① General refers to the practice of social history of mankind created the material wealth and spiritual wealth combined. Narrow sense refers to the ideology and social system and the corresponding organization. Culture as ideology is a certain political and economic society to reflect, then act on some of the political and economic. With the emergence and development of ethnic, cultural, national character. Every form of society has adapted to its culture, every culture with social development and the development of material production. The continuity of social and material development of production, culture and development decision continuity and historical inheritance. ② text refers to a culture of learning ability and general knowledge | literacy.
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wén huà
Refer to the same historical period archaeological relics, relics of the complex. The same tools, equipment, manufacturing technology with the characteristics of a culture
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No. 5
文化
Man the sum of the wealth created, especially a spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education, science
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No. 6
Ability to use language and general knowledge
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No. 7
Sandwiches enlightenment. Chinese Liu Xiang, "said Wu Yuan means": "Where the Xing Wu, also was not satisfied, do not change culture, and then add punish." Jin beam clarity "by the instrument complement of Poetry": "culture within the series, martial arts outside Yau. "Former Shu Du Guangting" He Heming renewable form of dried tree ":" repair culture service ya shortage, Yiu Ping Wuwei and nine have. "Yuan Chucai" Sun 16 title "Seven Poems:" vertical good clothes Duangong ashamed military, cultural, leisurely Drive for Peace. "" Hua Yue "fourth seven times:" Er-Er Yu fraud, such as ghosts, such as worm, stem dynasties of culture, cutting nine employees of the emperor. "
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No. 8
Means the ability to use text and have the book knowledge. Hong Shen, "the film drama techniques" Chapter II: "Because modern people had not only a natural life, he is an educated man's life."
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No. 9
People in social and historical practice in the creation of material wealth and spiritual wealth combined. Tezhi spiritual wealth, such as education, science, literature and art. Mao Zedong's "New Democracy" 3: "a certain culture (as an ideology, culture) is a certain community, a reflection of political and economic, but also to the great influence and role in certain political and economic society." Cao Yu "Wang Zhaojun "Act II:" He does not believe the sincerity of the Han Dynasty Huns treated, looked down Chang'an culture. "
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No. 10
Archaeological terms. Refer to the same historical period for the transfer of non-compliance of the locations of the remains, relics of the complex. The same tools, utensils, the same manufacturing technology, with the characteristics of a culture. Such as: Yangshao; Longshan culture.
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Definition of culture
Culture is the people's attention, the phenomenon of interest in things, and atmosphere. According to the number of people of a certain amount of things you can put into a large culture and culture of small cultures. Namely: Compared to other cultures, people are concerned about the number of and more interested in the phenomenon of things is the great culture and atmosphere; and people concerned about the small number of things of interest to the phenomenon and the atmosphere is a little culture. - Excerpt from the Happiness Research in China Culture is created and shared human population of physical entities, values, meaning systems and behaviors, the entire human population living conditions. Government (that is advocated by those in power in different periods of culture) is the culture and the pilot, what kind of government of, there is what kind of culture. This definition reveals several aspects: (1) Culture is the way of life and the human population lives throughout the process. Main component is a symbolic value and meaning of social norms. Symbol refers to information that a sign of things to pass it in life on behalf of certain information or meaning. The existence of culture depends on human creativity, the ability to use symbols. Values is that people judge things in daily life and behavior standards, determine the community in which people distinguish between right and wrong common sense. Social norms is a guide to action under certain circumstances, it affects people's psychology, ways of thinking and values in action. (2) implicit part of the culture, values and meaning for the system, from the explicit form for a variety of symbols, these symbols mainly for the physical entity and behavior. (3) for the whole human culture is a human creation, a specific time and space for people, culture is mainly reflected in both the survival and development framework. (4) cultural groups with the range of human differences reflect differences in classification. - From "Sociology Course" Yi Yi Dian
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Cultural extension
Culture, should be the sum of human traces. Remain in the paper is the culture, stay in the ground, the mountains, but also a cultural, but more importantly, culture is culture first-hand, because they are the original cultural environment is purely cultural, it tends to be true, the good, U.S. culture. Culture can be divided into physical and spiritual areas of scope, material category refers to the outer material life of mankind and its traces, and spiritual aspects of life outside that of the human spirit and its traces.
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Origin of Culture
According to expert research, "culture" is a Chinese language system has existed since medieval vocabulary. "Man," the original meaning, refers to the colored cross texture. "Easy? Copulative under the" _set_: "mixed phase, Gu Yue Man." "Book of Rites? Music", said: "The five colors written instead of chaos." "Dictionary" says: "Man, wrong picture also , as the cross "refer to this meaning. On this basis, the "culture" there are several extended meaning. First, to include language in a variety of symbols, and then translated into concrete cultural books, ritual system. "Book? Order" contained in the Fu Xi Bagua painting, making the book contract, "by the students is Wenji Yan," "The Analects of Confucius? Zaihan" Confucius said, contained "neither King Wen, the text is not're almost" is the instance. Second, the ethics that export painting, decoration, artificial cultivation of righteousness, and "quality", "real" symmetry, so "Shang Shushun Code," Shu said, "Wen said latitude and longitude world," "The Analects of Confucius Yong," said "quality wins wen Ye, Wen-Sheng quality is history, gentle, and gentleman." Third, on top of the first two senses, but also export the United States, the good, moral meaning, this is the "Book of Music" so-called "ceremony by two-to enter an article," Zheng Xuan Note "text Utah United States also, good also, "" Book of Yu-mo, "the so-called" universal culture spreads in life, only commitment to God. " "Of" original meaning Gaiyi, generation, good luck, such as "Happy Excursion": "for the sake of the bird, its name says Peng." "Easy to under copulative": "fine structure of men and women, of all things chemical and biological weapons." "Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen": "not on behalf of, time can not be countered." "Book of Doctrine of the Mean": "heaven and earth genesis can be like," and so on. Summarized above are saying, "turn" means things change in form or nature, while "transformation" and the idea was to teach the meaning of the line Qianshan. "Culture" and "transformation" in parallel, earlier seen in the late Warring States scholars editor of "images of Ben Yi Chuan": (Goju staggered), astronomy. Civilization as, human also. We look at astronomy, in order to detect time-varying; view the Spirit of Humanity, to into the world. This passage in the "culture", which comes from the texture of the charity. Between sun and moon cross tattoo on the day that the "astronomical", which is Heaven laws of nature. Similarly, the "human", refers to the human relations and social law, that social life intertwined relationships between people, such as ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, brother, friend, a complex network, with the texture representation. This passage, are required to observe the rule of astronomy, in order to understand the timing of the change, and should observe the humanities, so that the person to comply with the civilized world etiquette and behavior only when it ended. Here, the "human" and "into the world" close contact "with culture and education" of the ideas are very clear. Culture as a social reality of human existence, with as old as human history itself. Humans from the "nascent, at a loss to humanity" (Wang Fu-chih, "" Reading Chronicle on the "Volume XX) of the" plant stand of the beast "(" thinking outside the chapter asked recorded ") evolved gradually and" Heaven "both Also linked to distinguish "humanity", this is the culture of the creative process. in the creation and development of culture, the subject is human, the object is a natural, but is the culture of man and nature, subject and object of the opposition in practice uniform material. Here, "nature" refers not only to exist in the physical confrontation outside and with the external nature, but also refers to the human instinct, the human body's natural resistance of various biological properties. Culture is the starting point in the transformation of nature and transform the social activities, and thus also transform the practice of the people themselves. who created the culture, as culture has created man. For example, say: do not have a natural and cultural meaning of rock, but after manually polished, they were injected values and work skills to enter the "culture" category. Therefore, the substantive meaning of culture is "man" or "human," which is the human body through social practice, adapt, use and transform nature, while the progressive realization of the object the process of their own values. reflect the outcome of this process, both reflected in the natural landscape, form, function continuously improved, but also reflected in the quality of human individuals and groups (physical and psychological, technology and ethics, self-discipline and the law of human ) continues to improve and perfect. Thus, those who go beyond instinct, the role of conscious human nature and society in all activities and their results, all belong to culture; or that the "natural man" of that is culture. For a long time, people use "culture" concept, its connotation and extension vary widely, so culture has broad and narrow sense. Generalized "culture", focusing on the human and most animals, human society and the essential difference between the natural world, focusing on human nature Standing out in a unique way of life, it covers a very wide, it is also known as "Culture." Liang in "What is culture," said the "culture among the human mind can come out of the acquittal of the total industry is valuable", this "total industry" contains a number of areas, such as knowledge (language, philosophy, science, education) and standard (ethical, legal, faith), the arts (literature, art, music, dance, drama), Used (for production tools, household utensils, and the technology to produce them), social (system, organization, customs ) and so on. Generalized "culture" from the People, the sense of man's argument that culture is a "people into animals and create the person, organization, people, thinking people, and the speaker and the program people", and thus of human society - the entire contents of all historical life intake of "culture" of the domain. In general, cultural philosophy, cultural anthropology and other disciplines, many holding such cultural researchers said. And the general "culture" relative, in a narrow sense, "culture." Narrow sense of "culture" exclusion of human society - the history of life on the physical part of creating activities and their results, focusing on the spirit of creative activities and their results, it is also known as "little culture." Taylor, 1871, British scientist in the "primitive culture", a book suggested that culture, "but includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs and any person as a member of society to obtain the skills and habits, including complex whole "in the narrow sense of" culture "Definition of the early classics. In the Chinese language system, the "culture" of the original meaning is "to culture and education" and also a "small culture" category. The early 40s of this century, Mao Zedong said in the address the new democratic culture: "Culture is a certain definite political and social ideology on the economy reflected." Here, "culture" is also a narrow culture. "Modern Chinese Dictionary" on the "culture" of the interpretation of ①, that "the development of human society and history in the creation of material wealth and spiritual wealth, the sum, especially spiritual wealth." Undoubtedly the narrow culture. In general, all areas involved in the spirit of creating a cultural phenomenon, are narrow culture. Politics and Culture Have a culture of political, cultural, political = Social patterns and historical evolution from the point of view, culture is ruled by the rulers to surrender was Traditional Chinese culture originated in the "Book of Changes" Yi is the culmination of China's traditional culture may say that China's traditional culture is an easy word Knowledge can also be understood as the level of culture but the culture, including some of China since ancient times to extensive to Burning of the Books of Modern Why, cultural and political rights X revolution and struggle is actually a manifestation of a culture destroyed to create a new culture has no political struggle there is no cultural development and evolution, politics and culture is a pair of twin brothers, a little personal opinion
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Overview of Culture
Generally speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the product of the long-form creation. But it is also a historical phenomenon, is the accumulation of social history material. Rather, culture is a country or nation's history, geography, customs, traditions and customs, lifestyle, literature and art, code of conduct, ways of thinking and values. Hammerly (1982) divided into the information culture to culture, behavior, culture and achievements of culture. Information culture refers to the general education the hands of native speakers on social, geographical, historical, and other knowledge; behavior culture refers to the way of life, actual behavior, attitudes, values, etc., it is the most important factor in successful communication; Chengjiu Culture refers to the artistic and literary achievements, it is the traditional concept of culture. The internal structure of culture include the following levels: physical state of culture, institutional culture, behavior, mentality culture. Cultural layer of state is the way of human material production activities and the sum of products is palpable and cultural entities with material things. System culture layer is formed in the social practice of human kinds of social behavior. Behavioral and cultural layers are in conventional human communication to customs, folklore, customs and other forms of behavior shown. Mentality and cultural awareness of human activities in the womb of society values, aesthetics, ways of thinking and other subjective factors, commonly referred to as the equivalent of the cultural, social consciousness and other concepts. This is the core of culture. Some anthropologists are divided into three levels of culture: high culture (high culture), philosophy, literature, art, religion, etc.; mass culture (popular culture), refers to the customs, ceremonies, and include daily life, interpersonal relationships in all aspects of life way; deep cultural (deep culture), mainly referring to the definition of the values of beauty and ugliness, time orientation, the pace of life, solving problems and gender, class, occupation, kinship with the individual roles. High culture and popular culture are deeply rooted in culture, deep culture, a concept reflected Youyi a custom or way of life in popular culture, in a form of art or literary themes reflected in the high culture. Culture is a very broad concept, give it under a strict and precise definition is very difficult. Since the beginning of the 20th century, many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying in their respective disciplines from the perspective of the concept of defining culture. However, so far still not been a recognized, a satisfactory definition. According to statistics, the "culture" of the various definitions of at least two hundred different kinds. People on the "culture" of the understanding of differences large enough to explain the definition of "culture" concept more difficult.
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What is culture
General refers to the practice of social history of mankind in the material created by the sum of wealth and spiritual wealth. Narrow sense refers to the ideology and social system and the corresponding organization. Culture as ideology is a certain social reflection of the political and economic, and the role of certain social political and economic. With the emergence and development of ethnic, cultural, national character. Each social formation has adapted to its culture, every culture with social development and the development of material production. The continuity of social and material development of production to determine the development of cultural continuity and historical inheritance. Refers to writing ability and general knowledge: learning culture | cultural level. Sociologist, "UNIONS" magazine deputy editor, Mr. Ai Jun said, on "culture" concept, the connotation and extension vary widely, so broad and narrow sense of the culture sub appeared. Some scholars into three cultural understanding, that is historical, group, influence. Hence its "culture refers to the practice of human social history created by material wealth and spiritual wealth, the sum of the" broad view. He believes that the concept of culture is hard to define sometimes great, sometimes small. Generalized "culture", which covers a very wide range. Narrow culture. In general, all areas involved in the spirit of creating a cultural phenomenon, are narrow culture. The concept of the actual production of any theory, it is difficult to have a specific definition of the problem, but Ai Jun believe that cultural understanding, but he should be seen as values, aesthetic taste, with subjective factors such as thinking, which is equivalent commonly referred to as the spiritual, social awareness, moral system, and other concepts. He believes that its performance as "tangible" and "invisible" in two forms, for example, ideology, ethics, values, religious and other ideologies are intangible cultural fields; and "a painting, a temple, a Peking opera, a books, an activity "and so on are all tangible. He pointed out that in today's society, "culture" of specific performance in four areas: namely, food for thought, values, religion and ethics. For example, if we are to a certain stage of history into the "culture", the only thought that this history has given us inspiration, or this history was written in the publication of a work, or that period of history has brought us the values of impact. Another example, some applications of commercial enterprises in the non-material cultural protection Quanjude disagree that the Quanjude should not be part of the intangible cultural areas. Is not actually a commercial shop Quanjude need of protection, but through the ups and downs of the Quanjude, the formation of business ideas, moral codes of conduct, business history of the Enlightenment, the value of the brand is non-material cultural aspects, the need to protect . Therefore, in the treatment of "culture" of the understanding, Ai Jun believe that our understanding of the concept of culture should not be static, inflexible; but dynamic, it will be with the social spirit, value orientation, moral values, social awareness and change. The simplest example is the reform and opening up, we have "culture" only understood the "spirit", so only the "material" and "spiritual civilization" to say the two civilizations; Later, as we update the concept, development of society, that the "spirit" has not completely contain social and cultural meaning, so important in the later literature has adopted the "advanced culture" concept, in fact, encompasses the spirit of the area has been placed in large culture concept, "advanced culture" is actually everything is conducive to social development, social development trend of the major representatives of the cultural areas. What is the "culture"? A mixed traces intricate, is a line. "Transformation" is to change. Generally summarize is that there are various things to get together Chapter law is "beautiful harmony", a phenomenon that is "culture." In this "beautiful harmony" of the concept of lines in all, that is, the "culture" is "cultural" requirements. And beautiful culture of harmony is the highest requirements. The core of culture is the people, culture is beyond the natural properties of human vision and efforts.
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The concept of culture
Definition: culture is the personality of its ecological status reflected. General created the culture of all human material and spiritual wealth combined. Including both the world, life and values part of an ideological nature, by including the natural sciences and technology, language and some of the text and other non-ideological. Culture is a phenomenon unique to human society. Culture is created by people, being unique. With only culture of human society, culture is the product of people's social practice. Contemporary scientists, cultural scholar Zhang Ronghuan in March 2008 to re-define the culture, to clarify the personality and culture is the status of ecosystem reflects the ideology of human society, spiritual products, and lifestyle study provides a complete and pertinent theoretical support. In a scientific anthropology, a philosophical anthropology, a comprehensive study of theological anthropology, the cultural representative of the existence of a certain level of "personality and common" relationship with the actual, that is, higher quality and human dignity, in biological resistance level, at the historic level, the social level, to be in the level of self through sexual and expression, this expression is culture. Cultural Implications of the most noble meaning, truth and faith; knowledge and good deeds; love love to gravel the U.S. refining personality is the most noble sense, is the highest expression of culture. Human culture is the social presentation of the truth can only be one original in man himself, all the material other than they were embodied in the person's life, because the secret nature of human existence of various cultures, and people's cultural secrets Also keep all the natural, only increased scientific artisans and scientific relations between the wise knowledge of man and the environment, people can transcend the narrow and closed out the scientific understanding; beyond the philosophical concept of ignoring the personal lives; beyond the soul of theology understanding with the supernatural! Culture is a tool for human happiness, human and cultural exchanges through the absorption of the living conditions of people in the creation of social practice, as experience and understanding to the individual, collective and even the goal of humanity, ideals, and the cause of justice, the realization of public welfare are personality satisfaction. Happiness is the heat of passion people flip to the tough love from the heart of River warm sea; is simply good people. When people pay a duty of sweat, the forehead being bound to emit light. For the happiness of learning on the production and laid a foundation; culture is the ruling body of civilization, civilization is the personality of its ecological direct result of the rise in the emergence of civilization, civilization is the blood, racial integration and the development of faith to explore the results of human civilization is more high levels in the building should be in all mankind, "the practice of cultivation of personality and its ecological projects": a scientific anthropology, a philosophical anthropology, a theological anthropology to find the existence of a human dimension " individuality and commonality "between the results, namely higher quality and human dignity in the biological level, in the historic level, the social level, through the self-resistance level to be after the results of culture produces human community. Existence of civilized society and civilization is cyclical, it is the life cycle of groups exist, and on the basis of human community and cultural peak. Civil society has been towards the development of high-level trends in human society is the natural and human, physical and human nature, God and man in common, a total of one, common prosperity and development of symbiosis; is human happiness (advanced civilization) can only be a character of society products; is a new personality, is the result of the new ecological harmony together. Studies should be civilized and its application to solve the countries, ethnic, interfaith, human, between people and their environments, and so all the unfortunate occurrence, therefore, must be from the people themselves and their ecology start up and harmony, the realization of mankind towards the Renaissance and the human community the only way the human higher civilization. In fact, the definition of culture, many, many sociologists and anthropologists have been to define, actually made statistics: Since 1871--1951, 80 years, the definition of culture as many as 164, the originator of Anthropology Taylor first define the culture of modern scholars, he said: Culture is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other members of society are learned as any talent and habit of mankind to make adapt to their environment and their lifestyle to improve their overall performance. this sense, is reasonable: WHKelley it made the following criticisms: (1) defines the way is wrong with the concept in this way can never be included in a list of all the contents out, "other" can be summarized, although not _set_ out the things, but if there is no other listed here to be easily overlooked. Example: not listed in the definition of "language" and language is an important part of culture. (2) the overall term is inappropriate, between the components of culture, is contradictory, emphasizing the total to only highlight the harmony. (3) create a culture of human beings, not necessarily to improve their lives, but also damage to the side, for example: nuclear weapons. Such criticism is appropriate (1) if the language included, are listed in the definition of culture has been an important part. (2) The term does not exclude the whole conflict, overall everything is contradictory. (3) creation of human culture is destructive side, but do not mind, is the willingness and actual bias, cultural creation was supposed to adapt and improve their lives, but the results contrary, therefore, Mr. Zhang Fanyue that, if coupled with language, this concept is possible. From the American sociologist David popenoe the definition of the abstract point of view the definition of culture as follows: First, a group or society with the values and common sense system, which includes these values and meaning in the physical form of the concrete, it view inspection and acceptance by the other members of the educational million and learn the culture of their community. This definition summarizes the first two sentences of the first sentence of Taylor and culture in humans, as is the instinct for the animal, as are acts of Guide. Robin FOX further pointed out: the nature of culture and instinct similarities: (1) both as a member of the race into a total no. (2) behavior, as in most of the cultural instinct, is unconscious, not only by thinking and learning. It can lead to stimulation of specific responses. Because: individuals in the growth process, often unwittingly the existing way of life and social habits of saving into the brain, the formation of cultural code, because the role of these ions can without thinking of people drawn from all the action, this point , and the animals are the same physical domination. (3) the day after tomorrow is learned.
