war in Songshan, is "Song Jin war." The results clearly military defeat, Hong Chengchou surrendering. 1641, Li Zicheng fall of Luoyang, killing Fukuo Chang Zhu Xun. Rereading break in October 1643 Tongguan, November occupation of Xi'an. Chang Hsien-chung peasant army led by the capture of Hubei and Hunan regions first, and later captured in Sichuan, the establishment of Atlantic power. 1644 Rereading Dashun regime established in Xi'an, Yongchang reign. 1644 (Chongzhen seventeen years) in March, farmers army captured Datong, Vision House, Pass. On the 18th, the military captured the peasants outside the city of Beijing. Early the next morning, Chong Zhendi Meishan hanging in Beijing, the Ming dynasty to perish. Southern Ming (1644-1662) 弘光政 right Twenty days in April 1644, led a force with Sangui Li Zicheng outside a stone in the Shanhaiguan war, but because of the war Qing, Li Zicheng defeat, then retreat to abandon Beijing to Xi'an. May two days of the Qing Prince Regent Beijing Duoergun.八日, the Qing Emperor Shunzhi into Beijing, Beijing became capital of the Qing Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty in Nanjing with the basic form of government. May 1644 three days of May, a cousin of Emperor Chong Zhen Zhu Fukuo pushed for the supervision by the State Song. Twelve days later, the emperor Zhu from the song is for the security cases, to the following year the first year of the Hung Kuang. Hung Kuang government infighting continued, the remnants of authoritarian internally by Yan Dang, the "United prisoner flat Bandits" wrong policy, Hong Guangdi reason not indulge in wine and women affairs. At this point a series of farmers military strife, war with the Qing troops when they repeatedly fail the first year of the first month, Hung Kuang, Qing break Tongguan, Rereading the Hubei retreat. Hung Kuang first year in March, the military center of gravity eastward Dorgon ordered to move south to more Tudor and attack the Southern Ming. Qing Shi Kefa guard quickly to the Yangzhou City, Shi Kefa sticking Qiriqiye, city break, Shi Kefa killed, Qing Yangzhou subsequently conducted a full ten-day massacre, known as Yangzhou on the 10th, the victims of 80 million. After the Qing crossing, broken Nanjing. Hong Guangdi captured, taken to the Beijing the following year, was killed in the wood outside the city of Beijing Xuanwumen. Qing accounted for Nanjing, and then another captured Suzhou, Hangzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou and other southern most. Hung Kuang first year of June, and then under the Qing Dressed Order, order within ten days, the Qing Manchu total area decorated to imitate Han Dressed all in fashion, "do not stay stay head hair, leaving hair without leaving the first" triggering the Han people strong resistance. People resist the Qing Jiangnan uprisings, in which people resist the Qing Jiading and Jiangyin particularly fierce tenacity, has had "three Jiading Tu" and "Jiangyin eighty-day" events such as resist the Qing, but have been Qing bloody crackdown. Implementation of the Qing rulers brutal Dressed in fashion, exceeded the total number of victims during the millions. Long Wu, Shao Wuzheng right Yongli regime Long after the murder of Emperor, Zhu Gui Wang Lang in October that year by the tenth day monitoring the country in Zhaoqing, Nov. 18 became the emperor, is Akimune to the following year for the first year Yongli. Winor Regime and has been defeated in Xianzhong remnants joint resist the Qing Li Zicheng, was recovered throughout HUNAN; Koxinga insisted to resist the Qing activities in southeast coastal areas, once had to overcome Choan II Prefecture and Feng Yongli to Zhengshuo, Wing calendar years, Wang Ning Jing Zhu Yongli Emperor patients assigned to Zheng Gui troops monitoring the country. Yongli Three years later, the Qing one hand, the fall of Hunan Province again. Yongli four years, the Qing forces captured Guangzhou and Guilin. Nanning Yongli Emperor was forced to retreat. Yongli five years, Sun is expected to meet Emperor Yongli of the Enron into Guizhou, Sichuan and attack, once recovered most of Sichuan. John Reading also attack Guangxi, Guilin, capture, clear _set_ of self-immolation die Nanwang Kong Youde and Hunan Hampshire World War II, Prince Jing Jin Qing Ni Kan beheaded, although complex in Hunan, and sometimes the world earthquake. However, Mr John Reading, Sun is expected to two generals ranks. Yongli eight years, John Reading, joined forces with Zheng Chenggong Meet Guangdong Xinhui, Guangzhou plans to take, not been successful. Yongli nine years, Kinmen, Xiamen Zheng Chenggong retreated two. Yongli eleven years, Sun is expected to drop clear, Southwest Sun are expected to sell military intelligence, massive attack Qing Yunnan; this time Emperor Yongli Zheng Chenggong was labeled Koxinga, while Zheng Chenggong led the navy embarked on the Zhoushan Islands. Yongli thirteen years, three-way into the Qing Dian, Yongli Emperor exiled to Burma; time rate of 170,000 water Zheng Lu Dajun Zhang Huangyan joined forces with the eastern Zhejiang, the decision massive Northern Expedition, ZHENG into the Yangtze River, captured under the melon, Zhenjiang , Jiangpu other places, leading to the next city of Nanjing, the Nanjing surrounded by delaying the results Qing Qing defeated and had to return to southern headquarters. Delivery of the Qing Emperor Shun Zhi Su concentrated in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces to attack Kinmen-Xiamen Zheng Chenggong's military forces. Of factors of suicide, the Qing army defeated. Qing Burma at this time, Emperor Yongli forced to hand over the Government of Myanmar. Yongli fifteenth year sent his son Zheng Jing Zheng Jinsha left behind, their attack by the Dutch occupied Taiwan, in February the following year after a bitter fight in September re-_set_s. Sixteen years Yongli April Sangui Yongli Emperor was strangled in Kunming, Yunnan Province, Southern Ming perish. Zheng died in Taiwan in May the same year, died in June, John Reading, Mengla. Cheng Ming (1662-1683) Yongli Emperor killed, the national large-scale activities to resist the Qing Kui East Thirteen and only in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Xiamen resist the Qing Zheng Chenggong. Rereading remnants in Hunan resist the Qing failed, moved to Sichuan, Hubei and mountain activities, in Interpreting the government continues to resist the Qing east, known as Kui Dong thirteen. 1662, the Qing began its strangulation, 1664, thirteen military resist the Qing Kui Dong failed leader Li Hang family self-immolation. Yongli Zheng Chenggong died in May, after sixteen years, came to Taiwan from Xiamen Zheng Jing took over the business, continue to use Yongli reign, the surface is still monitoring the country Ning Jing Wang Feng Ming Zhu Gui was Zhengshuo surgery, and the following year to meet Zhu patients from Guangxi, Fujian to Taiwan. Together with the Netherlands in 1663 Offensive Manchu Kinmen and Xiamen and Kinmen-Xiamen trapped two islands, Ming Cheng forces retreated to Taiwan, the Colonial in Chan Wing-wah, the ask the earth people, through vendors, Hing the schools, personnel, fixed system, within the great order. Rebellion broke out in 1673 San Francisco, Zheng Jing Jing Nan Wang Geng Jingzhong Please accept the aid, led his army expedition Fujian. Zheng Jing back in Xiamen, and received Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and three House in Chaozhou, Guangdong, Huizhou, and then capture. Later, Shang Kexi of Guangdong Ping Nanwang, Fujian Jing Nan Wang Geng Jingzhong have been put down to the Qing, Yunnan Pingxi Wang Sangui also Failure, Zheng defeated by the forces can only hold in Xiamen, in 1680 cleared the million Stern sent someone to lobby the Navy Vice-ZHENG Governor Zhu Tiangui (formerly the Ministry Geng Jingzhong) rate of ship 300, 2 million soldiers who surrendered to the Qing, Zheng Jing give back to Taiwan to Xiamen and return after victory, and then dissipated. Zheng Jing patients who died in 1681, chose to leave Zheng Ke Zang Si Wei, Feng Xifan poison Zheng Ke Zang, Yong Li the husband Zhengke shuang, all powerful. Cheng Ming Qing Emperor Kangxi to take advantage of the outbreak of infighting within the regime, the Rebel Admiral Shi Lang to start a crusade to Taiwan. 1683, Shi Lang defeated Liu Guoxuan overcome Penghu to Taiwan caused great military pressure, the results Dressed shuang surrendered to the Qing Zheng Ke, Ning Jing Wang Gui Zhu carry Fēi suicide martyrdom operation, a resist the Qing forces in the final destruction of the country.
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Political system
Complete control over the political affairs of the Ming emperor really only Hongwu Yong Le dynasties, however, the Ming Dynasty 276 years the country was able to Jo. The key point is that the expansion of imperial power with cabinet excellent buffer mechanism, after the Ming Dynasty, orthodox, while showing a decline of absolute monarchy, the Cabinet came to power the recovery characteristics. Six Officials in the central _set_ting Ming, family, gift, engineering, criminal, six soldiers, compared with the previous generation, the first Ming Shang assistant minister in the increase in each one each. Hu Weiyong case, the emperor spent the post of prime minister to abolish the Central Secretariat. Therefore, the status of six improved. Book only one per _set_, two assistant minister, doctor reduced the original Book of subjects. Book and the rank of assistant minister ministries has increased. Among them, the Ministry of Personnel (in charge of civil service promotion) is the most important, the Ministry of staff most. Rites (in charge of ritual ceremony), and and Industry (in charge of public works) of lower status. Monitoring bodies Shang Dynasty as king, the start _set_ Imperial, located left and right royal doctor of each one. Hongwu ten years, strikes Imperial. More home Censorate fifteen years, _set_ to monitor all Censor eight. Sub-office of imperial supervisor of Zhejiang, Henan, Shandong, Peking, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hubei and Hunan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, twelve, the Road Home Censor of three to five, known as the twelve monitor the Censor . Are stationed in the capital of imperial supervisor, something with Indian visits to Beijing to pay something back to India and completed. The first year of Yongle, Peking Road to Beijing Road to change. Eighteen years, strikes Beijing Road, additional Guizhou, Yunnan, delivery address three. Hongxi first year, said Bank Censorate. Xuande decade, cross-site Road strike, beginning as thirteen. Orthodox in to "line" is used. Six subjects Six subjects, responsible for the attendants, regulatory bridge, Buque, Supplements, six hundred of the Secretary for inspection thing. Hongwu years, let Officials twelve, are seven items of rank, beginning divided into six subjects, each subject two. Hongwu twenty-four years, was _set_ Clerks, one for each subject are Officials are eight products. Official grade six subjects was low, then high authority. They can not support the emperor's will. The system has played a certain role to improve the affairs of state. Five Temple V. Temple, including supreme court, Chang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Tai Pusi and Administrations for Frontier Minorities Temple. Supervising Council together with the Board of Punishments and the supreme court for the three methods Division, its authorities and similar to today's Supreme Court. Supreme court called the supreme court the head of State, Jiuqing one. The remaining four terms of the lower Temple of State. Chang Temple in the charge of ritual, music, under the Ministry of Rites; Tai Pusi management of horses, under the Ministry of War; Guanglu Temple is responsible for birthday, tribute, etc., belonging to the Board of Rites; Administrations for Frontier Minorities Temple will be responsible for the DPRK guests (foreign officials Hajj, Zhu Fan to pay tribute), good and bad ritual. Cabinet Plant health agencies The main intelligence agencies, including the Ming Jin Yiwei, East plant and the West Plant, Takemune period also was equipped with expert factory. Jin Yiwei Hongwu established in fifteen years, responsible for investigating domestic and foreign intelligence, directly responsible to the emperor, has to arrest anyone, and the right to a secret trial. The establishment of the Dong Chang, Jin Yiwei power is weakened. Dongchang established in Paradise eighteen years, is the Yongle Emperor to suppress political opposition and _set_ up. Tiananmen Square is located at the north eastern capital. Dongchang main responsibilities is to monitor government officials, celebrities, scholars and other political forces, and the right to monitor the results reported directly to the emperor. Based on monitoring information obtained for the lower status of the political opposition that the east plant can direct the arrest, trial; and for senior government officials or the opposition has royalty status, the East plant in the Emperor's authorization can also The execution of the arrest, trial. Dong Chang in the establishment at the beginning, as the eunuch admiral, was usually Sili Jian Ping pen eunuch was the second, a third party as. West factory was established in Kenso period, leaders as Wang Zhi. Waste after 1482. Subsequently been Takemune short recovery. The factory _set_ up in Takemune period, head for the eunuch Liu Jin, Liu Jin Fu Zhu, the plant also within the plant and the West has been spent, leaving only Dong Chang. Other agencies
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Territory Division
Ming territory Ming territory, largely in the Jiajing ago "East from the North, West, according to Tufan, South packet Annan, south of a large moraine, what eleven thousand seven hundred and fifty years, North-South ten thousand nine hundred and forty years." 10 million square kilometers. South China Sea, "a thousand miles of Changsha, Wanli Stone pond" to make into the territory. The sound education are finished, at the age of tribute, not ordered officials _set_ membership, Hou Wei Jimi who is not in this number. Ah Shing now! ("History of the Ming Geography") Northern Northeast Secretary for the emperor are _set_ to operate Liaodong Liaodong (south of Northeast). Ming many times into the Heilongjiang River, pacify Jurchen tribes, forces once reached Heilongjiang population and Sakhalin. 1409 _set_ the slave children dry all Division of jurisdiction by more than 130 health. 1434 abandoned, all of the Ming troops retreated to Liaodong, the defense will cross the northern Northeast China under the Ming Dynasty and the minority tribes, to Wanli Wei in the area increased to 384. Ming Dynasty, Jurchen statehood gradually replaced the rule of the Ming Dynasty the northern part of the Northeast, and thus account for Liaodong. Northwest Hongwu Period, Ming Dynasty to the Northwest Frontier region today Hami in eastern Xinjiang, and _set_ a series of garrison. After the 15th century, Mongolia, Qinghai, northwestern Turpan and the Ministry of increasingly powerful. 1472, Turpan Hami City, once broken, health Inland, after the recovery, and was again in 1514. The latter half of the 15th century, the total loss of the Northwest Zhu Wei Ming retreated to Jiayuguan. Southwest In 1381, Ming will be fully included in Southwest Territory. And _set_ a chieftain, declared under the jurisdiction of the Secretary Wei, border to central and northern Myanmar, northern Laos, northern Thailand line. But later the number was around these areas and countries. 1406, the Ming army attack on Kofi Annan, states along the southern limit of Nichinan. Cochin administrative commissioner to _set_ the following year, Annan officially became an administrative division of the Ming Dynasty, under the fifth House, Saliu states, two hundred county. After fierce resistance by local forces, in 1427 the Ming Dynasty strike Cochin administrative commissioner, to give Annan. Annan again independence from China and restore Lebanon's dynasty. Southeast Macao, Portugal, rent accounts for 1553, access to boats moored right to obtain right of abode in 1557. But clearly the government can manage the Portuguese, still has sovereignty over Macao. 1624 Dutch _set_tlers into southern Taiwan, and built Zeelandia. 1626 Spanish colonists into the northern Taiwan. Off the Spanish Netherlands in 1642, most of the occupation of Taiwan. 1661, Zheng Chenggong to attack Taiwan, the following year to drive away the Dutch, the official recover Taiwan. Administrative Division 1376 (Hongwu nine) diverted to provincial administrative commissioner for the commitments announced, but the habit is still referred to as "provincial." 1370 all the provinces to _set_ a Methodist, 1375 to Douzhihuishi Division. Annan abandoned after 1428, Beijing Ming Thirteen in the country to _set_ up the two divisions, including the capital (North Zhili), Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan (above five provinces in the north), Nanjing (South Zhili), Zhejiang, Jiangxi , Hubei and Hunan, Sichuan (in the above five provinces), Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan (above five provinces in the south). 16 are Division were _set_, 5 rows Division, 2 Division left behind. Thirteen of them with the same name all Division administrative commissioner, the other three are all Division million, Daning are both Division and the Division of Liaodong. Five elements are the Secretary of Shaanxi (Ganzhou health governance, this Zhangye), Sichuan (rule Jianchang health, this Xichang), Hubei and Hunan (rule Yunyang Wei, now Hubei Yun County), Fujian (rule built Ning Fu, this Jian'ou) , Shanxi (rule Datong Prefecture). Division Two is staying _set_ in the Hongwu years are staying Division (now Fengyang) and placed in order of Jiajing Tianfu (now Hubei Zhongxiang) of the Hindu staying Division. In addition, in politics and religion in Qinghai, Tibet, Tibet Wu Si are _set_ with the Secretary, the Secretary flowers are Gan (the actual control of the local religious leader His Holiness the eight sub-jurisdiction of the religious and political center of the temple, there are the princes of the families of the manor), and another place Today, Gansu, Qinghai border Hami, music and other health first, the above is the nature of Jimi, and the mainland are Secretary, Secretary lines are different in nature. According to "History of the Ming Geography" records, the government finally out once they are 140, 193 state, county, 1138. According to "History of the Ming Soldier II" records, Wei Ming has 493, the 359. In addition, Ming also _set_ up between the provincial and prefectural road between. Channel is divided into sub-Shou Road, Road Patrol and two. Ming Dynasty and the reign title of the road for the government to tax grain size of criteria for the classification. Food for more than twenty thousand stone on the government. For more than twenty million or less in the House of thousands, hundreds of thousands of these for the next government.
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Economic Development
The development of private business Ming, whether iron, shipbuilding, construction and other heavy industry, or silk, textiles, ceramics, printing and other light industries are far ahead in the world, the world's industrial production accounted for 2 / 3 more than the proportion of agricultural production but also in the world much higher. Ming growing private industry, and government-run industries have been shrinking continuously. Shorter time to complete the Ming Dynasty the Song dynasty government-run handicraft from the evolution of the private and the change is even more thorough. Up to the late Ming Dynasty, in addition to salt and a few industries still in the implementation of the salt traders cited as the main system, most crafts are free from official control, became a folk handicrafts. So, if the privatization of agriculture in China appeared in the Warring States Period and Han Dynasty, then the complete privatization of China's handicraft industry, the late Ming Dynasty. Late Ming China, the private economic power than the people of Western power over the same period, when British businessman has tens of thousands of pounds by hand farm owners have been considered wealthy, the Ming private businessmen and capitalists spend several million ounces of silver for trade and production has a very unusual Zheng Zhilong economic strength of the Group of maritime trade income of tens of millions of taels of silver per year, when the Dutch East India Company could not compete with them. The scale of development in the commercial city, the population status and urbanization level of the market: the 16th century, smaller European cities, from 1519 to 1558 period, with 20,000 to 30,000 people can be called a "big city." According to the German geographer calculated orb Richter, 1600 years ago, Europe's urban population of less than 5% of the total population. Early 16th century, Europe is not a breaking through the 20 million population, with 100,000 to 200,000 people, only five cities; until the late 16th century to the l7 century, the population of 15 million or more rose to the commercial city of only four. Scale and proportion of the population from city to see the late Ming China's hand, slightly higher degree of urbanization. Mao, according to data from Iraq, the Ming dynasty in China's urban population accounted for 6% of the total population to 7.5%. According to Cao Shuji estimates, in 1630 when the Chinese urbanization rate has reached 8%. Braudel that in the craftsmen's shops and the urban market driven economy in Europe after 1450 the overall revitalization; 17th century Europe not only shop multiplication, and the establishment of a dense sales network. But he also acknowledged that China was also an active and strong market economy, the town is well developed business systems. In the primary market level, China organized "surprising", the layout is almost reached a "digital-like accurate." The local market, "dotted the street of small artisans and small traders, row upon row of shops in cities, business travel between four busy"; by the interconnected and regular supervision of a good commercial network consisting of market covered with the land of China. In addition, the emergence of the late Ming and was also similar to the modernization of European countries Sprout: sea water transport network to achieve a high degree of commercialization; usury capital, business capital through trade has opened up new markets, more money was put into production areas; to facilitate regional trade, banks, ticket number and the Chamber of Commerce is also growing. The unprecedented prosperity of business In the late Ming Dynasty, agricultural food production presents professional, commercial trends. Southern Guangdong had a large grain-producing area because most of the cotton or sugar cane used to produce eighty-nine Chengdu and other economic crops, food imports into areas where they rely on the supply of other food becomes a commodity grain export zone. Jiading area due to cotton industry, "Yap in the rice can not even one", plus commercial population growth, not from the local grain bread, eat four to Yang. Yangtze River Delta region was the mulberry, cotton crops and handicrafts of the most developed state, often suffering from lack of food thinking ... ... the region is very complicated swap. But the whole region is still insufficient, by Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui brought into the so-called "semi-fresh in the river Yang, Chu, Lu, On the chestnut." General cultivation of food crops, mainly rice, wheat, millet, Liang, millet, beans and other cereals; some areas could have been self-sufficient, due to the development of handicraft industry, the rapid increase in non-agricultural population, or the area of cash crops expanding, so that local food production can not meet demand, which annually imported large quantities of food.
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Scientific and technological achievements
Astronomy and meteorology The mid-fourteenth century, "White Ape Presents Sanko map" (author unknown) contains 132 cloud, and linked with the weather, most consistent with the principles of modern meteorology. (Europe to be published until 1879, only sixteen of the cloud.) 1383 Observatory in Nanjing in 1439 established the capital Beijing _set_ made armillary sphere (1900 Boxer Rebellion in Germany was stolen in 1921 to recover, _set_ the Nanjing Purple Mountain Observatory). 1442 Beijing Observatory located. 1446 Church built solar shadow (in the southwest of Beijing Ancient Observatory) 1607 Li algae essays, "said Hun cover map through the constitution" was published (introduction of Western astronomy celestial globe view of that explanation) Zhang Xie 1617 the "Eastern Western" designate such accounting records of marine details. 1634 China's first officially installed telescopes: "Dong" (yong) 1643 published "ChongZhen calendar." Mathematical Physics In 1450, Wu Jingzhuan "Nine algorithm than the class Filmography" Su Wang 1524 book into 54 volumes of more than 1,500 total nearly 50 million words to ask the "new _set_ of ancient and modern mathematics through card Treasures." 1584 Zhu Zaiyu the "essence of legal Lu," published Cheng Dawei 1592 Writing "of Algorithm were" the earliest recorded use of the abacus method of square root and cubic root. Xu and Ricci 1606 began joint translation "Geometry." 1613 Westerners, according to Li Kravis algae "Introduction to Practical Arithmetic," and China's Cheng Dawei "of Algorithm were" compiled from "the same text count means." 1637, Sung "On the gas gas sound" in the voice of the generation and dissemination to the line with a scientific explanation that the sound is due to the object vibration or rapid movement impact of air generated and transmitted through the air with waves similar . Zhi in the "Knowledge on the physical" volume 2, that read: "chou (time) round the buildings (space), the buildings in the universe, the universe in buildings." Made time and space time and space can not exist independently of each other . In the "Physical little knowledge" Volume 1, gas mask correctly explains the difference (that is, atmospheric refraction) phenomenon. Optical instrument maker, Sun Yun folk ball manufacturing magnifiers, microscopes and other optical instruments dozens, and the "Mirror History" (is Lost). Medical 1406, Zhu Di, etc. sponsor the collection compiled "Pu Ji Fang" (_set_ square sixty-one thousand seven hundred thirty-nine is one of the largest medical side of the existing book.) Nationalist government in Nanjing in 1567 tried the Chinese pox Pacific County inoculation against smallpox. (Vaccination against smallpox is the beginning of artificial immunization is a major achievement in medical history. Seventeenth century vaccination technology has been well-established in China and has spread across the country. Our inoculation procedure was introduced into Europe in the seventeenth century.) 1596 Li the "Compendium of Materia Medica," the official publication of print and publish the same period in Nanjing come out of there, "near Lake pulse diagnostics," "eight extra test," and so in 1601, Yang Jizhou book "Great acupuncture" in 1617, Chen real power of "surgical authentic" (a collection of a large number of valid prescription. He pays attention to practice, the courage to innovation and creativity to carry out the cut-off toe (finger), tracheal suture surgery for me to make a contribution to foreign science. the book have been discussed for some tumors.) 1624 Jingyue essays "class by" was published the same year, King Yue Realignment "category by the map-wing", and "The Annex" 1640 "Jing Yue Quan Shu" 64 rolled into sexual essays written in 1641 Miss "plague of" Wang Fu-chih in the "thinking asking recorded * Outer Chapters "in the proposed concept on the metabolism of organisms, he said:" Generation and shaped like a quality day, the day of ... ... muscle Consumers who are born old, unknown people also. people see the same shape but I do not know The quality of the already moved, ... ... " Agronomy Yu 1376 were in the "trees" (the record a variety of trees grafting methods, such as peach, plum, apricot and mulberry relative grafting, and grafting pear distant) 1406, Zhu Xiao, "Famine Herbal" have come (to collect four hundred and fourteen kinds of information on edible wild plants, specifying origin, morphology, and its edible parts of taste and food law, and decorated with fine patterns) corn in China in 1511 (doubtful, may not be correct) 1547 In Ma Yilong the "Shannon said," (recorded in the fine rice farming small Yun, close planting, seeding, transplanting planting experience, is the first to illustrate the use of philosophical writings of agricultural technologies.) passed in 1582 potato fan China, the 1596 slaughter of the overseer (jun) of China's earliest extant monograph on marine life, "central Fujian sea wrong Shu" (recorded along the coast to marine invertebrates and fish main over two hundred kinds of aquatic life forms and living habits, etc..) 1608, Yu Yan (Yu of the yuan), Yu Jie (Yu The Hang) co "Yuanheng therapy horse _set_" (the famous veterinary science books, including the horse, cattle and camels in the treatment experience, there are still practical value.) Zhao pupae in 1617 of "plant products" (for tomato planting techniques, etc.) In 1628 the Late Writing "Agricultural Policy Guidebook" Geography 1405-1431 annual rate of large ocean-going fleet of Zheng He arrived more than thirty countries of Western; Xu was "Xu Travels," 1425 "Zheng He map" Huang Zhong in 1536 compiled a "sea-language" (recorded History of Southeast Asia with China Nanyang traffic conditions) 1565 Hu Zongxian Code "chip chart code" on the record something of traffic and the Resistance in 1589 appeared the first map of the world, "Universal Geographic full map" starting in 1639 edited by Gu, "Chao domain records," "the world gun Lee Disease Book " Chemical, metallurgical and chemical 1521 Sichuan Chia-Chou (now Leshan) hewn oil hundreds of meters deep shaft 1596 <Tang County> recorded popular method of mining technology in 1596, Li in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" in the records of two hundred seventy-six kinds inorganic substances and chemical properties as well as distillation, evaporation, distillation, recrystallization, precipitation, burning and other techniques 1637, Sung in the "Heavenly Creations" in the account of smelting technology, to lead, copper, mercury, sulfur, and many other chemical elements to see as a basic material, and the reaction associated with them as derived material produced by the material, resulting in the seeds of the concept of chemical elements. "ChongZhen calendar" Chongzhen two years (June 21, 1629), Xu rites when he again proposed to amend the calendar is _set_ up in Chongzhen Di calendar Board approved and ordered by Xu leadership, Xiuzhuan new calendar. And asked him to "gather all the long, open-minded to listen to mining, western methods may wish to integrated, comprehensive view each different view." Xu Feng Chong Zhendi purpose, in the creation of the West Astronomical Bureau. 1629 ~ 1634, Xu and Li algae and Tian-by, has the west of France Governor revised calendar, appointment Westerners Schall (Germany), Luoya Valley (Italy), Longobardi (Italy), Deng Yu Han and other Xiu "Chongzhen calendar" and a total of 46 species of 137 volumes . Comprehensive development of scientific ideas Xu emphasis on deductive reasoning, and in particular focus on mathematics, that mathematics is all the other natural sciences and engineering base. Xu years in Chongzhen (1629) the founding of the Western Council of 26 July the same year, to Chongzhen Di memorial "calendar proposed amendment to Article precession sparse" that "covers all things visible and material, all working capital and the degree it is the ear "proposed" sub-Cao, "food, the idea that sub-disciplinary research, and discusses the relationship between mathematics and other sciences, and the role of mathematics in the production practice. He believes that mathematics is "from the use of the base," and proposed "pass with ten degrees": governance calendar, measurement, temperament, military, financial, construction, machinery, Geography, medicine, timing. In his charge to "Calendar Council" to carry out the mathematics in the fundamental, part and meteorology, engineering, military engineering, construction, mechanics, geodesy, medicine, mathematics and music and other disciplines of study. Calendar Board with scientific research institutions of the prototype. Chong Zhendi this positive response and support, decreed instructions "degree of bypass, the Shu results, together with sub-Cao food, the Ya know." Xu created the "investigation of things poor management of the school" has algae Li, Tian-by, of Sun Yuan, Wang Zheng, followed by another zhi, Wang Xichan other forward. Ming firearms with God machine operators Yongle eight years (in 1410) levy Cochin, the Yongle Emperor Zhu Di in Beijing _set_ up a special army guns army - god machine operators, this independent Chinese guns and force structure at that time and even the leading countries in the world than the first European institution of the Spanish guns as soldiers (founded in 1510), about a century earlier.
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External Relations
Routes of Zheng He's voyages of Zheng He To promote national prestige and strengthen links with overseas Asian countries, Western envoy Zheng Chengzu sent. From 1405 to 1433, Zheng and seven navigation, visited more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa, as far as the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa region. Board of Civil Division also sent letters inspection mission to Samaria Yuanwai Lang Chen Zi Lu Han children, Turpan, fire and other Western-eight states, with the strengthening of the Ming Dynasty on the world economic and political exchanges, China has made contributions to the world. Ren Ju Chi to the throne, stop voyages activities. Emperor Xuan Zong Zhu Zhanji to the throne, after five years in Xuande (1431) in early December 六日 leap, sending Zheng seventh and final voyages. To the next Kenso years, had once again proposed the eunuch voyages to the Kenso, so he ordered the Ministry of War to ask Zheng charts and other mission information. However, Liu and other officials that summer to the West as a major maladministration, more harm than good, so the current data of Zheng hiding sea maps (some say their destruction), command officials Bingbushangshu storage search term loyalty to no avail, again under the Western So the issue dropped. Ban Poet Yuan and Ming, Japanese samurai, merchants and pirates, often harassed coastal areas of China, known as pirates. To prevent the pirates, the emperor issued a ban on maritime trade policies. Mid-Ming Dynasty, the court mistakenly believed that "Japanese Pirates in the city from the ship, Suiba of." At that time, was the development of private overseas trade, was severely restricted. Some of the southeast coast of China traders, in collusion with the pirates, the common smuggling, looting spoils, Japanese Pirates intensified. Qi Ming sent to the eastern Zhejiang Poet. He led the Qijia Jun, Jie in Taizhou nine nine war, and achieved major victories in the struggle of Resistance Against Japan. Later he led his army marched to Fujian, Guangdong, with another consecutive hit Pirates Poet general Yu Dayou. To 1565, the southeast coast of the Japanese pirates basically destroy Qing Qi of the Resistance hero performance last forever. Pirates died down, the court in view of foreign trade on the importance of coastal residents, and gradually lift the ban on maritime trade, smuggling and trade in legitimate civil, international trade brought China into the world trading system gradually being formed. Wanli Korea War Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan, the desire to occupy North Korea. Wanli twenty years, the Japanese attack on the DPRK, the Korean king to flee the state and sent envoys to the meaning of the Ming Dynasty for help. Ming made the victory of the war, the Sino-Japanese peace talks. But years later, Nian Wu Wanli, the Japanese again attacked North Korea. Wanli Nian Liu, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died, defeated the Japanese returned to Japan. That is, for the Wanli Korea War. Western AC 16th century AD, after opening the new route, the Portuguese occupation of Malacca in 1511, and even more eager to contacts in China. Ming Wuzong Masanori seven years (1513), King of Portugal sent a mission to China to China and landed in Guangzhou, I hope the government established diplomatic relations with the Ming. Later, Emperor of China agreed to _set_ up the Portuguese in Macau, Matheson, building houses, and allow them to Guangzhou every year "winter." This is the first official of the Western powers, the landing of China and engage China.
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Imperial lineage
Ming emperor (16) Name Temple name posthumous reign Spirit Chiang Ching-Ming Dynasty tomb of the emperor to be a successful system operation Junde big high and the emperor Hongwu Xiao (1368 - 1398) of Xiaoling Zhu Yunwen Wen Zong Emperor Jianwen (1399 years - 1402) remains to be verified Zhu Di Yongle Emperor Taizong Wen (1403 - 1424) of high-Chi-Ren Zhu Changling, Emperor Zhao Hong Xi (1424 - 1425) of Chapter Emperor Xuan Zong Xian Ling Zhu Zhanji Xuande (1426 - 1435) of King Ling Zhu Qizhen Core Yingzong orthodox emperor (1436 years - 1449), Erik (1457 years - 1464) Yu Yu Ling Zhu Qi in the cases of King Emperor Jingtai (1450 years - 1457) Jingtai Ling Emperor Zhu Chenghua see the pure deep Kenso (1465 years - 1487) Mao Ling Jing Xiao Zhong Zhu Yu Tang Emperor Hongzhi (1488 - 1505) of Emperor Wu Zongyi Tailing According to Zhu Hou Ching Tak (1506 years - 1521) Hong Su-Ling Zhu Hou Zong Emperor Jia Jing King Sejong (1522 - 1566) Yongling King Zhuang of Chu Tsai Hou Mouzon Longqing (1567 - 1572) of Emperor Wanli Zhao Mausoleum was Zhu Yijun Shenzong (1573 - 1620) of Dingling Emperor Zhu Zhen-Tai Chang Chang Luo Guangzong (1620) Qing Ling Emperor Zhu revealed by the school Xizong 悊 (1621 years - 1627) Mausoleum of Zhu De Yi by the prosecution were as Emperor Chong Zhen (1628 - 1644) Mausoleum thinking Southern Ming emperor (4) An Zhu cases by the Song Emperor Chien Hung Kuang (1644 years - 1645) remains to be verified Emperor Zhu Yu-Lung Wu Xiang key Shaozong (1645 - 1646) of Long Zhuangzong of Latter Day Wuling Emperor Zhu Yu-http Shaowu (1646) from the palm Akimune Shaowu Ling Chu Kuang Emperor Yongli (1646 - 1662 years) Winor Ling Note: The first Ming Xiaoling in Nanjing Purple Mountain, benefits were buried at an unknown, Jingtai tomb is located in Haidian District, Beijing Yuquan Shan Mountain, and the remaining thirteen Ming Tombs in Beijing, the Ming Tombs in Changping County, Tianshou. Nanming An unknown number of burials at, Long Wuling in Fuzhou Luohan Ling, Shao Wuling in Guangzhou Yuexiu Park, Yongli Gao Ling Tong in Duyun Hill.
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Overview of the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1644), a description of death in the DPRK (1368-1683), etc., also known as the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Empire, called out, the last in Chinese history from the Han Dynasty established a unified feudal. Be the first Ming emperor in 1368 days of emperor, the country, "Ming." In the same year the "expulsion of Hulu restoration of China" as called for the Northern Expedition, the Ming army captured the Yuan capital Dadu (now Beijing), Yuen Shun, who favored the north to escape, the Yuan dynasty to perish. The early Ming to be Tianfu (now Nanjing) to the capital in 1421 (LO nineteen years), Yongle Emperor Zhu Di moved the capital to Shuntian (now Beijing), Nanjing Yingtian have to stay. Ming Dynasty more than 1100 square kilometers of territory, including the Mainland in the two capitals thirteen provinces, Northeast China, eastern Xinjiang, Tibet, South China Sea Islands, this northern Burma, eastern Siberia and other places, and worked in Southeast Asia, Hong Kong and other places with the old Jimi administration, influence force affected the entire east coast of Asia and Africa. Zheng defeated Dutch colonialists in 1662 recovering Taiwan, the island the first time in a government administrative body _set_ up counties (East Ning Fu, administered Tianxing, years counties) across the island of Taiwan formally managed, Taiwan reverted to Chinese territory. Ming Dynasty in Chinese history, economy and culture are developed stage. Strengthen the early Ming dynasty centralized monarchy, the emperor monopolize all powers. Xuande after the imperial power began to weaken, the power struggle between the cabinet and the eunuchs. Starting from the late Ming Dynasty, along with the Western Renaissance, the Reformation and geographical discovery, science and technology developed rapidly. At the same time, China has emerged Xu, Sung, Xu, Feng Meng, a large number of scientists, geographers and writers but also as a number of Western missionaries came to China in exchange for the East and West opened up the window and opportunities, China traditional science and technology into the final stage of accelerated development. Ming Zhu Yuan Yuan Dynasty Mongolian ruler increasingly brutal darkness, to the Yuan Shundi period, the outbreak of the Korean mountain boy, Liu Tong, Xu Shouhui red scarves and other leaders of the uprising. The emperor took part in the red scarves, fighting north and south. 1364, the emperor himself king, known as the West Wu regime. In 1368, the emperor emperor to be Tianfu (Nanjing) to the capital, the country Ming dynasty, Hongwu reign, the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, is the first Ming emperor. Soon he ordered Xu Da, regular book and other general Expedition Yuan, captured Dadu (Beijing), Yuen Shun, who favored the north to escape, the Yuan dynasty in the country after 98 years of the reign came to an end, China has entered the Ming Dynasty rule. Ming Dynasty China was strong, the Hongwu, Jianwen, Yongle dynasties good governance, to the Ming Emperor Xuan Zong of the past hundred years, the Ming Dynasty into the north of the Mongolian Plateau, Nanzheng Annan, cutting Ceylon, the fetters of ethnic Malay islands to the Ming throne young Yingzong When North Korea in the "Three Yang" Yang Pu, Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong presided Council, "at home and Qingping, IMC to North Korea." 1442, the eunuch Wang began to monopolize power, 1449 shocked the whole world changes the civil Fort, Yongle's military superiority has been destroyed, and to a great loss of national power, Jingtai Emperor Yu Qian decisively defeated Wala appointment. Then through Jingtai Tianshun two Koreas resumed operations, national strength has gone up, to re-Ming Ye Xiaozong Dodge Hongzhi Period, when the political Qingming, people's livelihood and well-being, external re-Hami health legislation, re-establish and control of the fetters of Western history on the call this time as "Hongzhi ZTE." North Korea began to decline gradually in Zhengde to the implementation of the New Deal when Jiajing, political strength was somewhat restored, but the obvious contradiction between Yin Jiajing late monarch, and began the decline, social conflict germination. To Longqing years Xu Jie, Gao Gong, who introduced the New Deal, strikes ban on maritime trade, the canonization of I up to others, to Wanli, in the famous Colonial Cabinet Minister under Jang's reform, re-ZTE, at home and liquidation of this period, but also has pacification of Gansu, Guizhou rebellion, and to rescue the Japanese aggression against Korea beat North Korea. This highly developed economy and culture during the Ming Dynasty, was later court-year-old collection account, the Ming economic scale in the world. However, before the mid to Wanli emperor lazy government officials more corrupt and plunder landlords around the flesh and blood, resulting in Jiangnan Min change occurs. Wanli Dynasty, Jurchen rebels statehood outside the customs, the Ming Dynasty began to decline. Revealed years of the dictatorship of the official yellow doors Group accelerated the development of this process. To Chongzhen years, as successive years of disaster, the Ming court due to financial bankruptcy, unable to Zhenfu, the people have to rise up, the army also broke after the Golden Great Wall line of defense within five entry. Chongzhen seventeen years (1644), Li Zi Cheng led his army captured Beijing, Chong Zhendi hanging, the same year Qingjunruguan. Some ministers in the South crowned Ming Ming imperial clan creation of several regimes, known as the Southern Ming. 1662, Sangui will Yongli Emperor strangulation in Kunming, Yunnan Province, Southern Ming perish. Taiwan's government to continue with Yongli reign Zheng, Shi Lang sent the Qing Dynasty in 1683 to attack Taiwan, Cheng surrender, monitoring state of Wang Zhu Ning Jing Gui suicide martyrdom operation. Emperor Ming after sixteen, Jo 276 years to enjoy the country. After four Southern Ming Dynasty, which lasted 18 years. Taiwan Cheng regime lasted 21 years. Ming the historical process and its associated regime, are divided into four phases: Ming Dynasty predecessor - West Wu (1364 -1368) of Rule the country - the Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644) of South Banbi - Southern Ming (1644 -1662) of Finally, the aftermath - Ming Cheng (1662 -1683) of West Wu (1364-1368) Yuan Dynasty, political corruption, the Mongol rulers struggle for power, including the Han, including an unprecedented number of people under oppression, the Treasury has become more empty. In 1351, the court more than a dozen people mobilized farmers and soldiers of the Yellow River flood control. "River" and "change note" as the people change the fuse, resulting in red scarves uprising broke out. May 1351, Han Shan Tong, Liu Tong led red scarves uprising broke out. The following year, Guo Zixing response, mob uprising, captured Hao Zhou. Soon, poor peasants who came Haozhou soup and invited by the emperor defected Guozi Xing, Li exploits repeated by Guo Zixing esteem and confidence, and married his wife Guo Zixing daughter Ma. After the emperor to leave Hao Zhou, develop their own forces. 1355, Liu Tong Li Han Lin child for the Emperor, the country, the Song dynasty, dragon and phoenix reign, said small ming to Bozhou the capital. Guo Guo Zixing command of the Ministry of the emperor after the death of the deceased, Ren Xiaoming Wang Vice Marshal left. In 1356, occupation _set_ shuaibing Qing, changed its name to be Tianfu, and take around a number of military importance, access to a piece based on the base. Zhu Yuan Zhu Sheng adopted the "high wall, wide grain, slow kings" of the proposal. 1360, through the Poyang Lake water war, Chen Youliang forces suffer a great blow. 1361, the small letters the emperor was Wuguo Gong Ming Wang. 1363, Chen Youliang forces are completely eliminated. 1364, the emperor himself king, king known as the West, and East Wu in Wang Zhang Shicheng Pingjiang distinguished. 1366 Little Ming Wang Shen drowned in the river, the first year of the emperor Wu will be replaced next year. 1367, captured Pingjiang FRACTAL himself, then off Zhejiang Fang Guozhen. In 1368 the first month, the emperor should be days of the emperor, the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, reign title of Hongwu, after the Northern Expedition and the west, captured most of the same year, Yuen Shun, who favored the north to escape. After the emperor to destroy the Ming Yuzhen forces in Sichuan and Yunnan in the Yuan Dynasty guarding the King of Liang. And in-depth Mobei, attack North yuan. To this initial list of the world. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Hongwu Period After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, on the one hand to reduce the burden on peasants and restore social and economic production and punishment of corruption of officials, received certain effects. A system established in the Ming Dynasty, with the liturgical books and yellow fish scale implementation of Atlas, the implementation of tax collection and local labor to maintain law and order. But the suspicious character of the emperor, but also the hero of some suspicion, fear of the credit for bending the law, up to no good. However, some hero has crossed the rites, all kinds of evil. Hing emperor prison to two, namely "Blue Party Hu Yu", almost all of Heaven's hero. Battle of the Yongle period Jingnan Military Governors Scholars for the emperor packet to strengthen the border and defend the throne. Military Governors among the stronger forces of the North Military Governors, the main task is the border of Mongolia. Yan Wang Zhu Di, and the king and particularly the most powerful. Pose a serious threat to the imperial power. Chengzu strong crackdown on dissidents, such as Huangzi Cheng, Qi Jiu Chen Jianwen Thai, etc. are all killed. Fang Xiaoru which the "punish the ten tribes," and King Qing of "Guaman copy" the most tragic. He has also _set_ up another spy organization - East plant. Wei Ming factory system established. Ren Xuan Governance Akihito is the Yongle Emperor Zhu Di of the rule announced after the high-Chi Chu and Ming Ren Ming Emperor Xuan Zong Zhu Zhanji taken a liberal country and Xi Bing Yang-min policy. After the early Ming Dynasty Hongwu economy, Kin Man, Wing-lok, the recovery towards the development of three to Ren, Xuanzong dynasties, there has been social and economic prosperity. Renzong time "stop stop shopping, indiscriminate injustice vindicated, with the physical as_set_s of the tribute, Beichi with the public interest." When the implementation of agricultural policies Xuanzong heavy, punishing corruption shortage relief. Ren Xuan dynasties, 内阁大学士 Yang Shiqi, Yang Pu, Yang Rong in charge of affairs of state, more than a contribution. They became history during the reign of the Ching Ming official management, economic development, social stability period. Later known as the "Ren Xuan Governance", than during the Western Han Dynasty, "Wenjing." Fort civil and walked out the door of the change variable Xuande Decade (1435), 9-year-old Ming Zhu Qizhen Yingzong throne. Queen Mother and the veteran minister of state in Zhangtai Huang Yang Shiqi, Yang Pu, Yang Rong (Three Yang) and his assistant, the Ming Ren Xuan continue along the route during the steady progress. Orthodox seven years (1442) Queen Mother died too, the three Yang also quit the political arena, so the eunuch Wang Yingzong Chongxin more imperious and despotic, authoritarian started. Orthodoxy in the early years of Mongolia Wala Department began to grow, often along the border trouble in the Ming Dynasty. Wala head first while in the orthodox fourteen years (1449) out of attack south in July. Wang Yingzong led troops that rely on half a million foreign crusades. After the army left Beijing, the soldiers lack of food Lawton. Only to the common ground troops in early August. Wang and received front-line separate ways defeat, fear not war, lie in return. Return in triumph to the civil Fort, they were Wala military to catch up, half dead and wounded soldiers, kings and ministers, or followers killed or captured. The breakthrough Yingzong not a prisoner, Wang Zhong Fan was killed by security guard generals, namely, the change for the civil Fort. Kenso period Chenghua the early Ming Dynasty, from time to time by the gradual intrusion Jurchen strong statehood, a large number of property stolen each year, the people unbearable, fully integrated multiple pacify statehood leader Tung Tai Shan accomplished. Chenghua three years, the Ming court to induce North Korea to apologize to the Dong Shan Dong Shan machine beheaded. Koji ZTE Takemune in politics Eighteen years Hongzhi May, Hsiao Tsung died. Fifteen-year-old crown prince ascended the throne according to Zhu thick, is Takemune, reign title Masanori. Takemune proficient in Buddhist Studies, will be Sanskrit, but also courteous, but having fun. Liu Jin, Ma Yung-cheng, Dayong Gu, Wei Bin, Zhang, Qiu together, Gao Feng, Luo Xiang Orient House, with eight of the past collusion between the eunuchs, for "eight tiger." Liu Jin the exclusive right has also led to the ministers one of the other "seven Tiger" dissatisfaction. Liu Jin was the end lynching. Masanori years of October, the Mongolian Tatars little prince rates five million large-scale invasion of the border, Masanori Emperor Yu Jia foreign crusades beat Little Prince, known as "chou Victory" The campaign consequences, Tatars, "the latter years of age committed edge, then not in depth. " Takemune the shortage of travel pleasures lead to annexation of land between Masanori intense class contradictions and contradictions among the ruling group to deepen, so frequent upheaval has occurred Ningxia An Zhu Home Fan rebellion of the king, Liu Zhili six, seven uprising Liu, Jiangxi ning Chu Chen Hao rebellion and other major events. Masanori fifteen years, Wu Zong Qing Jiangpu in southern Zhili (Huaian) fell into the water when boating fun disease. Masanori sixteen years (1521) March Takemune died. Jiajing Longqing dynasties Jiajing Once, while the Ministry of the Ming Dynasty the northern Tatar weak and occupy the Loop. Jiajing 1550, Altan Khan, leader of Tatar invasion, in a Beijing suburb, after looting the West, the Ming army in pursuit of the defeated, this is Gengxu the change. Mouzon, the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia Tonghao, Altan has been called the king of Shunyi, in the southern territorial waters, pirates run amok, causing serious damage to people's lives and production. But after the Chi Chi, Hu Zongxian, Yu Dayou consumed. Sejong after the death of Prince Chu Tsai Hou ascended the throne, is to Mingmu cases, reign title Khanh. Mouzon six years in office, appointment to Robinson, such as Gong, Xu Jie, Zhang, etc., Mouzon, the Altan been called Shunyi Wang, Han Meng flak. Domestic situation is generally better. The early years of the Wanli laid the foundation for ZTE. Jang reform Khanh six years, Mingmu were a stroke died, Zhu Yijun, whose son succeeded to the throne, reign title Wanli, is Shenzong. The young, by the Regent Queen Mother. Minister of state with the Queen Mother as a trusted Gao Gong Feng Bow against the eunuch was dismissed from office, Zhang was supported by Feng Bow. Wanli lazy policy Jang early death, Wanli Emperor still capable of maintaining interest in affairs of state, but soon began to idle government. Wanli 14 years later, towards a Shenzong started for less. Seventeen years after the New Year Wanli, Shenzong to remove the grounds of the New Year Chaohe eclipse. New Year's Day every year since then no longer, as the DPRK Shenzong. Wanli 16 years since, often towards the Emperor Shen-often do not see. Political affairs in the palace in the eye all day, being immersed in the life of debauchery. General trend of the beauty pageant every year. Fortunately Shenzong construction, often massive construction projects. In his twenty-year-old began to build the cemetery. Wanli seventeen years, supreme court left things Luo Ren-assessment memorial, said Shenzong indulge in alcohol, color, money, gas, result relegated to the people. Shenzong also sent mine supervision and monitoring plunder private property taxes, resulting in many uprisings occurred. Ignoring affairs of state due Shenzong, lack of government is very serious. Wanli 30 years (1602), missing a total of two capitals of North and South Book of Three, assistant minister ten; around the three missing governor, lieutenant-governor, provincial judge, etc. Sixty-six, twenty-five prefect. Shenzong Weidun last, Baiguan party struggle in the next, the Government fully into being idle. Bureaucracy in the factions, each other down, such as the Donglin party, declared the party, the party Kun, Qi party, Zhejiang Party, many names, but it is not proposed how to improve the affairs of state issues, but personnel arrangement only. It is for these reasons then, folk culture has been a great business and the development of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty during the most developed, called the seeds of capitalism, it flourished here. Wanli including assistance against the Japanese invasion of Korean Japanese invasion chaos, put down the rebellion in Ningxia Bo worship, put down the rebellion in Guizhou Yang Wanli Long Zheng have won three. Wanli forty-six years (1618), after the gold Khan Nurhaci to "Seven hate" Notice to day, pledging rebel out. The following year the Battle of Hu in the Saar defeated the Ming army, out of gold from this post into strategic defense. Wanli 48 years, died Shenzong. Wei Zhongxian in politics Taichang first year (1620), Mitsumune Jiabeng. Zhu succession by the eldest son of the school is to clearly Xizong, reign title revealed. Xizong educational level is not high, and he likes to carpenter work. Yan Dang Wei Zhongxian rose up gangs in politics, Ming society more darkness. So-called "Wei Zhongxian in politics," is to take advantage of the Ming Dynasty number of civilian groups "East Forest Party" and "Zhejiang Party", "Let the party", "Lu Party" for their own interests arising. Emperor attempted in the inner court with the DPRK officials in the minority together, from the Donglin party cabinet dominated the struggle for power. Struggle with the revelation that the emperor died and the last end. Revealed after the death of the emperor, the emperor began to only use Chongzhen "Donglin Party" officials, in October 1627 transferred to the emperor Wei Zhongxian Fengyang guard tombs, Wei Zhongxian hanged himself. Internal and external problems 1629 (Chongzhen years) 10 months after the King Khan, a guide led a Taiji by the army of the Mongols, by xifengkou, breaking off from the Dragon Wall, the fall of Zunhua, Luanzhou, Yongping, Qian'an four forts, encroaching upon the empire. Because personnel changes, the court once lost control of border guards in western Liaoning, while the garrison of the three major business empire by force of deterrence for the post-gold, Beijing pavilion village homes outside the city torn away by an intruder. In the same year in December, Chong Zhendi Dahir world to Beijing loyalist troops and horses. 1630 (Chongzhen three years), the emperor of "do not care commanded effect indefinitely on bullying hidden to steal city-owned meters are to seek suspect then cut handsome" and other charges will be responsible for military affairs of the Yuanchonghuan Liaodong death. In the same year, after Beijing Jinda Jun straight outside the city, the Ming court earthquake, Chongqing, Chief General Qin Liangyu women to come forward, led the "white bar" soldiers of the Eight Banners Army initiative to attack. Yongding Gate in Beijing, the second emperor Qin Liangyu sent Dorgon against the Department of the Ministry. This battle, Qin Liangyu rate of white soldiers in the Sun Chengzong rod in cooperation with other veteran cavalry beat iron heel. After the Qin Liangyu and take advantage of a successful attack on the night after the snow gold sweat Huang Taiji Camp. Taiji have forced even the abandoned Luanzhou, Yongping, Qian'an, Zunhua four cities, without success, to exit customs. 1640, war broke out Kam Ming and Qing Song, 1642 Hong Chengchou captured in Matsuyama, Zu Taishou in Jinzhou surrender. Song Jin Ming Dynasty in the war marked the complete collapse of the Liaodong defense system in the customs only one isolated city Ning. 1641, Li Zicheng fall of Luoyang, killing Fukuo Chang Zhu Xun. Rereading break in October 1643 Tongguan, November occupation of Xi'an. Chang Hsien-chung peasant army led by the capture of Hubei and Hunan regions first, and later captured in Sichuan, the establishment of Atlantic power. 1644 Rereading Dashun regime established in Xi'an, Yongchang reign. 1644 (Chongzhen seventeen years) in March, farmers army captured Datong, Vision House, Pass. On the 18th, the military captured the peasants outside the city of Beijing. Early the next morning, Chong Zhendi Meishan hanging in Beijing Southern Ming (1644-1662) 弘光政 right Twenty days in April 1644, led a force with Sangui Li Zicheng outside a stone in the Shanhaiguan war, but because of the war Qing, Li Zicheng defeat, then retreat to abandon Beijing to Xi'an. May two days of the Qing Prince Regent Beijing Duoergun.八日, the Qing Emperor Shunzhi into Beijing, Beijing became capital of the Qing Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty in Nanjing with the basic form of government. May 1644 three days of May, a cousin of Emperor Chong Zhen Zhu Fukuo pushed for the supervision by the State Song. Twelve days later, the emperor Zhu from the song is for the security cases, to the following year the first year of the Hung Kuang. Hung Kuang government infighting continued, the remnants of authoritarian internally by Yan Dang, the "United prisoner flat Bandits" wrong policy, Hong Guangdi reason not indulge in wine and women affairs. At this point a series of farmers military strife, war with the Qing troops when they repeatedly fail the first year of the first month, Hung Kuang, Qing break Tongguan, Rereading the Hubei retreat. Hung Kuang first year in March, the military center of gravity eastward Dorgon ordered to move south to more Tudor and attack the Southern Ming. Qing Shi Kefa guard quickly to the Yangzhou City, Shi Kefa sticking Qiriqiye, city break, Shi Kefa killed, Qing Yangzhou subsequently conducted a full ten-day massacre, known as Yangzhou on the 10th, the victims of 80 million. After the Qing crossing, broken Nanjing. Hong Guangdi captured, taken to the Beijing the following year, was killed in the wood outside the city of Beijing Xuanwumen. Qing accounted for Nanjing, and then another captured Suzhou, Hangzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou and other southern most. Hung Kuang first year of June, and then under the Qing Dressed Order, order within ten days, the Qing Manchu total area decorated to imitate Han Dressed all in fashion, "do not stay stay head hair, leaving hair without leaving the first" triggering the Han people strong resistance. People resist the Qing Jiangnan uprisings, in which people resist the Qing Jiading and Jiangyin particularly fierce tenacity, has had "three Jiading Tu" and "Jiangyin eighty-day" events such as resist the Qing, but have been Qing bloody crackdown. Implementation of the Qing rulers brutal Dressed in fashion, exceeded the total number of victims during the millions. Long Wu, Shao Wuzheng right Yongli regime Long after the murder of Emperor, Zhu Gui Wang Lang in October that year by the tenth day monitoring the country in Zhaoqing, Nov. 18 became the emperor, is Akimune to the following year for the first year Yongli. Winor regime has been defeated and the remnants of Li Tzu-cheng Chang Hsien-chung jointly resist the Qing, was to recover the whole territory of Hunan Province; Zheng insisted activities in the southeast coastal areas resist the Qing, was captured over Choan II Prefecture, and upon the Zhengshuo Yongli, Wing calendar years, Wang Ning Jing Zhu Yongli Emperor patients assigned to Zheng Gui troops monitoring the country. Yongli Three years later, the Qing one hand, the fall of Hunan Province again. Yongli four years, the Qing forces captured Guangzhou and Guilin. Nanning Yongli Emperor was forced to retreat. Yongli five years, Sun is expected to meet Emperor Yongli of the Enron into Guizhou, Sichuan and attack, once recovered most of Sichuan. John Reading also attack Guangxi, Guilin, capture, clear _set_ of self-immolation die Nanwang Kong Youde and Hunan Hampshire World War II, Prince Jing Jin Qing Ni Kan beheaded, although complex in Hunan, and sometimes the world earthquake. However, Mr John Reading, Sun is expected to two generals ranks. Yongli eight years, John Reading, joined forces with Zheng Chenggong Meet Guangdong Xinhui, Guangzhou plans to take, not been successful. Yongli nine years, Kinmen, Xiamen Zheng Chenggong retreated two. Yongli eleven years, Sun is expected to drop clear, Southwest Sun are expected to sell military intelligence, massive attack Qing Yunnan; this time Emperor Yongli Zheng Chenggong was labeled Koxinga, while Zheng Chenggong led the navy embarked on the Zhoushan Islands. Yongli thirteen years, three-way into the Qing Dian, Yongli Emperor exiled to Burma; time rate of 170,000 water Zheng Lu Dajun Zhang Huangyan joined forces with the eastern Zhejiang, the decision massive Northern Expedition, ZHENG into the Yangtze River, captured under the melon, Zhenjiang , Jiangpu other places, leading to the next city of Nanjing, the Nanjing surrounded by delaying the results Qing Qing defeated and had to return to southern headquarters. Delivery of the Qing Emperor Shun Zhi Su concentrated in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces to attack Kinmen-Xiamen Zheng Chenggong's military forces. Of factors of suicide, the Qing army defeated. Qing Burma at this time, Emperor Yongli forced to hand over the Government of Myanmar. Yongli fifteenth year to send his son Zheng Jing Zheng Jinsha left behind, their attack by the Dutch occupied Taiwan, after a bitter fight in September and February Recovering. Sixteen years Yongli April Sangui Yongli Emperor was strangled in Kunming, Yunnan Province, Southern Ming perish. In May Zheng died in Taiwan in June John Reading, died in Mengla. Cheng Ming (1662-1683) Yongli Emperor killed, the national large-scale activities to resist the Qing Kui Dong thirteen only in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Xiamen resist the Qing and Zheng Chenggong. Rereading remnants in Hunan resist the Qing failed, moved to Sichuan, Hubei and mountain activities, in Interpreting the government continues to resist the Qing east, known as Kui Dong thirteen. 1662, the Qing began its strangulation, 1664, thirteen military resist the Qing Kui Dong failed leader Li Hang family self-immolation. Yongli Zheng Chenggong died in May, after sixteen years, came to Taiwan from Xiamen Zheng Jing took over the business, continue to use Yongli reign, the surface is still monitoring the country Ning Jing Wang Feng Ming Zhu Gui was Zhengshuo surgery, and the following year to meet Zhu patients from Guangxi, Fujian to Taiwan. Together with the Netherlands in 1663 Offensive Manchu Kinmen and Xiamen and Kinmen-Xiamen trapped two islands, Ming Cheng forces retreated to Taiwan, the Colonial in Chan Wing-wah, the ask the earth people, through vendors, Hing the schools, personnel, fixed system, within the great order. Rebellion broke out in 1673 San Francisco, Zheng Jing Jing Nan Wang Geng Jingzhong Please accept the aid, led his army expedition Fujian. Zheng Jing back in Xiamen, and received Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and three House in Chaozhou, Guangdong, Huizhou, and then capture. Later, Shang Kexi of Guangdong Ping Nanwang, Fujian Jing Nan Wang Geng Jingzhong have been put down by the Qing, Yunnan Pingxi Wang Sangui also Failure, Zheng defeated by the forces can only hold in Xiamen, in 1680 cleared the million Stern sent someone to lobby the Navy Vice-ZHENG Governor Zhu Tiangui (formerly the Ministry Geng Jingzhong) rate of ship 300, 2 million soldiers who surrendered to the Qing, Zheng Jing give back to Taiwan to Xiamen and return after victory, and then dissipated. Zheng Jing patients who died in 1681, chose to leave Zheng Ke Zang Si Wei, Feng Xifan poison Zheng Ke Zang, Yong Li the husband Zhengke shuang, all powerful. Cheng Ming Qing Emperor Kangxi to take advantage of the outbreak of infighting within the regime, the Rebel Admiral Shi Lang to start a crusade to Taiwan. 1683, Shi Lang defeated Liu Guoxuan overcome Penghu to Taiwan caused great military pressure, the results Dressed shuang surrendered to the Qing Zheng Ke, Ning Jing Wang Gui Zhu carry Fēi suicide martyrdom operation, a resist the Qing forces in the final destruction of the country.
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Economic Development
Private industrial and commercial development Ming, whether iron, shipbuilding, construction and other heavy industry, or silk, textiles, ceramics, printing and other light industries are far ahead in the world, the world's industrial production accounted for 2 / 3 more than the proportion of agricultural production but also in the world much higher. Ming growing private industry, and government-run industries have been shrinking continuously. Shorter time to complete the Ming Dynasty the Song dynasty government-run handicraft from the evolution of the private and the change is even more thorough. Up to the late Ming Dynasty, in addition to salt and a few industries still in the implementation of the salt traders cited as the main system, most crafts are free from official control, became a folk handicrafts. So, if the privatization of agriculture in China appeared in the Warring States Period and Han Dynasty, then the complete privatization of China's handicraft industry, the late Ming Dynasty. Late Ming China, the private economic power than the people of Western power over the same period, when British businessman has tens of thousands of pounds by hand farm owners have been considered wealthy, the Ming private businessmen and capitalists spend several million ounces of silver for trade and production has a very unusual Zheng Zhilong the economic strength of the sea trade group income tens of millions of taels of silver per year, when the Dutch East India Company could not compete with them. The unprecedented prosperity of business In the late Ming Dynasty, agricultural food production presents professional, commercial trends. Southern Guangdong had a large grain-producing area because most of the cotton or sugar cane used to produce eighty-nine Chengdu and other economic crops, food imports into areas where they rely on the supply of other food becomes a commodity grain export zone. Jiading area due to cotton industry, "Yap in the rice can not even one", plus commercial population growth, not from the local grain bread, eat four to Yang. Yangtze River Delta region was the mulberry, cotton crops and handicrafts of the most developed state, often suffering from lack of food thinking ... ... the region is very complicated swap. But the whole region is still insufficient, by Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui brought into the so-called "semi-fresh in the river Yang, Chu, Lu, On the chestnut." General cultivation of food crops, mainly rice, wheat, millet, Liang, millet, beans and other cereals; some areas could have been self-sufficient, due to the development of handicraft industry, the rapid increase in non-agricultural population, or the area of cash crops expanding, so that local food production can not meet demand, which annually imported large quantities of food.
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