Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon?, officially 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku) is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of China, Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes identified as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan comprises over 3,000 islands making it an archipelago. The largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for 97% of Japan's land area. Most of the islands are mountainous, many volcanic; for example, Japan’s highest peak, Mount Fuji, is a volcano. Japan has the world's tenth largest population, with about 128 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan begins with brief appearances in Chinese history texts from the first century AD.
Influence from the outside world followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. Since adopting its constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament, the Diet.
A major economic power, Japan has the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP. It is a member of the United Nations, G8, G4, OECD and APEC, with the world's fifth largest defense budget. It is also the world's fourth largest exporter and sixth largest importer and a world leader in technology and machinery.
The English word Japan is an exonym not used in the Japanese language. The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon (にっぽん) and Nihon (にほん). They are both written in Japanese using the kanji 日本. The Japanese name Nippon is used for most official purposes, including on Japanese money, postage stamps, and for many international sporting events. Nihon is a more casual term and the most frequently used in contemporary speech.
Both Nippon and Nihon literally mean "the sun's origin" and are often translated as the Land of the Rising Sun. This nomenclature comes from Imperial correspondence with Chinese Sui Dynasty and refers to Japan's eastward position relative to China. Before Japan had relations with China, it was known as Yamato and Hi no moto, which means "source of the sun".
The English word for Japan came to the West from early trade routes. The early Mandarin Chinese or possibly Wu Chinese word for Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. The modern Shanghainese (a Wu Chinese dialect 呉語) pronunciation of characters 日本 (Japan) is still Zeppen [zəʔpən] (in Wu language, 日 has two pronounciations 白读：niʔ or 文读：zəʔ, in some regions in South Wu, it is pronounced as niʔpən, similar to that of Japanese). The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang (modern spelling Jepun, although Indonesian has retained the older spelling), was borrowed from a Chinese language, and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century. It is thought the Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe. It was first recorded in English in 1577 spelled Giapan.
History
The first signs of occupation on the Japanese Archipelago appeared with a Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC, followed from around 14,000 BC by the Jōmon period, a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture. Decorated clay vessels from this period, often with plaited patterns, are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world.
The Yayoi period, starting around the third century BC, introduced new practices, such as wet-rice farming, iron and bronze-making and a new style of pottery, brought by migrants from China or Korea. With the development of Yayoi culture, a predominantly agricultural society emerged in Japan.
The Japanese first appear in written history in China’s Book of Han. According to the Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku.
The Great Buddha in Kamakura (1252).Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje of the Korean Peninsula, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism and Buddhist sculptures were primarily influenced by China. Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and eventually gained growing acceptance since the Asuka period.
The Nara period of the eighth century marked the first emergence of a strong central Japanese state, centered around an imperial court in the city of Heijō-kyō, or modern day Nara. In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent written literature with the completion of the massive chronicles Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720). (Nara was not the first capital city in Japan, though. Before Nara, Fujiwara-kyō and Asuka served as capitals of the Yamato state.)
In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō for a brief ten-year period, before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern day Kyoto) in 794, where it remained for more than a millennium. This marked the beginning of the Heian period, during which time a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and literature. Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of modern Japan's national anthem, Kimi ga Yo were written during this time.
Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the rival Taira clan, Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed Shogun and established a base of power in Kamakura. After Yoritomo's death, the Hōjō clan came to rule as regents for the shoguns. Zen Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class. The Kamakura shogunate managed to repel Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, aided by a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a kamikaze, or Divine Wind. The Kamakura shogunate was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo, who was soon himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336. The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyo), and a civil war erupted (the Ōnin War) in 1467 which opened a century-long Sengoku period.
During the sixteenth century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West (Nanban trade).
The 1945 atomic bombing of Nagasaki.Oda Nobunaga conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and firearms and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in 1582. Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi invaded Korea twice, but following several defeats by Korean and Ming China forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598.
After Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized his position as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed shōgun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo). The Tokugawa shogunate enacted a variety of measures such as Buke shohatto to control the autonomous daimyo. In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period. The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued during this period through contacts with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku, or literally "national studies", the study of Japan by the Japanese themselves.
On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent similar treaties with the Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought Japan into economic and political crises. The abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state unified under the name of the Emperor (Meiji Restoration). Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that embarked on a number of military conflicts to expand the nation's sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea, and the southern half of Sakhalin.
The early twentieth century saw a brief period of "Taisho democracy" overshadowed by the rise of expansionism and militarization. World War I enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence and territorial holdings. Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931. As a result of international condemnation for this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, joining the Axis powers in 1941.
In 1937, Japan invaded other parts of China, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States naval base in Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. This act brought the United States into World War II. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, along with the Soviet Union joining the war against it, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15 (Victory over Japan Day). The war cost Japan millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, was convened by the Allies (on May 3, 1946) to prosecute Japanese leaders for war crimes such as the Nanking Massacre.
In 1947, Japan adopted a new pacifist constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied occupation ended by the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952 and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved spectacular growth to become the second largest economy in the world, with an annual growth rate averaging 10% for four decades. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. Positive growth in the early twenty-first century has signaled a gradual recovery.
Government and politics
The National Diet Building, in Nagatachō, Tokyo.Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people. The Emperor effectively acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasions. Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne.
Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a House of Representatives, containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age, with a secret ballot for all elective offices. The liberal conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived coalition government formed from opposition parties in 1993. The largest opposition party is the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan.
The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. The position is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members. Yasuo Fukuda currently serves as the Prime Minister of Japan.
Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki. However, since the late nineteenth century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably France and Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on the German model. With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan. Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber stamp approval of the Emperor. The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation. Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts. The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the Six Codes.
Foreign relations and military
Yasuo Fukuda with US President George W. Bush
Sailors aboard the JMSDF training vessel JDS KashimaJapan maintains close economic and military relations with its key ally the United States, with the U.S.-Japan security alliance serving as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 18 years, most recently in 2005–2006. It is also one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council. As a member of the G8, the APEC, the "ASEAN Plus Three" and a participant in the East Asia Summit, Japan actively participates in international affairs. It is also the world's second-largest donor of official development assistance, donating US$8.86 bn in 2004. Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces from Iraq.
Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks, with the People's Republic of China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands and the EEZ around Okinotorishima.
Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over its abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile program (see also Six-party talks). As a result of the Kuril Islands dispute, Japan is technically still at war with Russia since no treaty resolving the issue was ever signed.
Japan's military is restricted by the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force as a means of settling international disputes. Japan's military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations and the deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of its military since World War II.
Administrative divisions
Map of the prefectures of Japan in ISO 3166-2:JP order and the regions of Japan.While there exist eight commonly defined regions of Japan, administratively Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. The former city of Tokyo is further divided into twenty-three special wards, each with the same powers as cities.
The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.
Japan has dozens of major cities, which play an important role in Japan's culture, heritage and economy. Those in the list below of the ten most populous are all prefectural capitals and government ordinance cities, except where indicated:
Geography
Japan from space, May 2003.
Mount Fuji
Mount Yari, Nagano Prefecture in August
Beach in Minnajima, Okinawa in SeptemberJapan is a country of over three thousand islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia. The main islands, running from north to south, are Hokkaidō, Honshū (the main island), Shikoku and Kyūshū. The Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa, are a chain of islands south of Kyushū. Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago.
About 70% to 80% of the country is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use. This is because of the generally steep elevations, climate and risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, soft ground and heavy rain. This has resulted in an extremely high population density in the habitable zones that are mainly located in coastal areas. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.
Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, at the juncture of three tectonic plates, gives Japan frequent low-intensity tremors and occasional volcanic activity. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times each century. The most recent major quakes are the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake and the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. Hot springs are numerous and have been developed as resorts.
The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south. Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones:
Hokkaidō: The northernmost zone has a temperate climate with long, cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snow banks in the winter.
Sea of Japan: On Honshū's west coast, the northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures, because of the foehn wind phenomenon.
Central Highland: A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night. Precipitation is light.
Seto Inland Sea: The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the region from the seasonal winds, bringing mild weather throughout the year.
Pacific Ocean: The east coast experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind.
Ryukyu Islands: The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season. Typhoons are common.
The hottest temperature ever measured in Japan — 40.9 degrees Celsius — was recorded on August 16, 2007.
The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the stationary rain front responsible for this gradually works its way north until it dissipates in northern Japan before reaching Hokkaidō in late July. In most of Honshū, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.
Japan is home to nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.
Environment
Japan's environmental history and current policies reflect a tenuous balance between economic development and environmental protection. In the rapid economic growth after the World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations. As an inevitable consequence, some crucial environmental pollution (see Pollution in Japan) occurred in 1950s and 1960s. In the rising concern over the problem, the government introduced many environmental protection laws in 1970 and established the Ministry of the Environment in 1971. The Oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy due to Japan's lack of natural resources. Current priority environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for environmental conservation.
Today Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies. Honda and Toyota hybrid electric vehicles were named to have the highest fuel economy and lowest emissions. This is due to the advanced technology in hybrid systems, biofuels, use of lighter weight material and better engineering.
Japan also takes issues surrounding climate change and global warming seriously. As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps related to curbing climate change. The Cool Biz campaign introduced under former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was targeted at reducing energy use through the reduction of air conditioning use in government offices. Japan is preparing to force industry to make big cuts in greenhouse gases, taking the lead in a country struggling to meet its Kyoto Protocol obligations.
Japan is ranked 30th best in the world in the Environmental Sustainability Index.
Economy
The automobile industry is among the chief elements of the country's economy and exports.Japan's economy is characterized by low overall taxation and overwhelmingly private sector economy compared to most Western countries, high economic freedom, close government-industry cooperation for economic growth, emphasis on science and technology, and strong work ethic. Extraordinary relationship-based - rather than productive - arrangements in the financial sector and employment, along with relatively shallow international competition in domestic markets, are among widely acknowledged causes behind the protracted lost decade in the 1990s. Slowly progressing reforms took pace in the mid-2000s and higher growth rates were seen after 2005. Japan is the second largest economy in the world, after the United States, at around US$4.5 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and third after the United States and China in terms of purchasing power parity.
Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation and telecommunications are all major industries. Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and processed foods. Construction has long been one of Japan's largest industries, with the help of multi-billion dollar government contracts in the civil sector. Distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese economy have included the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks in closely-knit groups called keiretsu and the guarantee of lifetime employment in big corporations. Recently, Japanese companies have begun to abandon some of these norms in an attempt to increase profitability.
The Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world.Japan is also home to some of the largest financial services companies, business groups and bank such as Sony, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi and Toyota. It is also home to the world's largest bank by asset, Japan Post Bank (US$3.2 trillion) and others such as Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (US$1.2 trillion), Mizuho Financial Group (US$1.4 trillion) and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (US$1.3 trillion). The Tokyo Stock Exchange with a market capitalization of over 549.7 trillion Yen as of December 2006 stands as the second largest in the world.
From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth has been called a "miracle": a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, largely because of the after-effects of over-investment during the late 1980s and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered in 2000 to 2001 by the deceleration of the global economy. However, the economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005. GDP growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period.
Because only about 15% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation, a system of terrace farming is used to build in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, while the agricultural subsidies and protection are costly to the economy. Japan imports about 50% of its requirements of grain and fodder crops other than rice, and it relies on imports for most of its supply of meat. In fishing, Japan is ranked second in the world behind China in tonnage of fish caught. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. Japan relies on foreign countries for almost all oil and food. Overall taxation as a percentage of GDP was 26.4% in 2007, less than any major Western country. Less than half of employees pay income tax at all and VAT is very low at 5%, albeit corporate tax rates are high.
Transportation in Japan is highly developed. As of 2004, there are 1,177,278 km (731,683 s) of paved roadways, 173 airports, and 23,577 km (14,653 miles) of railways. Air transport is mostly operated by All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Airlines (JAL). Railways are operated by Japan Railways Group among others. There are extensive international flights from many cities and countries to and from Japan.
Japan's main export partners are the United States 22.8%, the European Union 14.5%, China 14.3%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 6.8% and Hong Kong 5.6% (for 2006). Japan's main exports are transport equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals. With very limited natural resources to sustain economic development, Japan depends on other nations for most of its raw materials; thus it imports a wide variety of goods. Its main import partners are China 20.5%, U.S. 12.0%, the European Union 10.3%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, UAE 5.5%, Australia 4.8%, South Korea 4.7% and Indonesia 4.2% (for 2006). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. Overall, Japan's largest trading partners are China and the United States.
Science and technology
Press release photo of the most recent ASIMO model.Japan is one of the leading nations in the fields of scientific research, particularly technology, machinery and biomedical research. Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget, the third largest in the world. For instance some of Japan's more prominent technological contributions are found in the fields of electronics, automobiles, machinery, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors and metals. Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, possessing more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the world's industrial robots used for manufacturing. It also produced QRIO, ASIMO and AIBO. Japan is the world's largest producer of automobiles and home to six of the world's fifteen largest automobile manufacturers and seven of the world's twenty largest semiconductor sales leaders as of today.
Japan has plans in space exploration, including building a moonbase by 2030. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) conducts space and planetary research, aviation research, and development of rockets and satellites. It is a participant in the International Space Station and the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) is slated to be added to the International Space Station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008.
Demographics
A view of Shibuya crossing, an example of Tokyo's often crowded streets.
Shinto torii at Fushimi Inari-taisha, Kyoto.Japan's population is estimated at around 127.3 million. For the most part, Japanese society is linguistically and culturally homogeneous with small populations of foreign workers, Zainichi Koreans, Zainichi Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese Brazilians and others. The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; the primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin.
Japan has one of the highest life expectancy rates in the world, at 81.25 years of age as of 2006. The Japanese population is rapidly aging, the effect of a post-war baby boom followed by a decrease in births in the latter part of the twentieth century. In 2004, about 19.5% of the population was over the age of 65.
The changes in the demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in the workforce population and increases in the cost of social security benefits such as the public pension plan. Many Japanese youth are increasingly preferring not to marry or have families as adults. Japan's population is expected to drop to 100 million by 2050 and to 64 million by 2100. Demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem. Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population.
Japanese religiosity
religion percent
Shinto and Buddhism 95%
Others 4%
Christianity 0.8%
The highest estimates for the amount of Buddhists and Shintoists in Japan is 84-96%, representing a large number of believers in a syncretism of both religions. However, these estimates are based on people with an association with a temple, rather than the number of people truly following the religion. Professor Robert Kisala (Nanzan University) suggests that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion.
Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs. Religion in Japan tends to be syncretic in nature, and this results in a variety of practices, such as parents and children celebrating Shinto rituals, students praying before exams, couples holding a wedding at a Christian church and funerals being held at Buddhist temples. A minority (0.7%) profess to Christianity. In addition, since the mid-19th century, numerous religious sects (Shinshūkyō) have emerged in Japan, such as Tenrikyo and Aum Shinrikyo (or Aleph).
About 99% of the population speaks Japanese as their first language. It is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary which indicate the relative status of speaker and listener. According to a Japanese dictionary Shinsen-kokugojiten, Chinese-based words comprise 49.1% of the total vocabulary, indigenous words are 33.8% and other loanwords are 8.8%. The writing system uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals. The Ryukyuan languages, also part of the Japonic language family to which Japanese belongs, are spoken in Okinawa, but few children learn these languages. The Ainu language is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaidō. Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.
Largest cities of Japan view • talk • edit
Core City Prefecture Population Core City Prefecture Population
1 Tokyo Tokyo 8,483,050
Tokyo
Yasuda Auditorium, University of Tokyo.Primary, secondary schools and universities were introduced into Japan in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration. Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan consists of elementary school and middle school, which lasts for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school, and, according to the MEXT, about 75.9% of high school graduates attend a university, junior college, trade school, or other post-secondary institution in 2005. Japan's education is very competitive, especially for entrance to institutions of higher education. The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University. The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Japanese knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds as the 6th best in the world.
In Japan, healthcare services are provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health care insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance. Patients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice.
Culture and recreation
The Great Wave off Kanagawa (1832), an ukiyo-e from Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji by Hokusai.Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions (games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan. Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have prospered since the 1980s.
Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth. Western music, introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop.
Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremony.
A Japanese gardenThe earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the eighth century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters. In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative. An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel. During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the chōnin, the ordinary people. Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship. The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, Tanizaki Jun'ichirō, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors — Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).
Sports
Sumo, a traditional Japanese sport.Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport and it is one of the most popular spectator sports in Japan. Martial arts such as judo, karate and kendō are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system.
The professional baseball league in Japan was established in 1936. Today baseball is the most popular spectator sport in the country. One of the most famous Japanese baseball players is Ichiro Suzuki, who, having won Japan's Most Valuable Player award in 1994, 1995 and 1996, now plays in North American Major League Baseball. Prior to that, Sadaharu Oh was well-known outside Japan, having hit more home runs during his career in Japan than his contemporary, Hank Aaron, did in America.
Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football (soccer) has also gained a wide following. Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea. Japan is one of the most successful soccer teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup three times.
Golf is also popular in Japan, as is auto racing, the Super GT sports car series and Formula Nippon formula racing. Twin Ring Motegi was completed in 1997 by Honda in order to bring IndyCar racing to Japan.
East Asian island nation. In the West Pacific, across the East China Sea and China separated. Principally by the Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Hokkaido four large islands. Area 37 77 million square kilometers. Population 1 2527 million (1995). Capital, Tokyo. Mostly mountains and hills. Volcanoes, earthquakes. Mainly temperate monsoon climate. The world's largest economy. Highly developed industry, electronics, automobile industry in particular. Trade an important role in the economy. Ocean fisheries highest in the world.
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rì běn
Country name. Island nation of East Asia
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Travel
Best time to travel Japan: Japan is located in Eurasia and the Pacific at the junction of changes in the weather is very complicated. Japan Sea side and Pacific side of the mountain of peace, the inland areas and coastal zones with different climatic regions have significant differences in changes throughout the season is also more evident. Long and narrow because of the terrain, the climate can be divided into the following categories in Japan, Hokkaido and the Northeast Asia region is a cold and rainy climate, Okinawa and Amami Oshima is a subtropical climate zone, while other areas are warm and humid climate are basically areas. The temperature difference between these regions and in the same region of the temperature difference in a day than the larger. In general, the natural landscape of Japan's four seasons are all over the United States, each style, you can cherry blossom viewing in spring, summer, substantial new green, autumn leaves chant, opera Snow in winter, are very taste. Folk Festivals of Japan: January 1 New Year's Day family gathering drinking at home and plug in pine straw festoon system, go to the shrine to pray with each other Happy New Year. February 3rd Festival that spring day, people will spread the beans around the home to show off evil. March 3 Doll Festival, also known as child sacrifice, a girl's family to be linked to the ancient palace woman look like a doll as a decoration, and drink sweet rice wine to celebrate. May 5 Children's Day festival is a boy, a boy outside the family hang in the symbolic power of paper carp, are placed at home and armor samurai toys, eat a special cake to celebrate. July 7 to celebrate Qi Qiao Festival Tanabata Cowherd and Weaver came face to face, people will desire written on colored paper attached to the bamboo in order to do so. August 15 Hungry Ghost Festival lanterns on the river, put the soul back home to lead their loved ones died, and dance a dance called the basin leap. And Qing Ji Jing tea ceremony: Japanese tea ceremony originated in China, there is the formation and development of its own special connotation. Tea with cumbersome procedures, to grind the tea was fine, the tea should be clean and polished, the host moves to regulate, not only have a dance-like rhythm and elegant feeling, and accuracy in place. Sumo: "Sumo" very popular with the Japanese favorite, which they called the "national sport." Japanese to build a new home the day of receipt of a sumo wrestler proud business card! Today, the Japanese sumo sumo world to the Olympics to make an official event, carried out many reforms of the sumo, sumo wrestler might be possible after the fat so it is no longer needed. Interest elegant flower arrangement: Flower arrangement known as "flowers", is unique to a traditional Japanese art, which originated in Buddhism, for the flower, is introduced from China along with Buddhism in Japan. This art is to pay attention to the material structure and the flowers of heaven, earth, human form combine to create a beautiful shape. School of flower arranging with 2000-3000, the largest pool to the number of workshops, the disciples said to one million, followed by the small original flow, Sogetsu and so on. There are several forms: Tachibana is a niche in the decorative flowers Academy is designed Ikenobo celebration created in the Muromachi period. With the pine, peach, bamboo, willow, autumn leaves, cypress and so on. Tachibana is called, is the position along the grass to take up the erection of the interpolation. Use the wire to adjust the material looks flowers, the intention is to reproduce natural scenery. Flower is to maintain the vitality of the performance of methods flowers, using flowers. Mid-Edo period, special guests of the flower is born, it is primarily on the niche. Flower local flowers and trees is not mainly the United States, but extend to its vitality. Style noble, beautiful, dignified and a flower characteristics. Flowers are deep into the flowers planted in the flower to keep it natural form, like a random input like, hence the name. In the niche are hanging, hanging on the niches in the pillars and the following three forms. Is full bloom with flowers or basket tray filled with water. The late Meiji, the Western flower cultivation and the increase in Western architecture, it appears that limited niche decorated with floral law, it is the mainstream of modern art of flower arrangement. Japan reminded: Traffic in Japan, vehicles are left running, and this is just the opposite with the Chinese, please be sure to note that early visitors to Japan, be sure to cross the road the direction of the vehicle, make no mistake. When consumer spending in Japan generally can not counter-offer, especially in the department store to buy something marked is a widely accepted rule, if the customer have to adhere to the counter-offer may be Zaodaolengyu. However, the Japanese consumer is not customary to tip, because the bill already includes all the services, so customers do not have to bother the. Japanese punctuality requirements are very strict on time, people think that because of being late should not waste people's time, if unavoidable to be late for some reason, it must be called to tell each other. When the Japanese do not keep a sense of people who do not trust. Waste of time weekly to fixed locations there are people who refuse collection, other times not to throw garbage; to fuel and separated from non-combustible materials; to be placed on a contaminated waste such as batteries, aerosol cans, etc.; size limits the size of garbage; garbage plastic bags must be specified together. Public morality to the Japanese homes, must be changing his shoes in the hall before; whether in public or in the residence, do not send too much noise, so as not to influence others, especially at night; usually pay attention to water conservation. Important phone numbers: Chinese Embassy in Japan :03 -3403-3380 Chinese Consulate General in Osaka :06 -445-9481 Chinese Consulate General in Sapporo :011 -563-5563 Chinese Consulate General in Nagasaki :0958 -49-3311 Chinese Consulate General in Fukuoka :092 -713-1121 Japan Travel Phone :03 -3503-4400 (nine o'clock to five p.m.) Japanese rescue :0120 -461,997 (free) Japan Hotline :03 -3586-0110 (ten o'clock to four o'clock) Japanese Embassy in China :01 -6532-2361 Japanese Consulate General in Shanghai :021 -6278-0788 Japanese Consulate General in Guangzhou :020 -8333-8999 Consulate General of Japan in Hong Kong :00852 -2522-1184 Consulate General of Japan in Shenyang :024 -322-7490 Japanese food: Japanese loves eating raw fish, sashimi, sushi and thus covered is the most popular food in Japan. Japanese cuisine is very particular about maintaining the original flavor of food, do not advocate adding a condiment to the main light. The color of the dishes have a very high demand especially face to face, not only use a variety of very fine container to load food, to food, shape, arrangement of colors also have a very delicate consideration. Looked like a landscape painting that is so meticulous Japanese cuisine in general, first came to Japan, tourists often can not bear to destroy that share Xia Zhu beautiful. Specials Fried tofu fish basket of bitter crab noodles Ishikari flat noodles pan slugger mullet Squid and cod fish soup with rice Snack uiro Nagasaki Cake Shopping in Japan: the Japanese are good at imitating people, and particularly valuable is that they can be a basis for further innovation, but also everywhere in the production and manufacturing in people-oriented, with many user-friendly design, making goods produced in Japan, as always with them convenient, as desirable. Just look at the Japanese production of electronic products, household appliances, stationery, we can understand this. People-oriented and because the Japanese invented some quite often the most creative things, such as karaoke ok. Not only that, the Japanese in many ways the attitude of excellence, of all commodities are perfect as far as possible, for the goods shape, color, packaging has a very high standard, has been refined to even the smallest part, which In food, clothing, and other aspects can be reflected in the goods. So in Japan, shopping, visitors often encounter love the goods until the dazzling, but the attitude of staff is extremely patient and courteous, shopping like it is easy to be excited, it is best to do what yo. Specialties: "Bi Duoluo" Ju ware glass crafts glass Hachiman Tortoise shell handicrafts Tsugaru Tsugaru lacquerware Beijing fruit koginsasi Beijing Vincent burn burn Nishijin paper umbrella Japan Transportation: Japan air, sea, rail and road transport are well developed. Air: As of 1996, Japan had 164 airports. With the relaxation of government restrictions, to fight for air routes and reduce the price of economic activity established airlines have appeared. Aircraft on international routes appeared large, high-speed and low cost airline tickets of the trend. Shipping: Shipping to the sea coast, including sailing, water is about 1770 km. Major ports in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Akita, Amagasaki, Chiba, Hachinohe, Hakodate, East Harima, Himeji, Hiroshima, Kawasaki, silk Pu, Kobe, Kushiro, Mizushima and so on. Railways: total length of 47,000 km national railway, the railway's new long-distance passenger route is the main means of transportation, there are between Tokyo and Osaka, the Tokaido Shinkansen between Osaka to Hakata Sanyo Shinkansen between Omiya between Morioka Tohoku Shinkansen, between Omiya to Niigata on the Joetsu Shinkansen to Yamagata and Fukushima, Yamagata Shinkansen between and so on. In addition, major cities in Japan, the subway intertwined, such as network, all over the place, even faster than the car, on time and convenient. Highway: Highway is developed to Tokyo to small-animal husbandry and small animal husbandry to Nishinomiya, Suita-related road led to the next, Northeast longitudinal, longitudinal Kyushu, Hokuriku Central Committee have been Completed. In addition, the capital of Tokyo high-speed, high-speed connection such as the outer ring highway, every year a new highway built. Japan Accommodation: stay in Japan, will tourists get warm gentle care. Japan hotels both modern high-rise buildings, there are traditional Japanese architecture, both equipped with modern facilities, visitors have no need to worry about. However, since coming to Japan, it is better accommodated in a hotel in the traditional living room and feel comfortable tatami mat, kneeling before trying to drink tea in the low tables, really fun. Japan Entertainment: Japan is a developed country in the entertainment industry. Japanese because the pace of work is very intense at work, after work will always be through a variety of entertainment to relax, so there are many cities in Japan, the atmosphere lively entertainment venues, playgrounds, bars, night clubs, dance halls everywhere, ok that is sweeping the world the Japanese invented karaoke, tourists can have on the home karaoke ok a "star addiction." Japanese traditional dance performance full of oriental elegance and intense, the actors have gone through years of training, the level is very good, believe it will give visitors a fresh feeling. Moreover, Japan's sumo matches and baseball games are very exciting, do not miss. Country name: Japan (japan) Name Interpretation: the rising sun; Fitch said: the country of cherry blossoms Location: Eastern Asia, the Pacific. Area: 378,000 square kilometers Flag: flag, rectangular in shape, length and width ratio of 3:2. Face of the flag is white with a red center. A symbol of integrity and purity of white, red symbolizes sincerity and enthusiasm. Japanese word meaning "rising sun", the legend created by the sun god in Japan, the emperor is the son of Apollo, the sun flag from this. National Emblem: round, painted 16 yellow chrysanthemum leaf design. Royal Crown daisy pattern is the pattern on the coat of arms. National Anthem: "Kimigayo" Flower: cherry blossoms State bird: Green Pheasant State Stone: a small crystal Major festivals: the Emperor's Birthday: December 23 (Emperor Akihito was born Dec. 23, 1933) Population: 1.2686 million (as of March 31, 2005). For the larger countries the world population density. Ethnic and religious: the main ethnic group is Japanese, Hokkaido Ainu tribe of about 24,000. General Japanese, a small amount of Hokkaido Ainu people. The main religion of Shinto and Buddhism, beliefs, religion, population, population, accounted for 49.6% and 44.8%. Capital: Tokyo (tokyo), a population of about 12,290,000 (as of February 2003). Tokyo in January the average temperature 3 ℃, 8 monthly air temperature is 25 ℃. National symbols: Emperor Akihito (akihito), 1989 年 1 月 ascended the throne, reign title "Heisei." National political figures: Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi (junichirokoizumi), 2001 年 4 月 office, in September 2005 re-election; Foreign Minister Nobutaka Machimura (nobutakamachimura), 2004 年 9 月 office, in September 2005 re-election; Senate President Ogi, 2004 July election; House of Representatives Speaker Yohei Kono, in November 2003 positions. Diplomatic relations with China date: September 29, 1972 And of difference: 1 hour faster than Beijing Currency: JPY International Code: 81 Geography: Located in the Pacific West Bank, is an island arc extending northeast to southwest. West across the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, Korea Strait, the Sea of Japan and China, North Korea, South Korea, Russia sea. Land area of 377,880 square kilometers, including Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, the other four major islands and over 6800 small islands. Territorial area of 310,000 square kilometers. And the Russian presence "four northern islands" (Russia called "Southern Kuril Islands"), territorial disputes, and the existence of Bamboo Island, Korea (South Korea called "Dokdo"), the territorial dispute. Mountains and hills of the total area of 71%. Country has more than 160 volcanoes, of which more than 50 are active volcanoes, the world famous earthquake zone. Mount Fuji is the highest peak, 3,776 meters above sea level. Hot springs throughout the country. Processes within the river a short length of the longest Shinano River 367 km. Lake Biwa is the largest lake, an area of 672.8 square kilometers. Due to its location surrounded by ocean, is a temperate marine monsoon climate, mild and humid all year round, winter cold, summer heat. Summer and fall of more typhoons, more rainy June. January average temperature in northern -6 ℃, South 16 ℃; 7 月 north of 17 ℃, the southern 28 ℃. Annual precipitation 700-3500 mm, up to 4000 mm or more. Japan are, Road, House, County is parallel to an administrative region directly under the central government, but all are, Road House, the county has its autonomy. Country is divided into 1 all (Tokyo: tokyo), 1 Road (Hokkaido: hokkaido), 2 House (Osaka: osaka, Kyoto Prefecture: kyoto) and 43 counties (provinces), under the cities, towns and villages. The office called the "Office", the "Metropolitan", "Provincial Office," "House Office," "County Hall", the Chief Executive referred to as "Governor." Each, Road House, the county consists of a number of cities, towns (equivalent to China town), village. The office said the "Hall", that "City Hall", "Town Hall", "Village Hall", the Chief Executive called the "mayor", "long-cho", "village." 43 counties are: Aichi Prefecture, Miyazaki, Akita, Nagano, Aomori, Nagasaki, Chiba, Nara, Fukui, Niigata, Fukuoka, Oita, Fukushima, Okayama, Gifu, Saga, Ehime, Okinawa, Gunma, Saitama, Hiroshima, Shiga, Hyogo, Shimane, Ibaraki, Shizuoka, Ishikawa, Li Mu, Iwate, Tokushima, Kagawa, Tottori, Kagoshima, Toyama, Kanagawa, Wakayama, Kochi, Yamagata, Kumamoto, Yamaguchi, Mie, Miyagi and Yamanashi. Brief history: the mid-4th century AD, the Japanese appear unified national ─ ─ Japanese country. The early 5th century, large and the country's development to its peak, power was extended to the south of the Korean peninsula. Taika Reform occurred in AD 645, modeled on the Tang Dynasty imperative system, the emperor built the centralized state system of absolute monarchy. The 12th century samurai class into real power by the military feudal state, called the "shogun" period. Mid-19th century, Britain, the United States, Russia and other countries forced Japan to sign many unequal treaties, ethnic conflicts and social conflicts, the implementation of the feudal Tokugawa shogunate Door policy rule shaken, with a reform-minded capitalism Satsuma local powers and long Two state fan, in the "Zunwangrangyi", "Fuguojiangbing" screen under the slogan back. In 1868, reformist implement the "Meiji Restoration", abolishing the feudal separatism of the baku-han system and establishment of a unified, centralized state to restore the supremacy of the rule of the emperor. After the Meiji Restoration, the rapid development of Japanese capitalism, foreign aggression and expansion of the road gradually. In 1894, Japan launched the Sino; Russo-Japanese War in 1904 provoked; misappropriation of Korea in 1910. In 1926, Emperor Hirohito ascended the throne, Japan entered the Showa era. Japan's defeat in World War II, August 15, 1945 announced its unconditional surrender. Early postwar period, Japan has a separate U.S. military occupation. May 1947 implementation of the new Constitution, the absolute emperor by the country into the national symbol of the emperor at the national parliamentary cabinet system. Culture: Japan's unique geography and history, gave birth to the unique Japanese culture. Cherry blossoms, kimonos, and haiku warrior, sake, traditional Japanese Shinto constitute the two aspects - Chrysanthemum and the Sword. In Japan there is the famous "three", that the Japanese people's tea ceremony, flower arrangement, calligraphy. Tea is also known as tea (tea will be), beauty rituals since ancient times as a very loved by the upper classes. Now, the spirit of the tea ceremony is used as the training _set_, or to develop ritual behavior, as widely accepted by the general public. Tea ceremony in Japan there are many different schools to teach techniques of the school, many hotels also have a tea room, you can easily enjoy the tea ceremony performance. Flower arrangement in the tea room as a reproduction of wild flowers in full bloom and the birth of the techniques. Rules and methods for showing the different schools of flower arrangement can be divided into 20 kinds, in Japan there are many different schools of flower arranging techniques taught school. In addition, in hotels, department stores, public facilities, lobby and other places, you can enjoy the beautiful decorative floral art. Sumo comes from the Japanese Shinto religious ceremonies. People of God for the harvest at the Temple game, hoping to bring a good harvest. In the Nara and Heian period, sumo is a spectator sport court, and the Warring States period to the Kamakura, sumo became part of samurai training. 18th century rise of the professional sumo, the sumo match and now it is very similar. Shinto ceremony, stressed the sumo, the stomping ceremony before the game (look around) is to the site to the trend away evil spirits, but also play a role in muscle relaxation. Would also like to sprinkle salt on the site in order to achieve the purpose of purification, because the Shinto doctrine that the salt can drive away ghosts. Sumo Competition on the table. The table is square, central circle, its diameter of 4.55 meters. Competition, the two wrestlers beam comb bun, keep a pocket with a lower body, almost naked, came to power game. Competition, wrestlers except feet not touch any part outside the table surface, but also not exceed the circle. Competition in one or two minutes or even seconds can determine the winner. Sumo referee a total of from 6 members. The referee by the hand folding fan "line Division" on the stage as the other 5 were on the front, east, west and sitting judges. Hercules is the highest level of "yokozuna." The following is mark off threats, summary, anterior cervical, these four levels are called "curtain", belonging to the upper soil strength. Once again, twelve, the next screen, in addition to the three sections present a more low-level, three-paragraph order. Minimum order is called a port. To get a regular Guinness takes a higher level is a very great efforts of; not through hard work, to the lowest level, is impossible. Kimono is a traditional Japanese national costume call. It is also known in Japan, "the thing." Kimono is modeled on the restructuring of the Sui and Tang costumes. Eighth to the Ninth Century AD, was once popular in Japan too, "Tang Style" clothing. Although the changes after the formation of Japan's unique style, but still contains some of the characteristics of clothing in ancient China. Women's kimono styles and colors of the difference is the difference between the signs of age and marital status. For example, unmarried girls wear tight sleeves outside the service, married women wear wide-sleeved outer clothing; comb "Shimada" type of hair (one of Japanese-style hair, was bowl-shaped), is the girl in red shirt collar, comb hair circle bun, wearing a plain shirt, the housewives. Kimono no buttons, only a knotted belt. Many different types of belt, the tie means are different. More extensive use of a knot method called "Taiko knot" in the waist belt knotted at the pad has a wick made of paper or cloth, looked like a square box. This is what we often see the kimono behind the decorations. The knot is very cumbersome, has emerged after the war with ready-made knot "improvement zone" and "cultural zone." While today's Japanese clothing has long been routine replaced by suits, but in the wedding ceremony, the traditional flower arrangement, tea ceremony and other grand social occasions, and services will be wearing the dress is still recognized. Japan's traditional theater - Noh is Japan's traditional Noh theater, is the world's oldest existing one drama. Noh drama from the ancient dance forms and 12th century or 13th century, the shrines and temples in Japan held a variety of festivals drama. "Can" has the meaning of abilities or skills. Actor through facial expressions and body movements suggests the essence of the story, rather than express it. Now this drama in Japan still has a strong vitality. Sushi (sushi) is raw fish, raw shrimp, raw fish and other raw materials, coupled with refined white rice, vinegar, seafood, horseradish, shape into balls after eating a food. Many types of sushi, no less than hundreds of sushi in all regions have different characteristics. Most of modulation is to use rice vinegar, and then wrapping fish, meat, eggs, seaweed, or Yuba them. Eat raw fish sushi, drinking Japanese green tea or sake, do not have a flavor. The Japanese custom of gift giving as a gift to the other side will be that the material reflects the mind. Li is not thick, properly presented to the other party will be impressed. Send gifts to choose the appropriate Japanese, Chinese four treasures, celebrity pictures, crafts and other most popular, but the size of pictures and not too large. The packaging can not be rushed to send gifts, even a box of tea should also be careful to take care of. Chinese gifts in pairs, the Japanese is to avoid Oujiu odd, usually an odd number 1,3,5,7, etc., but taboo, one of the "9", because in Japanese "9" in the pronunciation and the "hard" the same. According to Japanese custom, personal gift to be in private, not publicly sent. Japanese taboo green. Do not like the lotus, and like the cherry blossoms, turtles and ducks. Tokyo Tower (tokyotower) in Tokyo city, built in 1958, the tower 333 meters high, this independence of the highest tower in Japan with Tokyo, the top seven television stations, 21 TV relay stations and radio stations such as radio transmitting antenna. Place in the 100 meters, built a two-story-story observatory; place in the 250 meters, also has a special observatory. All four sides of the observatory floor of large windows, tilt out windows. Standing on the platform overlooking the Tokyo city Prospect, the city's panoramic landscape. The lower part of the tower Tower Building, first floor lounge, second floor shopping mall, third floor is the largest in Japan and the Far East, the Wax Museum, Science Museum and fourth floor of a modern television studio, the fifth floor of the radio transmitters. Toshodai Temple (toshodaitemple) in Nara city Toshodai Temple is by the Chinese monk Jian Zhen Tang Dynasty monk built by hand, the total Lvzong Japanese Buddhist temple, this has the Chinese Tang Dynasty architectural style of the buildings have been identified as the Japanese national treasure . Monk Jian Zhen Tang (AD 688-763) of the 6th went to Japan after three years in the word balance Po (AD 759) of the start of construction, was completed around AD 770. Temple door red banners "Toshodai Temple" imitation of the Japanese Empress Xiao Qian Wang, Wang Xian of the font of the book. Temple, pine green, quiet courtyard, numerous temples, a balance of lecture times, altar, the Nara period (AD 710-789) of the late Jintang, Kamakura period (AD 1185 a 1333) of the Drum Tower, Hall and balance after the statues, instruments used, and by volume. Mikage Jianzhen east front is the tomb of the courtyard planted with pine trees from China, osmanthus, peony, peony, "Sun Wenlian", "Toshodai Lotus Temple", "Toshodai Ching Lin Temple", "Dancing Princess Lotus" "Japan-China Friendship Lotus" and Yangzhou Qionghua so different flowers.
Tokyo