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Cultural studies
Ideology: including religious beliefs, values, political ideology, what the law Spiritual products: knowledge of literature and art and all the results, representative of the site for the Museum and Library Way of life: food, clothing, local customs, birth and death and all aspects of social life Research on the above three aspects of "cultural studies" (the study of cultural) The third area focuses on the connotation of "cultural studies" (cultural studies)
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The composition of culture and social
A, the contemporary poet, scholar Zhang Xiulin in "to talk about education," a text is divided into three levels of culture, the expression is as follows: Social culture, including arts and sciences, which should include three levels of content. The first level is the high level of culture, both abstract and do not see there, such as social psychology, aesthetics and value, the second level refers to the specific down from the first level, although there do not see the concrete, but to really feel to its structure and activities of the existing methods, such as government and its agencies, third level refers to the surface of culture, both see Youmo received, articles or material culture. Simply put, that is, cultural, spiritual and material culture, physical and chemical culture. B, 1. Cultural composition: DAvid summarize the main elements of culture, 3: 2. Cultural evolution: (first discussion) (1) promotion of culture of human social development. Cultural development of mankind according to its favorable conditions to change the environment, and change their behavior to adapt to altered environmental conditions, in the production Wenhua ago, only through the biological evolution of mankind to adapt to changes in the environment, culture, people's to adapt to speed up the process a lot. Example: When a prey to extinction, the hunter and hunting tactics of the other animals will produce. (2) promotion of culture of human biological evolution. Example: the human brain more developed, more flexible staffing. (3) culture itself as a force in the human environment, it is both scope and impact on the environment have become, and as important, but also in their dynamic evolution. In the nomadic - live - small town - city - state - the development of global economic history, culture through which: clothing, housing, tools, goods, technology. Section symbols and language One. Symbol: the existence of culture, people rely on the ability to create and use symbols. 1. What is a symbol that some things can be meaningful to express anything. Example: words, numbers, an ax and sickle 2. Symbolic function (1) delivery and preservation of complex information. (2) can be created with symbols of human culture and learning culture. (3) help us to understand abstract concepts. Such as: God, justice, patriotism.
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The basic spirit of traditional Chinese culture, said Zhu
The basic spirit of traditional Chinese culture, from the essence, is the Chinese national spirit. On the basic spirit of traditional Chinese culture, there are many of those views. Some scholars believe that long-term development of Chinese traditional culture, the ideological foundation, can be called the basic spirit of traditional Chinese culture, culture is the basic spirit of the subtle process of cultural development of the internal driving force, that is to guide national culture continually advance the basic idea. The basic spirit of traditional Chinese culture is the Chinese people in the spirit of the basic characteristics of morphology. Therefore, (1) Vigorous; (2) and with the; (3) Zonta use; (4) Heaven coordination. "These are the basic spirit of traditional Chinese culture lies." (Dainian: "On the fundamental spirit of Chinese culture", "Chinese Culture Research Quarterly" Volume 1, Fudan University Press.) Chinese national spirit of the basic condensation in the " Book of Changes, "the two famous, and that this is:" Heaven, the gentleman to self-improvement. " "Terrain-kun, the gentleman to Virtuous." "'Self-improvement social commitment' is the basic spirit of traditional Chinese culture." "Mean" concept, though widely circulated in the past, but can not actually play the role of promotion of cultural development. Therefore, "not the 'moderate' as the basic spirit of traditional Chinese culture." (Dainian: "Cultural Tradition and National Spirit", "academic issue" 1986 12.) Chinese traditional culture is also reflected in the basic spirit of the place of religion in moral tradition. (Dainian: "Chinese Culture and Chinese Philosophy", in "Chinese Culture and Chinese Philosophy" on the _set_, Oriental Press) Some scholars believe that "the root of traditional Chinese culture, the spirit of harmony and freedom." (Xu thinking Park: "On the Culture of China", "Chinese Culture Research Quarterly" Volume 1, Fudan University Press.) Some scholars believe that the self-sufficient economy based to family-based to kinship as a link to the patriarchal hierarchy ethics Tsunatsune, is the ancient Chinese society throughout the production and productivity, social production relations, social systems, social psychology and social consciousness in the form of these five levels of the main clues to the essence and core, "This is China, the basic spirit of the ancient traditional culture. "(Yang Xianbang:" The re-evaluation of Chinese traditional culture ", in Zhang Liwen editor such as:" traditional culture and modernization, "the Chinese People's University Press.) Some scholars believe that China's national spirit in general can be summarized in four interrelated areas: (1) rational spirit. Focus on performance: atheism has a long tradition of fully affirmed the unity of man and nature and the unity of the individual and society, advocates of individual feelings, desires, and society to meet the requirements of the same reason. Overall, the denial of the supernatural God, the Saviour of religious worship and the presence of the other side of the world, strongly suggest that man and nature, individual and social harmony and unity, against the confrontation between the two divisions, this is the rational spirit of the Chinese nation's fundamental . (2) free spirit. This first show for the people against the spirit of the rule of the exploiting class. Meanwhile, in the struggle against foreign oppression, the ruling class in certain sectors, groups and figures, but also actively participated in this struggle. Indicate the ideological and cultural traditions of Chinese ruling class, the same has a "love freedom" of the positive aspects. (3) truth-seeking spirit. Confucianism advocates "know know it, I do not know as I do not know," Thinking of Historical Science, oppose born with knowledge; Legalist opposition to "know before," focus on "reference test", emphasizing the implementation of, respected Feats; Taoism advocates "Knowing," " knowing "," Analysis of the myriad things. " These are the realistic spirit of the table. (4) strain spirit. (See Liu Gang Ji: "On the Chinese national spirit", "Wuhan University" in 1985 1 Some scholars believe that the basic spirit of traditional Chinese culture can be summarized as "respect for ancestors, than to men-lun, Chong Daode, still etiquette." (See Secretary Ma Yunjie: "Cultural Sociology", Shandong People's Publishing House) In addition, the development of traditional Chinese culture also has a view of the spirit of self-improvement, and diligence. (see Ding Shou and: "Chinese traditional culture test whirl" "search" 1987 IV.) Some scholars believe that the spirit of traditional Chinese culture is humanism. This humanism as follows: not to isolate from human relations, not the people with the natural opposition to ; not the pursuit of pure knowledge of nature; in Value is anti-utilitarian; pay tribute to the man. humanistic spirit of Chinese traditional culture, to our glorious nation and the state added, is also an obstacle; its wisdom to the world light, also caused all sorts of divide and foreign communication; it is a great spiritual wealth, but also a big cultural baggage. (see Pang Pu: "the humanistic spirit of Chinese culture", "Guangming Daily" January 1986 6.) (Li Zonggui: "Introduction to Chinese Culture," excerpts) Culture refers to the spiritual wealth created by human beings, such as literature, art, education, science and so on. Refers to the archaeological remains of the same historical period, relics of the complex. The same tools, appliances, manufacturing technology, the same characteristics of a culture. Sometimes also refers to the civilization and culture.
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To save the root of the Chinese - traditional culture
Bring traditional culture, growing up in the modern culture of the majority of the fault there is no clear concept. People may have studied under exclaims: broad and profound traditional Chinese culture, has a long history; some people might say: In the current era, the traditional culture has become obsolete, too conservative. What is not traditional culture out of date? Our current society there is no value? We adopted the following facts to prove that she wore the old and powerful interactive vitality and become increasingly prominent in the public interest: The four ancient civilizations in human history, only the Chinese culture has been preserved as a cultural subject. Traditional culture as the foundation for building the base of the Chinese presence in the world, as long as five years, compared to a thousand years of prosperity in the history of the Roman Empire, was long gone. However, we must admit, the past century, traditional Chinese culture has been an unprecedented repression and abandoned. Deeply rooted in the traditional culture of the times, the people physically and mentally stable, close the doors at night live, Lubushiyi life; and today's people locked themselves in a Road to shift the bars, the social activities will be subject to frequent incidents of vicious threats, it is How much contrast ah! A famous professor at Peking University, has lamented that: "Now people's behavior, not even a moral bottom line." Japan after World War II, in the absorption of advanced Western technology, continue in the family, schools, companies, government departments inherent in the traditional Chinese culture, eclectic approach to the rapid rise in a short time become a world power. The United States is the representative of modern Western civilization, recent statistics show that the juvenile crime rate was 69 million / day. United States and other Western countries for their growing social chaos are deeply disturbed, insight has obviously feel they respect the individual, the concept of competition advocacy is the root of social unrest. They began to find salvation in the Oriental culture in the recipe. Many leading universities have begun to establish Sinology, the U.S. government has also established a special fund, organization scholars to study Chinese traditional culture. The face of increasingly volatile social situation, people of insight are all trying to find a good way to save the world. British philosopher Dr. Tang Enbi 70 in the last century, proposed the argument that world food for thought: "to save the twenty-first century social problems, the only doctrine of Confucius and Mencius in China and Mahayana Buddhism." Ancient China, the world needs the promotion of cultural ideas and practices; have been charges of nearly a hundred years Dismissing the Chinese traditional culture in China need to save the earth. As Chinese, we are not holding a golden rice bowl, wandering to find food to eat ah. Revival of traditional culture will spread and relationships will bring harmony, long-term stability, sustainable development will be a smooth implementation. Is not our common hope it? The core of traditional Chinese culture what is? She can have such great vitality and the role of saving society? Traditional culture is thousands of years ancient sages of China experience, wisdom, and its core is moral education. Missing in the current culture, materialistic environment, there are a lot of people mistaken for morality is to limit people's behavior outside the box. In fact, the moral life is truly normal, happy life. Why ethics matter? What is a channel? What is Germany? Road is the overall nature of the rules of the universe, the natural order, natural program. For instance, the human body, from the mother after birth, the whole body organs to operate according to certain rules, the whole body of operating rules, the word. Road is not who designed naturally the word. If the food eaten can be digested and absorbed nature, walking, all muscles naturally coordinate with each other movements. Suishun in the world if the rules of nature that is way street, this is how scientific, how comfortable life! Way street in the heart you win, you win at the track, the body, that of Germany, the principle is the principle of local operations. For example, our eyes is a local, eye visibility, see the virtue of that eye. Eye visibility virtue, the virtue of the ear can hear, the nose can smell the virtue, the virtue of the tongue can taste, each organ and the special role of them plays different rules, if the rules of confusion, people sick. Days of Heaven, humane people, who live with the natural environment have their way. If we understand the humanity of the content, people get along, it naturally harmonious and orderly, so as to reduce exposure to people from the present tense relationships, frequent mental stress of personnel conflicts. If we have the human and the natural environment, get along, how will suffer ecological crisis and the threat of natural disasters? Even the gentleman love of money, but also in a proper way. These human survival in traditional culture. Now we reveal the traditional culture through humanitarian ethics of the iceberg: Loss of five human relations and moral ethics and moral ethics Couples Fuchangfusui intensified family conflicts, divorce rates rise. Son Fucizixiao parents "remain devoted to" children, but its nothing to support the reversal of the old human relations, people lose their human foundation. Fraternity brothers Xiongyoudigong indifferent, even hostile to enemies Monarch and his subjects (the leader and the led's relationship) Jun Li Chen Zhong field work, the higher bullying subordinates, superiors or subordinates rebel unit Friends Friends Friends of the letters between people of fraud, not human, and Lutheran We want to interpersonal and social environment in which to survive? Interpersonal harmony, orderly society, people living and working smoothly mood, a sense of security from the home to the abnormal social relationships, stress, lack of credit and the rules of society, the conflict intensified, people's mental pressure, heart pain, lack of security Road is not a system of doctrine, but the relationship between natural law. Morality is not ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign boundaries. Sidewalk, the heart has received the Wisdom, the body has obtained the health and longevity. Imitation of Nature, it is not man-made moral framework itself, but Suishun product of nature. We can not but admire the ancient sages Suishun great wisdom of nature; we can not but thanks to stay and a long tradition of cultural heritage that the Chinese ancestors. If we can do take the opportunity to virtuous people, the variety of family and social problems will be solved peacefully.
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Some of the views of culture
Different disciplines have a different understanding of culture. Explained from a philosophical point of culture, that culture is essentially the manifestation of philosophical thought. The philosophy of the times and to determine the regional culture of different styles. In general, the philosophy of change caused by changes in social systems, are associated with the suppression of the old culture and the rise of the new culture. The core of culture is its symbol systems, such as text. The writing system there is a corresponding cognitive psychology.
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Culture thermal phenomena
Ai Jun sociologists believe that when we know and understand the cultural characteristics and operating rules of nature, and then look at the "Cultural Fever" of the essence, not difficult to find such a person of culture, special products, not instigated by the organization to achieve the "hot nature." Culture is a form of heat thinking and theories have been widely accepted up to down, so people automatically voluntarily participating social phenomenon. And because the relationship between cultural and economic decisions, cultural and economic driving sometimes created by a "虚热", "the fever", exactly to say what is "hot interest-driven culture", this heat can only say that the molecules within the culture structure at the beginning of activities, but also did not show the heat ... ... Ai-jun had talked with the text, on the "culture" is not in favor of heat. People-oriented culture, this special product, not instigated by the organization to achieve the "hot nature." Culture is a form of heat thinking and theories have been widely accepted up to down, so people automatically voluntarily participating social phenomenon. And because the relationship between cultural and economic decisions, cultural and economic driving sometimes created by a "虚热", "the fever", the exact stresses is "hot interest-driven culture", this heat can only say that the molecules within the culture Construction activities at the beginning, but showed no heat, is a "虚热", "the fever" or "profit-driven culture fever", not really hot, can only say that the molecules within the culture at the beginning of construction activities, also did not show heat. Culture media in that heat, Ai Jun does not recognize the "hot" said. He said, talking about "hot" in the end where the heat? Leaders attach importance to, and can be called hot? More cultural seminars, lectures and more, also known as hot? Entrepreneurs starting to focus on marketing services to corporate culture, and this is hot? Some organizations out of a sum of money, engage in a number of cultural facilities, also known as hot? Some local organizations in order to apply for funding under the cover name of cultural preservation, repair some of the temple, starting out some of the activities of history, which is also called hot? This is only the economic development of the market has shown a normal cultural phenomenon, not a "hot" nature.
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Cultural characteristics
Through the comparative study of different cultures in order to understand the cultural characteristics. First, culture is shared, it is a total concept, values and norms, it is the collective capacity of individuals accepted common standards. Culture and society are closely related, there would be no social and cultural, but there are no cultural society. Within the same society, culture also has inconsistencies. For example, in any society, culture, men and women have a different culture. In addition, different age, occupation, class, etc. also exist between sub-cultural differences. Culture are learned, not through genetic and natural have. Physiological way to meet the decision by the culture, each culture determines how these needs are met. From this perspective, non-human primates have the ability of a variety of cultural behavior, but these cultural practices is just one way of cultural expression such as the way to eat termites and other warning cries. This large and complex human societies in the cultural symbolic system compared to only somewhat insignificant. Reference: Immersion Culture is based on the symbol. One of the most important of these is the language and text, but also include other manifestations such as image (such as totem banner) body movement (such as shaking hands tongue) behavior Interpretation (gifts) and so we can almost say that the whole cultural system is through a very huge symbolic system deeply rooted in human thinking among the people also understood through this interpretation of symbolic systems in presented in front of all things. So how to interpret the various symbols in the real significance of the cultural anthropology and linguistics, has become the social science interpretation of one of the important ways the human mind In addition, the relationship between culture as a whole and showing a trend of integration. Culture is the embodiment of how to treat a person yourself, how to treat others, how to treat their own in which the natural environment. Thick in a cultural society, people know how to respect themselves ─ ─ he was not struggling, because they do not taste so perfunctory; people respect other people ─ ─ he was not overbearing, so there are moral because they do not overbearing; people know how he does not respect nature ─ ─ looting, plundering so because they do not have a sustainable life. Chinese Dragon Culture In Chinese culture, the dragon has an important status and influence. From the Neolithic Age 7000 years ago, the ancestors of the original dragon totem worship, and today people are still mostly with the "dragon" character idioms, or allusions to describe the good things in life.
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Classification of culture
Prehistoric Culture Ancient Culture Yellow River culture Hemudu culture Banpo Culture Maya Culture Nile River Culture Mesopotamia Culture Indus Valley culture Medieval culture Ancient Greek, Roman culture Persian Culture Ancient Indian culture Ancient Chinese Culture Medieval Culture Christian Culture Islamic Culture Indian culture Confucianism Modern Culture Cultural Imperialism Colonial culture Modern culture Socialist culture Capitalist culture Third World Culture Postmodern Culture Developed culture Culture in developing countries Culture of the least developed countries Future Culture China: Dukang Culture Chinese Culture Because culture is the diversity and complexity, it is difficult to give an accurate culture, a clear classification. Therefore, the division of culture, but from a certain angle to the analysis, is an attempt.
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Culture is the most intuitive representation
The accumulation of knowledge is structured text; of that enlightenment and people. Together in cultural meaning, is the most popular, and most likely intuitive and visual representation of the concept of culture. Common in Sharon explained, and the University of church described. Notes on Culture Zhu Qiao essay "Culture" There is no schooling in the old painter, a good classical foundation, also the local cultural and historical understanding of the news media, the general culture of his celebrity. On one occasion, Wen Shiguan personnel officers asked him to fill in resume column in the cultural level, he hesitated a moment, would rather humble fill in a "higher." Personnel Officer, said the results wrong, the old painter smiled, no longer humble, just fill out a "very high." Personnel Officer so that the filling does not like it on the level of education is what you learn. Silly old painter, asked: What level of education with the school relationship? It does not matter do not ask a question, the Personnel Officer who is also stupid: Yes, ah, education schools have anything to do with it? Mr. Liang Qichao in the "What is culture," said the "culture among the human mind can come out of the acquittal of the total value of the industry also." Although these words are simple and very place. In fact, there are many things in the world or simply a good point, culture is culture. If the advertisement is advertised, then culture is the culture and technology.
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"12318" cultural market hotlines
"12318" for the unity of the national cultural market telephone. Since opening in 2005, for the timely processing of reception bars minors, singing and dancing entertainment hot spots such as complaints of illegal operation to provide the door.
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Culture in the "Modern Chinese Dictionary" on the interpretation of
wén huà 1. The human development process in the social history of the creation of material wealth and spiritual wealth, the sum, especially spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education, and science. 2. Archeology term referring to the difficulty of the same locations of historical period for the transfer of remains, relics of the complex. The same tools, appliances, manufacturing technology, the same kind of cultural characteristics, such as Yangshao, Longshan culture. 3. The use of language ability and general knowledge: learning culture, and cultural levels.
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Names
Culture (December 1959 -), Han Chinese. 1987 graduated from Northwest Normal University, art education and painting major, stayed the same year, the Institute of Dunhuang, in the Dunhuang art, history and geography of the Northwest. 1991 to 1992 into the Central Academy of Fine Arts Department of Art History Learning History and Archaeology of Chinese and foreign art. Department of Fine Arts back in 1995 as a fine arts graduate from the undergraduate to the teaching of theoretical courses. Since 1988, a total of writing and publishing academic papers with "Six early development of the north of the font", "Northwest Han Dynasty and influence the development of the art of calligraphy," "Dunhuang Buddhist scholars to write calligraphy with the aesthetic consciousness" "On the Wei and Jin Dynasties calligraphy aesthetic sense of Dunhuang", "Contemporary Art Review five years in Gansu," "revival in full swing," "Spirit in the living condition and living space" and dozens. Participated in the preparation of the "Ancient History of Gansu", "Dictionary of the Silk Road culture," "five years in Gansu Arts", "Linxia County" and so on. Individual monograph, "Readings on the Ancient Chinese Painting." China Central Television, TV Gansu, Lanzhou station, Gansu People's Broadcasting Station has held "the art of mud and fire," "Landscape Life", "Contemporary Culture and Arts", "Life Subway," "Mid-Autumn Festival and Folk Culture" and other topics lectures. