① record written language symbols. ② article text flow.
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wén zì
Record language of symbols, such as Chinese characters, the Latin alphabet. Qin Shi Huang unified China in the "Langyashan Stele" in the text called the first time the word
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No. 4
Book early for the CJ, covered by class of pictographic, so that the text, then type sound with benefits, that is, that the word. Images of the text are, word by word more, multiplying the Baptist also. - "Syrian Origin of Chinese Characters"
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No. 5
Articles; composition
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No. 6
Fluent writing
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No. 7
Language in written form, such as Chinese, Russian
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No. 8
Instruments; documents
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No. 9
Lines of text
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No. 10
Mitsunobu
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No. 11
This text was
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No. 12
Written record of the language symbols. Ancient and more pointed words. Han caution "<Origin of Chinese Characters> Syria": "covered by class pictograph, so that the text; its benefits Chun-shaped pan that is meant by the word." Press, according to class of pictographic, that is, independent body, as the text; shaped pan benefits, that is fit for the character. "Records of First Emperor of the century": "testimonies value of a husband-foot stone, axle, with the text book." Qi tui "Family Instructions Mian School": "Cardiff were written, not grave membership, the Bank of apprenticeship, and more nobody knows the word. "Han Yu" Reading "He Guan Zi>": "text off absurd, whom is 30 there are five words." Qing Chen Li, "school secretary Dongshu Reading": "sound almost like those of Italy and Vision who also, sound can not pass on the remote, leave the different, the reason that the book of the text. "Lu Xun" Outline History of Chinese Literature, "first:" To the word success, the age when the cotton calendar, and by the public hand the whole group of Yu, trusted by the epidemic, Who the author, is very difficult to do that, attributed to a saint, but also with the addiction to say. "
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No. 13
Clusters formed word poems. Tang Meng rural "old hate" poetry: "No child copied the text, the old poems and more homeless." Yuan Liu Qi, "Gui Qian" 大: "Lei Zeyun for words without syntax, demoralized, less regulation." "Awakening common saying the wrong account for the money scholar Phoenix Chou ":" There are several test studies, the text read Sheqin, he promised a solution for it here. "summer hideaway respect tao" Oncidium "three:" a text of the topic, often after completion of prescribed papers. "
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No. 14
Refers to poetry in the diction, the words. Han Yu, "chimed in poetry Tan Jing order": "on the strange strange choice, Carve the text, and Webre Lu emaciated people in specific, than the least bit sense of proportion."
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No. 15
Documents; files. Song Zhongyan "Yaozhou thank the table": "failed to meet turn to the next thief to the text world, such as unauthorized by the former puppet, stand hair removal will be out of bounds, no receipt." "Vision and Kingdoms" before the assembly: "There is that Ya Si Song Jiang then the text read, starry night went Shijie Village, reported that with Chao Gai few. "" Ping Qin and six words "volume:" separate ways counties obtain access to the text, that the king was prisoner Han, Zhu Jiang are death, rather a surrender to surrender. "" Ancient and Modern Fiction posts monk clever deception Huangfu Wife ":" money Dayingezhuang finished reading, real-time to teach the next ge their destination charge, called the Piedmont hiking will come. At that time Hill will Cheng of this text. "
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No. 16
Memorial to the throne or the Notes on that child. Song Zhu Bian, "Qu Wei River old news" 大: "Xining first proposed the new law, foreign horrified, Hanwei Gong has written to the court, meaning a little suspect Yu Ling." Ming Feng Meng, "think-tank fill Sophia Learning Experience": " day, into the Sapporo child to get something covered hills, begging night came, and after the Shangdian alone right, that no surprise to officials, one must enter the text was, to say it only Mo leakage. "
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Text historical origins
The earliest text data from the current batch ─ ─ we can see the Shang oracle word counting, the text has 3,000 years of history. Because Oracle is already quite mature character writing system, we can infer the occurrence of certain characters far in 3000 years ago. Development of the text can be divided into two major phases. Oracle is the word from one stage to Xiaozhuan; from the Han Dynasty official script below is another stage. The former belongs to the scope of the ancient text, the latter belongs to the category of modern text. Generally speaking, there is not much change from the official script in text form to the modern use today. Text from the relationship with the Chinese point of view, the text is a morpheme words. Constructed from the text itself, see, the text is the writing system of ideographic, phonetic radical (next to the shape, phonetic) and neither sign nor ideographic phonetic composition. Text originated in the picture. In the early stages of the text produced, meaning morpheme pictograph glyph it represents occur with direct contact. Although each word has its own fixed pronunciation, but the shape itself is not phonetic symbols, with the nature of the phonetic alphabet is different. It represents the pronunciation pictograph morpheme is passed to it. With the evolution of shape, becoming less pictograms pictograph. The result is shaped with morpheme it represents lost in the sense of the original contact. This time, the shape itself is neither phonetic nor semantic, became abstract mark. If the Chinese are made in all of this is neither morpheme nor semantic phonetic notation representative, then the text can be said to be a sign of pure text. But it is not. There are differences in the text fit single characters and words. Only single characters is purely token text. Fit the word is caused by a combination of single characters. From the structure that fit the word than the word of a single body level. Because the composition of single characters fit the word itself, although also mark, but when it is a component of compound characters, and it is there sound has defined "word" status to participate. Compound characters can be divided into the following three categories: ① Phonogram. Phonogram shaped by the expressed meaning and representation beside beside pronunciation sound of two parts. Take the simplest structure Phonogram, the side next to the harmonies are shaped by an independent body to act as a word. As part of Phonogram these single characters are all sound righteous word. But whichever side shaped only justice, not whichever sounds, such as "dove" radical word "bird"; beside whichever audio sound only, not whichever justice, such as "dove" radical word "nine." Due to the evolution of word meaning and pronunciation of the word next to some form of sound or phonetic form has now lost ideographic or phonetic features. For example, "ball" was originally the name of a kind of jade, so the "Jade" is next to the shape. Now the "ball" word no longer refers to the jade, no side effects of this form. Another example is the "sea" had to "each" for the next sound. Due to changes in pronunciation, and now the "sea" and "every" pronunciation far, next to Sound "every" will not work. Sometimes, the side next to the acoustic shape of the original features are lost, such as "to, other short." This kind word can no longer be viewed as a form of sound words ② fit knowing the word. The ancients said, "Zhigeweiwu", "hide the letter." For the "arms", "believe" word, this interpretation is wrong. However, the system does have a word of Chinese characters in this way made, for example, "is not correct for the distortion," "bad for the NAO." This category is characterized by the word rendezvous radical meaning of words to express the meaning of the word throughout the body. This very few words, only individual examples. And there is no clear boundary between Phonogram Phonogram and non-words. The beginning of the creation and the pronunciation of the word and its phonetic sound next to the original is not necessarily close together. The development of modern Chinese characters, access is even greater. Some people take more than 7500 characters fit modern statistics. On Mandarin pronunciation, the next word with the sound completely fit homophones (consonants, vowels and tones identical) of less than 5%. Consonants, vowels and different tones of the same accounts for about 10%. Only one vowel same about 20%. If we only seen the first two categories Phonogram, then Phonogram probably only access 15% of Chinese characters. If the above three types of full-regarded Phonogram, Phonogram probably accounted for 35% of traffic characters look. If further relax the criteria to determine the origin or completely based on phonetic word, then the percentage of traffic in the form of sound words of Chinese characters is much higher.
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表意文字
Weakened pictograph from pictographic writing, but the picture of the nature of the symbolic nature of enhancements, it is one of the most original of coinage. Its limitations, because some physical things and abstract things draw out. Pictograph-based development of Chinese characters into ideograms of coinage, for example, six book knowing, things shaped sound. However, these new formation methods, must still based on the original pictograph pictograph as foundation, put together, less the provincial or deletion symbolic symbol made. The world's most well-known hieroglyphs, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics - the holy book of the body. About 5,000 years ago, ancient Egyptians invented a graphic text, called hieroglyphics. This word write up both slow and difficult to understand, so about 3400 years ago, the Egyptians and the evolution of a write faster and easier to use the font. In addition, there are southwest China Naxi Dongba and aquarium water book, the world's only existing the hieroglyphs system still in use. With the passage of time, and ultimately even the Egyptians own forgotten how early Buddhism taboo kind of hieroglyphics. If it is because of Napoleon's army invaded Egypt, the army ancient French word scientists that found most likely since the archaeologists are still unable to identify the text. In 1799, French scientists unearthed a text black monument of the ancient text. Inscription written in three languages, Greek, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and the late Egyptian writings. A French ancient language scholar Jean Paul suppliers Champollion studied these words and try to deciphered the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.
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Myths and legends of the origin of the text
Devanagari legend origin Sanskrit calligraphy "Heart Sutra" Devanagari alphabet, spelling because there is a long history of Sanskrit, is the world's people called Devanagari, Devanagari letter was a standard letter and internationally recognized Indian Buddhist Sanskrit writing. Devanagari Sanskrit is Devanagri literal heaven city, why is it called the heavenly city? Because, according to the Indian point of view, Devanagari by god "Brahma" created by Brahma, the Chinese people called "Erawan" Buddhist name "Brahman kings" because it is "Brahma" created by the so called "Sanskrit" Sanskrit letters are used by the gods of heaven the text so called "Devanagari." Devanagari each letter represents a source of strength in the Indian people practice "Yoga" when often mused Devanagari, Chinese Sanskrit expert "Qian Wenzhong" more Sanskrit copying "Heart Sutra." Read Buddhism "mantra" when asked to pronounce correctly, because the spelling and pronunciation of Sanskrit absolute rule, with the Devanagari spelling mantra, both to be written that says that, while maintaining the pure voice Sanskrit mantra, so in Sanskrit read letters spelling mantra mantra is the best choice for people in India writing history, Brahma created writing format is no space between the words and the words are separated, so the ancient Sanskrit writing and copying Indian sacred "Vedas" and other literature of the time , not between words separated by spaces, until modern times between orthodox "Sanskrit" and "Hindi" no spaces between words also separated, since the modern Western writing format into India, India began to imitate the Western format only between words separated by spaces, which undermines the creation of Brahma writing format, to a certain extent, weakened the Devanagari mana
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Phonogram
表音文字
Said a word in a limited number of phonemes and syllables with a few words and letters, which in the words of the voice markup language text. A certain tone of some letters to represent, a certain letter also said certain tone. Chinese people generally have a misconception that English is the phonograph, and in fact, strictly speaking, not a phonetic English, because English is a serious gap between spelling and pronunciation, English spelling is the world's most irregular language. The most common types of text World with text language, the vast majority are written in the form with the following words: First, the Latin alphabet Europe (except Eastern Europe), Africa (sub-Saharan), South America, Oceania, Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines) Almost all non-Latin alphabet languages, has an official or common law approach alphabet transliteration Most non-syllabic languages using the Latin alphabet phonetic system Second, the Cyrillic alphabet (Cyrillic alphabet) in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet satellite states have adopted some Cyrillic letters spelling language, such as Mongolia Third, the Arabic alphabet Arab region, North Africa, Iran, Pakistan and other Islamic countries; Central Asia, Xinjiang Fourth, the Indian alphabet Indian peninsula (except Pakistan outside) the vast majority of countries in Southeast Asia (Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia); Tibet Fifth, the Chinese system includes not only the Chinese system of Chinese characters, but also characters such as the extension of pseudonyms, phonetic symbols. China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and other Chinese regions using Chinese, Japanese, Korean use other (often isolated) text form language are: Korean (South Korea partially adopt the Chinese system), Mongolian (old Mongolian ), Hebrew etc. Text List In today's major languages, the text is divided into: Logogram kanji (Chinese) Kanji Hanja Tangut Jurchen Kitai Egyptian cuneiform Japanese kana syllabary Yi vowel attached subscript text (word or under spend plus plus plus word or words left or right to add the word marked vowel) Devanagari Thai Burmese Lao Khmer Tibetan Sanskrit Hindi text Siddham Hebrew consonant phonemes full text Arabic phonemes Latin alphabet Cyrillic text Armenian Georgian Greek Mongolian Korean It took the letters (Maldives text)
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Chinese History
From the moment we can see the first batch of text 18710.htm> Data ─ ─ 553879.htm> Shang 8170.htm> Oracle word counting, 1712.htm> characters over 3,000 years of history. Because Oracle is already quite mature character writing system, we can infer the occurrence of certain characters far in 3000 years ago. Development of Chinese characters can be divided into two major phases. Word from Oracle to 44212.htm> Xiaozhuan is a stage; from the Qin era 45719.htm> Clerical Here is another stage. The former belongs to the scope of the ancient text, the latter belongs to the category of modern text. Generally speaking, there is not much change from the official script to the modern Chinese characters used today. From the relations with the Chinese characters look, character is a morpheme words. See the structure from the characters themselves, the characters are ideographic writing system, phonetic radical (next to the shape, phonetic) and neither sign nor ideographic phonetic composition. Kanji originated in the picture. In the early stages of Chinese Characters, meaning morpheme pictograph glyph it represents occur with direct contact. Although each word has its own fixed pronunciation, but the shape itself is not phonetic symbols, with the nature of the phonetic alphabet is different. It represents the pronunciation pictograph morpheme is passed to it. With the evolution of shape, becoming less pictograms pictograph. The result is shaped with morpheme it represents lost in the sense of the original contact. This time, the shape itself is neither phonetic nor semantic, became abstract mark. If the Chinese are made in all of this is neither morpheme nor semantic phonetic notation representatives, then characters can be said to be a sign of pure text. But it is not. Chinese characters are different single characters and fit the word. Only single characters is purely token text. Fit the word is caused by a combination of single characters. From the structure that fit the word than the word of a single body level. Because the composition of single characters fit the word itself, although also mark, but when it is a component of compound characters, and it is there sound has defined "word" status to participate. Compound characters can be divided into the following three categories: ① 336767.htm> Phonogram. Phonogram shaped by the expressed meaning and representation beside beside pronunciation sound of two parts. Take the simplest structure Phonogram, the side next to the harmonies are shaped by an independent body to act as a word. As part of Phonogram these single characters are all sound righteous word. But whichever side shaped only justice, not whichever sounds, such as "dove" radical word "bird"; beside whichever audio sound only, not whichever justice, such as "dove" radical word "nine." As the meaning of words and pronunciation of 735417.htm> evolution, beside some form of sound words sound now form beside or lost ideographic or phonetic features. For example, "ball" was originally the name of a kind of jade, so the "Jade" is next to the shape. Now the "ball" word no longer refers to the jade, no side effects of this form. Another example is the "sea" had to "each" for the next sound. Due to changes in pronunciation, and now the "sea" and "every" pronunciation far, next to Sound "every" will not work. Sometimes, the side next to the acoustic shape of the original features are lost, such as "to, other short." This kind word can no longer be viewed as a form of sound words. And there is no clear boundary between Phonogram Phonogram and non-words. The beginning of the creation and the pronunciation of the word and its phonetic sound next to the original is not necessarily close together. The development of modern Chinese characters, access is even greater. Some people take more than 7500 characters fit modern statistics. On Mandarin pronunciation, the next word with the sound completely fit homophones (consonants, vowels and tones identical) of less than 5%. Consonants, vowels and different tones of the same accounts for about 10%. Only one vowel same about 20%. If we only seen the first two categories Phonogram, then Phonogram probably only access 15% of Chinese characters. If the above three types of full-regarded Phonogram, Phonogram probably accounted for 35% of traffic characters look. If further relax the criteria to determine the origin or completely based on phonetic word, then the percentage of traffic in the form of sound words of Chinese characters is much higher. ② fit knowing the word. The ancients said, "Zhigeweiwu", "hide the letter." For the "arms", "believe" word, this interpretation is wrong. However, the system does have a word of Chinese characters in this way caused by, for example, "is not correct for the distortion," "bad for the NAO." This category is characterized by the word rendezvous radical meaning of words to express the meaning of the word throughout the body. This very few words, only individual examples. The words fit in these two categories there are some ideographic radical action, and some have phonetic effect. Under a different kind of situation. ③ fit token words. This kind of radical neither fit ideographic characters, nor phonetic. There are mainly two cases. First, because of phonological and semantic changes, beside the original sound and the next is no longer phonetic form, meaning the table. For example cited above, "Give, and so short," a class of words. Another scenario could cite "chapter" word for example. Analysis according to Han Xu Shen "Dictionary", the "chapters" word from the "sound" from "Ten." But now most people say "stand early chapters" (to distinguish it from "bow Chang"), when the analysis is to put it into a "vertical" and "early" in two parts. In fact, look at the ancient text, "chapter" was originally an independent body pictograph, with "sound, X. Li, early" does not matter. Chinese characters have been used to record more than 3,000 years of history, has been in use to this day, never stopped. In such a long historical period, Chinese people's real life, not only for the service, and the next record is extremely rich in cultural information; even across borders, are Japan, Korea, Vietnam and other neighboring countries borrow to record non-Chinese language. On the other hand, there have been a long time also criticized the shortcomings of Chinese characters, the main characters are illegible say, difficult to write, difficult to mechanize (print type_set_ting, typing, etc.). So in terms of literacy, child literacy, cultural transmission, etc., are not as phonetic efficiency. In comparison with alphabetic writing Chinese characters has its weaknesses, but it also has its strengths. Kanji greatest strengths is the ability to transcend limitations of space and time. The big difference between ancient and modern Chinese pronunciation. However, due to the shape fairly stable in 2000, did not change much, meaning the change is relatively small, so the ancient Qin and Han also part of most people today understand. If the old books are written with a phonetic system, modern simply can not understand. Some dialects voice varies widely, can not talk to each other, but written in Chinese characters, will be able to understand each other, the reason is the same. 1950s simplified Chinese characters work. 1986 re-released "simplified summary table" provides more than 2200 16311.htm> simplified Chinese characters (including the use of the word analogy radical simplification). This work has now come to an end, the future will remain in a period of stability, not continue to simplify. Because of the continuing simplification would undermine the stability of the text, but after a number of simplified characters, the original complex characters and can not be repealed. The result is increasing the total number of characters, but increased the burden on the people to learn and use. About text spelling issues, has long been controversial. In theory, any natural language can be used phonetic records. However, due to differences between Chinese dialects, there is no work in the promotion of Putonghua broad, tangible results before use phonetic dialect area will bring great difficulties. In addition, due to the long history of Chinese characters, Chinese characters are a lot of literature records. Once change course, is bound to cause some difficulties in the extensive use of literature, it may cause fluctuations in social psychology and national sentiments.
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Buddhist Encyclopedia
[Text] (Miscellaneous name) moral principles of interpretation table with also. The reality from the text, but the text is not fake, not interpretations of reality, so gas upon is the text of the Dhammakaya life also. Law 华玄义 Rider: "The text is Dhammakaya gas life, recite Ming is the number of interest-round home." Vimalakirti viewers Health products said:. "Speech text are freed phase"
