Joseph Stalin (18 December 1878 - 5 March 1953) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. In the years following Lenin's death in 1924, he rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union.
Stalin launched a command economy, replacing the New Economic Policy of the 1920s with Five-Year Plans and launching a period of rapid industrialization and economic collectivization. The upheaval in the agricultural sector disrupted food production, resulting in widespread famine, such as the catastrophic Soviet famine of 1932-1933, known in Ukraine as the Holodomor.
During the late 1930s, Stalin launched the Great Purge (also known as the "Great Terror"), a campaign to purge the Communist Party of people accused of sabotage, terrorism, or treachery; he extended it to the military and other sectors of Soviet society. Targets were often executed, imprisoned in Gulag labor camps or exiled. In the years following, millions of ethnic minorities were also deported.
In 1939, the Soviet Union under Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, followed by a Soviet invasion of Poland, Finland, the Baltics, Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. After Germany violated the pact in 1941, the Soviet Union joined the Allies to play a large role in the Axis defeat, at the cost of the largest death toll for any country in the war. Thereafter, contradicting statements at allied conferences, Stalin installed communist governments in most of Eastern Europe, forming the Eastern bloc, behind what was referred to as an "Iron Curtain" of Soviet rule. This launched the long period of antagonism known as the Cold War.
Stalin made efforts to augment his public image and a cult of personality developed around him; however, his successor, Nikita Khrushchev, denounced his legacy and drove the process of de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union.
Life
[Early life] Stalin in 1879, was born December 21, Tbilisi, the Russian Empire province of Gori city. His father was a shoemaker Mingao Se ladder, his mother was 16 at the age of Stalin Georgia's agricultural slaves. Stalin is the home of a third child, age two brothers had died in infancy. At first his father, more affluent, have their own factories, but excessive alcohol, often beating his wife and son. Later, the family's financial situation deteriorated, Stalin moved with his parents several times. He is a native Georgian, the age of ten, his mother sent him to Columbia in the theological schools in the school where he learned Russian, but the time is still with the Russian-speaking Georgian accent. 16 years old, he entered an Orthodox Church in Tbilisi secondary school, with outstanding results and received scholarships. During this period he contacted a number of revolutionary books, and by the impact of Marxism, in August 1898, Stalin joined the newly established in March that year the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In 1899, he was unable to pay the school as a sudden rise in tuition, had to give up the final exam, was expelled from school. He then Tbilisi to do a weather observatory staff are actively involved in revolutionary activities. In 1903 the party split took place, he chose to join Lenin led the Bolshevik side. Stalin soon became a major revolutionary activities in the Caucasus, he organized the strike, the distribution of leaflets, the Bolshevik activities in order to raise funds, he also uses the bank robbery, kidnapping, extortion and other means. The summer of 1906, Stalin married and leaves 卡捷琳娜斯瓦 Niese, who soon after gave birth to first son Ya Markov. June 26, 1907, Stalin and his men in the city square in Tbilisi ambushed a convoy of Imperial Bank, a homemade bomb exploded in the gun battle led to 40 deaths, while Stalin and his men successfully robbed the escape of 25 million rubles . Then he took his wife came to Baku, but Svalbard Niese was in December 1907 due to typhoid fever death, which makes Stalin spent several months in grief, and eventually he chose to put the child to her family Ya Markov support. Came to Baku, he was actively engaged in Azerbaijan and the Persian revolution, including the assassination of far-right nationalist group "Black Hundred Group" members, and involved in the abduction and robbery. From April 1902 to March 1913, he was arrested for participating in revolutionary activities seven times, exiled six times, from exile to escape five times. In 1912, Lenin, Stalin came to St. Petersburg under the direction of founder of the "Pravda." March 1913, he published "Marxism and the National Question," a text, and the first use of the "Stalin" (meaning "man of steel") of the pen. Soon after his last arrest. In 1916, Russia government forcibly recruited him to participate in the First World War, he was a doctor check out the left arm injury, so he mobilized from participation in, be banished to the Achinsk. [Revolution] Stalin, Lenin and Kalinin in 1918, the Russian Civil War. Stalin and Trotsky, who was _select_ed by Lenin formed five-member Bureau. In May, he was sent to Tsaritsyn requisitions in the Voroshilov, Buqiong Ni and others support him to strengthen his influence in the military. During this period, Stalin repeatedly defied President of the Military Revolutionary Committee was Trotsky's resolution, the execution of a lot of the Red Army have served in the tsarist officers and "counter-revolutionary." For requisitions, he also used the burning of the village means to force farmers to obey and to prevent looting of food supplies have been robbers. Tsaritsyn final battle in the Red Army victory, and he and the First Cavalry Army soldiers established a political relationship. Stalin came to power, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad (renamed Volgograd in 1961). Early 1919 Stalin was transferred back to Moscow, March 24, he married Nadezhda da Lilu Isinbayeva. May he was sent to Petrograd in the vicinity of the western front, the Red Army during the escape, he harsh to them as traitors mass executions. 1919 Polish-Soviet war. Rensu Jun southwest side Zhengwei Stalin hoped to win the Polish city of Lvov, but this is contrary to Lenin and Trotsky, the main Warsaw's strategic intentions. His political tricks to promote First Cavalry Army Buqiong Ni and Yegorov contrary to the central command, the military refused to aid 图哈切夫斯基 the Northwest, the last Soviet troops in the Battle of Lviv and Warsaw are two failure. After returning home, has been criticized Stalin's behavior, he then argued that the problem is the central decision-making, and the military but also resigned. In the ninth meeting of the party, Trotsky is publicly accused him, the two eventually became enemies in the future. [In power] 1921 Red Army invasion of Georgia, established the Soviet regime in Georgia, which Stalin played an important role. Since this time Lenin and Trotsky have differences on some issues, so Stalin, Lenin re-compete. Help in Kamenev, April 3, 1922 the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party on Stalin and Lenin, Stalin was elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. And Lenin had a stroke in May, after the government had reduced activity. When dealing with events in Georgia, Stalin's demands to cut the power of local self-government of Georgia, demanded that the Georgian Soviet and then incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Southern Caucasus federal, causing the local Bolshevik dissatisfaction. He and Ordzhonikidze is so rude to the opposition uses high-handed policy, Lenin was very disgusted that their behavior is the "Great Russian chauvinism." Meanwhile, Stalin proposed to relax the monopoly of foreign trade also took place with Lenin differences. Lenin in his will then criticized Stalin's brutal, it is recommended to be "removed from the position of General Secretary", and to seek cooperation with Trotsky again. Stalin, after that, the phone insulted Lenin's wife Krupskaya, Lenin wrote to Stalin was furious and threatened to break off his apology. Stalin eventually choose to admit things calm down. Lenin's health deteriorated in the period of Stalin and Kamenev, Zinoviev, created a political alliance to jointly fight against Trotsky high prestige within the party. After the death of Lenin, Krupskaya Lenin's testament to the Politburo. In the 13th Soviet Communist Party Congress, Lenin's will has not been made public, but only in the central committee of senior leaders to convey, Stalin's resignation, and Kamenev, Zinoviev, who do not agree, they think the proposal is inappropriate Lenin, Stalin, and unanimously elected as General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. After the death of Lenin, Trotsky wrote, "Lenin" and "the lessons of October", which outspoken critics of Kamenev, Zinoviev and others wrong, prompting the two men together and Stalin Trotsky's fight against a common situation. Three published an article called "Trotskyism" is not a true Leninist, Stalin said, "the party's task is to bury Trotskyism this trend." Trotsky was isolated failure in the political struggle, was removed from the Revolutionary Military Committee Chairman. And soon, they and Kamenev and Stalin, Zinoviev, disagreement on some issues: support of Bukharin's views on Stalin, and continued new economic policy to relax the constraints on farmers, and hope in a country first the building of socialism; and Kamenev and Zinoviev against amplification and support new economic policy the idea of world revolution, they form the "new opposition", 1925, in the fourteenth party congress, they and Stalin's mainstream, led by open confrontation, but failed. Zinoviev then re-combined Trotsky and Lenin's widow Krupskaya, who form the opposition alliance together and Stalin's "right" group struggle. Stalin made full use of the central power of political pressure on the opposition, in December 1927 after the Fifteenth Congress of the party, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, who has been expelled from the party. Grain shortages occurred in late 1927 the Soviet Union, Stalin considered the result of accumulation of rich peasants, and strive to rapid elimination of rich peasants, agricultural collectivization policy was introduced. And Bukharin, who believes that the grain crisis not because of the acquisition of rich peasants, but rather the purchase price is unreasonable and industrial supply, support the continued maintenance of the new economic policy. Two groups a political struggle. Stalin, Bukharin, who was criticized within the party right-wing fundamentalist groups to surrender, and in 1929 the use of power to Bukharin removed from the Politburo. [Soviet] rule After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin combined quarter Dirk Aliyev and Kamenev and Trotsky struggle with his Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on the election of the Thirteenth Congress to elect the party's general secretary, and get top leadership. April 1925, the 14th Soviet Communist Party, Stalin on behalf of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union from an agricultural country into the general line of socialist construction in industrial countries. Subsequently, Stalin abandoned Lenin's "new economic policy", the full industrialization, eager to destroy capitalism, the transition to socialism; the same time he also began the brutal elimination of other political parties and the opposition party and political opponents, personal worship and vigorously personal authoritarianism, in order to be fully implemented to ensure the implementation of Stalinist line. Thus, under the auspices of Stalin in the late 1920s to the late 1930s, this decade, the Soviet Union has undergone enormous changes. One aspect of Stalin through the two "five-year plan" to make the Soviet Union the traditional and backward agricultural country quickly changed the face of the establishment of a complete independence of the industrial and military systems. During this period the Soviet Union's industrial output increased by 4 times the average annual growth of 16.8%, heavy industry increased by 9 times the average annual increase of 21.2%. By 1940, the Soviet Union has become the industrial output in Europe, after the United States the world's second industrial power. In addition, after 1930, rising rapidly in industrialized countries, the relative shortage of food commodities, the use of coercion against all the odds Stalin imposed collectivization of agriculture policies, the millions of rich peasants forcibly exiled to Siberia and Central Asia. Because inappropriate measures result of Stalin's agricultural reforms and more famine, more famine in Ukraine, which led to millions of deaths. On the other hand, led by Stalin in the 1930s so-called "revolutionaries" in the Party of the Soviet Communist Party, state and military leaders and other opposition parties launched a massive brutal "cleansing", a large number of cadres killed, including Red Army was promoted to Marshal of the first three of five people, and the death of Lenin, four seven Politburo members; thousands of people being killed, hundreds of millions of people were sent to labor camps camp. [World War II leaders] June 22, 1941, France and Germany to the Soviet Union launched a blitzkrieg. Soviet-German War broke out (known as the Great Patriotic War, Soviet Union), on July 3 Stalin speech, called on the Soviet people not only to eliminate the danger confronting the country, but also help in Germany under the fascist enslavement of the peoples of Europe. June 1941 he served as Chairman of the Soviet Union Defense Committee, appointed in August 2000 the Soviet Armed Forces Supreme Commander. Since Stalin's bad-tempered, autocratic, listen to different opinions, leading to all kinds of mistakes early in the war because the Soviet Union suffered great material, personnel losses, Stalin showed iron will and indomitable character. Kiev's decision to order clinging to the Soviet Union Soviet Union has brought heavy losses. Kiev in the Soviet army lost the battle about 70 million people, 66.5 million people have surrendered, lost a huge strategic group, the Germans say the war in the history of the Battle of Kiev surround and annihilate the largest battle. To early November, the Germans approaching Moscow. 7, Stalin in Red Square parade as usual, by the reading unit directly to the front from the Red Square, a great encouragement to the morale of the Red Army, Soviet victory in the Battle of Moscow made. Nazi Germany's Blitzkrieg was the first defeat of the deified, is considered "breaking the myth of German invincibility." In February 1943, the Soviets made the victory of the Battle of Stalingrad, annihilating 33 million campaign was considered a turning point in World War II. July 1943, the Soviet Union has achieved a victory in the battle of Kursk, the significance of this victory, with Stalin's own words, "If Stalingrad indicates that the decline of the German fascists, then the Battle of Kursk makes It is facing extinction. " May 1945, the Soviet Red Army captured Berlin, Germany was forced to surrender unconditionally. In the same year, the rank of Marshal Stalin was the Soviet Union. After the Second World War, Soviet forces have expanded to more than half of Eastern Europe, Stalin used the opportunity to establish a Communist government throughout the occupied territories into Soviet satellites. Communism extended to the third of the world's population, Britain and other capitalist countries, causing great panic, the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan marked the official start of the Cold War. [Death] Stalin on March 5, 1953 died at age 73. According to the official statement, Stalin died of cerebral hemorrhage due; but the Russian newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" After conducting a thorough investigation, said Stalin was poisoned by Beria. His body was preserved in the Lenin Mausoleum in Red Square in Moscow for visit to pay their last respects. After Stalin's death, Khrushchev in Marshal Zhukov's help, will be executed Beria arrested, dismissed successor of the Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Malenkov, the Soviet Union finally sit first chair. And in 1956 the 苏共二十大 do "secret report", a comprehensive critique of the negative Stalin, Stalin and Marxism-Leninism to the reputation of being a great impact in the world, a large number of non-socialist countries, the Communist Party members quit the party. Khrushchev also Stalin's body from Lenin moved out of the cremated ashes buried in the wall of the Kremlin. Khrushchev also been criticized from all sides, is called "standing on the grave dancers mentor." [Love] Stalin's favorite hometown dishes to eat, drink Georgian wine, three of them like a representative of Georgia, most of his favorite dishes: savory and delicious "Haqia Puri" cheese pie, plus unique flavor of the eggplant walnut roll, delicious Wei Hou The "Ha Erqiao" mutton soup. He likes to drink, "He Wan Qijia La" and "金兹马拉乌利" two semi-dry red wine, sweet with astringent, mellow and fragrant. Stalin and China For China, Stalin's seizure of the Chinese Tangnu Tannu, the black blind island, forcing the independence of Outer Mongolia from China, causing great harm to China. Stalin in order to impress the Japanese, is the massacre of 300,000 Chinese in the Far East.
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Stalinism
Stalin and Mao and the Stalinist Soviet Union is affected by the Soviet communist countries, under Stalin's communist theory and beyond, including the idea of Stalin's political and economic diplomacy. But Stalin himself never admit any of the creation of Marxism-Leninism in parallel with so-called "Stalinism", has he thought he was Lenin's students. Many people think that is a core Stalinist centralized system. Leon Trotsky that the Stalinist regime's authoritarian nature of the policy, this interpretation is opposed to the Stalinist critics widely used. Stalinism is also often called the "red fascism." A lot of people think that Stalinism is the Western anti-communist forces imposed on Stalin. Mao Zedong once said: "If anything, what Stalinism, then it can only say, first of all, it is communism, Marxism, which is the main side; Second, it contains some very serious, must be thoroughly corrected, the error of Marxism-Leninism. "He pointed that:" The so-called non-Stalinist-oriented technology is non-Marxist, that is revisionism. "published in the Soviet Union, Stalin and Mao posters.
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Chronology of Events
December 21, 1879, was born in the Caucasus city of Gori, Georgia. In 1894, Stalin entered Tiflis (now Tbilisi) Orthodox secondary school began to study Marx's work during and participate in revolutionary activities. 1898 joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Tiflis organization. 1900 to participate in underground political activities in the Caucasus, some industrial centers to organize strikes and demonstrations. Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903 to differentiate into Menshevik and Bolshevik factions after school, he joined the Bolshevik faction. December 1904 led Baku workers strike. April 1902 to March 1913, he was arrested for participating in revolutionary activities seven times, many were exiled and imprisoned. February 1912 was elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee, editor of the party's official newspaper "Pravda." July 1913 to March 1917 and were exiled to Siberia. May 1917 to October 1952 the Russian Communist Party Central Committee Political Bureau, elected as a continuous member. He helped Lenin organized and led the socialist revolution in October 1917. After the victory of the October Revolution led by Lenin attended the first session of the People's Committee. 1918-1920 Civil War in the Soviet Union as a member of the people and the State Ethnic Affairs People's Commissar of the Ministry of Supervision. 1922-1952 10 months of continuous elected as general secretary of the CPC Central Committee - the Communist Party of 1925-52 was called the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks). In December 1922, the first full Susu Vieira Congress, made the establishment of Soviet Socialist Republics on the report. He proposed the "establishment of socialism in one country first" idea. In 1924, Stalin made socialist industrialization and agricultural collectivization, the Soviet Union from a traditional agricultural country into a powerful industrial country, but the formation of a highly centralized economic and political system, has serious drawbacks. In 1928, he abandoned Lenin's New Economic Policy, the full industrialization, the Soviet Union through several five-year plan to make this backward country rapidly transformed. The end of 1934 began, Stalin launched a campaign of political terror storm, had executed a number of party members support him and the power of the old Soviet Union and the Soviet Red Army in the Navy's most senior officers. 1936 the Soviet Red Army and Red Navy, Army-style rank system in practice; December 5 at the 8th Congress of the Soviets is approved under his leadership the first draft of the Constitution of the USSR, the so-called "Stalin Constitution." Russia in 1940 to reinstate the traditional rank system. May 1941 to March 1946 the Soviet People's Committee office (later renamed the Council of Ministers) President. June 1941 appointed Chairman of the National Defense Commission, appointed in August 2000 the Soviet armed forces supreme commander. June 1945 received the highest rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union ─ title. During the Great Patriotic War the Soviet Union in World War II, he became the most successful commander of the Allies, Winter 1941 under the German city gates of Moscow during the Stalin has left the organization a large offensive in the capital. Under the command of his superior, the Soviet has won the Battle of Stalingrad and Kursk's victory, the situation was a turning point, point to the German military front, he led the Soviet people fighting the final victory over Nazi Germany. Stalin participated in the summit several allies, including British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President Roosevelt at the Teheran Conference and the Yalta Conference. March 1946 to March 1953 the USSR Council of Ministers appointed Chairman. October 1952 Union (Bolsheviks) 19 general reorganization of the CPSU Central Committee Politburo Bureau, he was elected to the Central Bureau of the Central Committee and first secretary. March 5, 1953, Stalin died due to stroke, by the embalmed body placed in the Lenin Mausoleum. In 1956, Khrushchev presided over the 苏共二十大, critical of Stalin. In 1961, Stalin's body was cremated and buried in the Kremlin after the red walls and under.
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Stalin memorial
Stalin created a huge military - industrial sector, the Soviet Union entered the nuclear age, and to achieve industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, but he has not produced positive economic effects. Compiled for his book "Stalin's Collected Works" have been translated into Chinese. After the mid-1990s, the Georgian Stalin, rebuilt more than 20 monuments were built in Stalin's admirers raised. April 1, 1998, Russian President Boris Yeltsin announced the command has been kept in secret archives of the Stalin activities presidential material, Stalin, Yeltsin agreed with published literature on the _set_ of proposal, which is led by Alexander Yakovlev rehabilitation of political persecution by the Commission, the Office of the President to President Yeltsin commissioned the material transferred to the Archives Committee. December 21, 1998, Stalin's hometown ─ ─ Georgian city of Gori was held to commemorate the 119 anniversary of the birth of Stalin, the Georgian Communist Party leaders and activists unified, left-wing groups on behalf of Stalin Museum in Gori close to the meeting and Stalin's grandson, also attended the rally. March 5, 1999, at the initiative of the Georgian communists, Gori commemorated the 46th anniversary of the death of Stalin's memorial service. Gori's Stalin Museum has been opened.
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Marriage and Family
[Stalin's children] Eldest son (born to Stalin's first wife) Willy Yakov Zhu Gash in the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union in 1941 by German prisoners of war, Hitler had attempted to exchange Yakov was captured by Soviet troops, a senior German generals , but was rejected Stalin, Yakov was sacrificed. His early start in independent life, frugal living, firm and indomitable, heroic and unyielding in the face of fascism by the Soviet people's love. Second wife, Nadezhda 达谢尔盖耶夫娜 Ali Lu Isinbayeva leaving two children: son, Vasily, 6-year-old daughter, Svetlana. In 1970, she married again, her husband is an American architect, called Williams Peters, who soon gave birth to female, to take Mingaolijia. Later divorced. In 1982 she moved to England, in November 1984 with a small daughter back to Moscow, did not live long, she was alone, living in a nursing home in the west coast of England, accommodation fees with the State responsible for £ 70 a month, in addition to her also received £ 65 a week 10p pension. [Stalin's wife] Stalin's second wife is called Nadezhda. Nadezhda - that "hope" means. November 18, 1932 night in the house shot himself in the hole policy Waugh, was only 30 years old. She left a suicide note, in addition to Stalin outside, no one has read its contents. Stalin and Nadezhda lived together for 13 years, gave birth to a child and a woman. Wives of revolutionaries was not to ask too much housework, Nadezhda is no exception, her whole body and mind flutter in the social cause. After the death of Lenin, Stalin defeated party "opposition" as the party's top-level officials. Nadezhda Stalin understood the process and win the price. She gradually formed its own political view. Her views and Lenin's widow Krupskaya and other labeled "opposition" people close to the hat. Some of the old Bolsheviks became Stalin's political opponents, but it is her friend. But she knew his identity, to exercise maximum restraint personal feelings. November 7, 1932 the 15th anniversary of the October Revolution, when the parade at Red Square, Nadezhda, and technical institute students walk in the ranks to accept review. But a few days later, the newspaper published the news that she died on the 8th. Obituary did not mention her death, there is no published doctor's final diagnosis, which can not but doubt in the community. Her death became the crowd to guess the mystery. So spread the community different versions: suicide, homicide, murder ... ... The Soviet government Nadezhda da Lilu Dementieva held a grand funeral. Stalin only participated in the farewell ceremony with the body, not to escort the remains to the cemetery, after he did not pay homage to the cemetery and grave wife just left on the tombstone of his name: Nadezhda 达谢尔盖耶夫娜 Ali Lu Isinbayeva - Stalin Na Union (Bolshevik) party. September 9, 1901 Health - November 8, 1932 death Yue Weisi large Linjing Li Her daughter Svetlana's words: "If she did not die, then she will be the fate of the future then? Not have any good results. Sooner or later she would become his father's political opponents when she saw her most good old friends, such as Bukharin, leaves Nu Jize, Leideng Si, Svalbard Niese couples are all dead, and she will never be silent. She is absolutely not survive to go. " Svetlana article in memory of her mother's question and answer: "Perhaps the fate given to her from her death was waiting for her greater misfortune, right?"
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Personality cult
Stalin in the Soviet Union and Lenin established his own cult of personality. In spite of his opposition to Lenin's widow, will the Soviet founder Lenin's body placed in a glass coffin for people to look within. Stalin was also a beloved and even large-scale worship center. Some towns, villages, cities to his name, such as Stalingrad, as well as Stalin Prize and Stalin Peace Prize, and so on. This cult of personality in the Great Patriotic War the Soviet Union reached its peak after the victory, his name was even written to the new Soviet national anthem. Stalin became the poetry, music, painting, film and other cultural works focus. Trotsky had criticized Stalin's personality cult, that the establishment of this personality cult of personal values above the top of the party and class, in violation of the socialist and Bolshevik values, which no one can make personal criticism of Stalin. [Evaluation] History Stalin as the Soviet Union's de facto ruler for nearly a quarter of a century. He has extraordinary abilities, energetic, persistence. The salient features of Stalin's personality is strong. Stalin is controversial, far-reaching, multi-faceted conflict is extremely complex historical figure. Khrushchev in 1956 from February 苏共二十大 make "on Stalin's personality cult and its consequences," the secret report, Stalin began to completely deny, on the face of Stalin's history and evaluation has been debated. Former Soviet Union, the mainstream media for decades, nearly one-sided to be portrayed as a tyrant and mental madman. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, although Russian is still the mainstream media repeated all the former Soviet Union on Stalin's "story", some historians began to re-examine Stalin out of official comment on the issue. Russia in recent 10 years of recession, people are also beginning to nostalgia for Stalin, because after all, as Churchill said, "Stalin to accept that Russia is still using the wooden plow, and he left behind is equipped with Russian atomic weapons. " In the 50th anniversary of his death, a public opinion survey shows that, after nearly 50 years of demonization, the group has nearly one-third of people think that "by virtue of the victory of the Great Patriotic War can be forgiven for all of Stalin," nearly Half of Russians support of Stalin major positive. In his inaugural speech, President Vladimir Putin to Stalin as "can not forget the people." Russia recently started a new version of the history of tutorial to make a new evaluation of Stalin. In short, as one historian said, "Stalin is a card, no politician had to beat him, should play him." In the 1930s the Purges movement, due to confusing two different types of contradictions, leading revolutionaries magnification, so a large number of party cadres and the army were brutally persecuted outstanding; in guiding the international communist movement, Because of his experience of the Soviet Union, a country's absolute neglect of the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete practice of the revolutionary combination, take a lot of inappropriate practices, the international communist movement had a negative impact. In dealing with the issue in some countries reflects the great-power chauvinism. Many people think that the outstanding personality of Stalin is that cruel, without the slightest compassion. But most people recognize that Stalin had the extraordinary talent, strong effort, persistence of the idea of quality and agile and flexible. Meanwhile, Stalin's various arts disciplines, especially literature and music also pursued much to have good taste and attainments Stalin succeeded Lenin's career, completed the socialist transformation of the Soviet Union, the international communist movement has contributed greatly to the development. Stalin in that historical period of the communist forces in the worldwide expansion played an important role, most people recognize that the establishment of the Soviet Union after Stalin's political stability, as well as the Soviet economic and military development of the huge contribution. He is commander of the Soviet Red Army defeated the fascist Germany and the Allies achieve victory in World War II made an indelible contribution. In the course of World War II, Stalin seized the decline of Britain, France and other European countries, the timing, planning arrangements post-war world order. After World War II, the Soviet Union's great power status in the economic, military and international political dimensions have been further strengthened overall, with the United States eventually become the dominant superpower in world affairs, the Soviet Union became one of the world's most powerful, communist extended to the third of the world's population. He also particularly arbitrary, he was forced to implement a series of extreme policies leave much to the shortcomings of Soviet construction, so that different scholars of his mixed reviews, but no one deny his historical importance. Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill at 21 December 1959 on the occasion of Stalin's birthday 80 (Stalin's death six years) speech in the House, said: "For Russia, fortunately, it withstood a difficult test in the era of leadership it is genius and indomitable commander about. Victoria. Stalin, he was an outstanding figure, won his cruel times of our life, the admiration of Stalin tireless energy, knowledgeable, strong-willed, whether talking or doing things, He always resolutely `decisive 'no mercy, even I who trained the British Parliament can not put forward any objections to his book there was a very majestic power of this force is so great in Stalin and in the all times and all the leaders of the nation, he seems to be unparalleled, and his impact on people can not resist when he entered the Yalta conference hall, we would like to hear a command like, stand up , and, really strange, hands down, on the Ku Feng side. Stalin has a deep, logical, strong, clear wisdom, will not panic and he is the unparalleled master, can in difficult times, good desperate to get rid of the way he is able to destroy the enemy off the hands of the enemy who, it forces those of us he openly called imperialists people to fight with the fascists. Stalin is still acceptable to use wooden plow Russia, he left behind is equipped with atomic weapons in Russia. " After 1989, Eastern Europe, Hungary and other countries out of Soviet control in the April 2, 2004 before joining the European Union, the Hungarian capital Budapest Mayor's Office statement said: "Stalin's man in Europe, Hungary, the Hungarian people, Budapest and Budapest, the people committing serious crimes. "At the same time deprived of Stalin in Budapest in 1947 by the then government awarded the honorary citizenship (this honor is in recognition of his leadership, the Soviet Army in World War II Nazi German troops out of Hungary). Some historians and Peter the Great to Stalin's political and economic policies side by side. Both are committed to Russia's military strength in the economy to catch up on Western Europe, are full far-reaching change in Russia, Western Europe and the world's history, have succeeded in making Russia a leader in Europe for some time. There are also historians of the Stalin and Peter the Great, Ivan IV, etc. to limit people's freedom, the brutal dictatorship of the means to make a comparison. Russia in 2007 of a revised textbook, Stalin clearly defined as "a country into the industrial society to ensure that the pioneers and defenders of the system, a national leader in the brink of war." And Stalin committed by the so-called "humanitarian sin" to explain that it is like the emperor, Peter the Great and other "cruel", as is the inevitable times, rolling forward will eventually become an adjunct of the great history. This sin will be a nation of grand unification, and development to get a strong legitimacy and rationality.
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Stalin's death mystery
- Died of natural causes or was murdered? Official Gazette Murder theory Unlike the first official statement is made Khrushchev in 1971, the English version of his memoirs published in New York, described the scene before the death of Stalin. He confirmed that Stalin was actually making a hole in his villa in Kosovo died of a brain hemorrhage and then, rather than in Moscow apartment. In addition, Khrushchev also believed that Beria with abnormal performance, suggesting that the death of Beria and Stalin. Clear that Stalin was plotting to poison the premature death of the Soviet exile Western scholars 阿阿夫托尔 Hanuo Fu, 1976, he published in Russian in Germany, "the mystery of Stalin's death," a book attracted wide attention. After that there was even a murder, says the various versions, such as Anfu An application fee East Love Ke --- Austria in the "Stalin-era mystery case" to say the book also 阿夫托尔哈 Ivanov argument similar to that Beria was Stalin's murder mastermind, of course, Khrushchev, Malenkov, Bulganin. Death of incentives In fact, Stalin since 1923 suffering from rheumatism, high blood pressure have occurred in 1944, and the symptoms of atherosclerosis, October 1945, had suffered a stroke, Stalin in 1951 to 1952 has been a marked deterioration in health status, this end, he quit smoking, then Stalin's blood-red complexion shows signs of high blood pressure has been, together with 1952 to 1953, Stalin's purges are busy launching new and not leave, all this may be his sudden stroke later incentives. Present findings Although over half a century of Stalin's death, but the mystery of Stalin's death there is still no outstanding history of this important conclusion, however, when the Soviet Union in 1953 combined with the political situation in the background, to understand the sudden stroke of Stalin before and after the witness A detailed description of the incident, based on the re-analysis of Stalin's health reasons, the following conclusions can be drawn: murder of the lack of factual basis, then there is no long-term preparation of a conspiracy against Stalin, Stalin is the result of a brain hemorrhage and died. As to why the official bulletin issued by the disease and the actual time of on_set_ of Stalin "wrong", the death of Stalin in Russia specialized research historian, biochemist Zhores Neil Medvedev that "Stalin did not rule out a stroke in the after a tacit conspiracy of self-generated, "Neil Medvedev in his new book further argues that" Stalin's sudden stroke while in a coma for a doctor to these ten hours, Malenkov, Beria and Khrushchev husband, Bulganin, who reached for Stalin Union (Bolsheviks) on the specified 19 major new leadership of the CPSU and the Soviet government conspiracy. " This can also be used to explain the occurrence of stroke official forged on Stalin's time, and call a doctor to come to rescue the delay in the practice, just do not want to let more people know that Stalin was dying prematurely, in order to obtain sufficient time to state power internal re-allocation. Some people think that if Stalin was able to save time the rescue. For this statement, Neil Medvedev on the basis that "Stalin is a large area due to intracranial hemorrhage caused by coma, severe stroke that is today the result is fatal and if to take prompt medical care, only to postpone death time, Stalin still not be saved. "
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False rumors
Soviet hero, to participate in the Great Patriotic War, writers Karpov took decades to rely on sporadic saved files, as well as the war generals and agents, interviews with diplomats, investigate some of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 events . Rumors I: Battle of Moscow during the Stalin suggested the German armistice, the fight against the Anglo-American Indeed held such negotiations, in February 1942, 20-27. The situation was similar to Lenin in 1918 in order to save the young Soviet Russia and concluded a very harsh Brest. Stalin saw the Red Army suffered heavy losses, most military factories are retreating to the rear, much-needed breathing space. Supreme Commander ordered the intelligence agency contacts with the German headquarters, suggested his name cease-fire. To the German occupation of Minsk Tim Cen Soviet side in the negotiations of the House on behalf of the Deputy People's Commissar of 梅尔库洛夫, Germany is the SS chief of staff Wolf. Stalin suggested that at 6:00 on the May 5, 1942 to at 18 o'clock on August 1st stop military action across the board, then the Germans should withdraw to the boundaries agreed upon in advance, and before the end of 1943 the Anglo-American war with the Soviets. Also stated that the Soviet Union is prepared to consider the conditions for Germany to make peace, the war of blame to the head of international Jewish organizations; if Germany refused, the Germans will be defeated, Germany would no longer exist. 梅尔库洛夫 February 27, 1942 in a report to Stalin that the German side suggested to maintain the status quo after the ceasefire to the front to the end of 1942, the Soviet government should immediately put the Jews to concentration camps in the Far North region to eliminate; in the following the world situation, the requirements of the rule in Latin America, Germany, China and the Arab world. Sudan said it could not accept the German demands, the negotiations break. Stalin did not sell out the country's Jews. Karpov believes that Stalin would like to join the Anglo-American war with Germany is a strategic approach, the purpose is to gain time. Rumors II: Soviet secret service plan developed to eliminate Hitler, all preparations, even at the last minute to give Stalin In 1941 the Soviet Union is ready to Mouci Hitler. At that time the Soviet intelligence agency speculated that Hitler would be like Napoleon, after the capture of Moscow, to visit the Soviet capital. Intelligence agencies _set_ up several groups to prepare several _set_s of programs. But the Germans did not take Moscow. The second plan is drawn up in 1942, when Hitler learned to go to the German occupation of Ukraine Vinnitsa's field headquarters. Soviet subversion was working behind enemy lines the captain, a senior agent Medvedev was instructed to do this task. But the operation failed. Closest to the success of the old agents 苏多普拉托夫 and Erin preparation "woes." Them by Hitler's cronies, to get closer to "heads of state." The first ring is the actor Blumenthal - son 弗谢沃洛德 Tamar Katrina, he seek refuge in Germany, with Hitler's favorite movie star deed blame baby together, made fascist full confidence. The second part is the nephew of the Soviet Union to 弗谢沃洛德 Mekkhala Tomasevski sent him. In 1943, when Stalin asked the intelligence agencies to action. Stalin and 苏多普拉托夫 listening 梅尔库洛夫 report said only one sentence: "This did not matter." However, there is no Mekkhala Tomasevski line break. In 1944, the opportunity came again, again, consult, Stalin instructed: "Hitler do not pack out." 梅尔库洛夫 boldly inquire the reason. Stalin said: "We need to Hitler, as long as he lived, not in conjunction with the West German separate peace. In case Hitler lost, the West may be linked to his successors Goering and other negotiated conditions of this against us, we have close to defeat Germany a. So you do not touch Hitler ... "In this way, Stalin out of strategic considerations, let Hitler. Rumors Three: Stalin, Germany would like to eliminate, but did not succeed Hitler had ordered the elimination of Stalin. For action, the Germans chose the former Soviet military officer Ta Fulin. The people at the front to the German surrender, then entered the German military intelligence spy school, he offered to assassinate Stalin. Into the cadres of People's Commissariat of Defense Board and the Reserve Command of the two German spies to give him a false resume false, Ta Fulin and radio operator Xi Luowa will be fitted into the action in front of Soviet espionage in the wounded Major General couples . Ta Fulin's action is twofold: first the program is to sneak in a ceremony attended by Stalin, Stalin shot with Poison bullets; second program is a special mini-Stalin rocket hit the car. September 5, 1944, drop Tafu Lin and Xi Luowa German aircraft made a forced landing after being hit by Soviet anti-aircraft guns, They were arrested. Ta Fulin immediately confess. Sudan will count on the meter, so he calls the German request for support, easily destroy a new German spies sent. Continued until April 1945, Germany still waiting for results. Anti spy agencies has been to wait until 1952, They only shot.
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Reference material
1. [Russia] Vladimir Karpov book, "Marshal Stalin", 2005, ISBN 7-80190-701-9 2 [Russian] Lev Trotsky was, together dry translated, "A Critical Biography of Stalin", ISBN 7-5060-1168-9 [Russia] Woerkege Romanov book, "Stalin (all three)." , ISBN 7-8017-3199-9 3. [Russia] Ye Merry Kasyanov book, "Stalin: unmodified files (the road leading to power)", 2006, ISBN 7-5447-0052-6 4. [Russia] Ye Merry Kasyanov book, "Stalin: unmodified file (in the pinnacle of power)", 2006, ISBN 7-5447-0053-4 5. [Russia] Roy Medvedev's book, "Let history to trial - On Stalin and Stalinism", 2005, ISBN 7-5060-2166-8 6 [English] Henry Palin, [Russia] 德安沃尔科 Genuo Fu, [United States] James MacGregor Burns's book, "World War Three", 2003, ISBN 7 - 8017-3212-X 7. [Russia] Baolisiwa quarter Mo Weiqi Sokolov's book, Feng, Yu-Jia Liang translated, "World War II secret files", 2005, ISBN 7-5043-4585-7 8. [The] Yuan Nansheng forward, "Stalin Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek", 2005, ISBN 7-5438-2143-5 9. [In] Yangkui Song of "Mao Zedong's rivalry with Moscow", 2005, ISBN 7-210-02127-2 10. [In] Shen Zhihua was, "Stalin, Mao and the Korean War", 2003, ISBN 7-218-04411-5 11 [Su] Vera Davydova waiting for, "The Secret History of the Kremlin - the memories of Stalin's mistress", China Overseas Chinese Publishing House 1988
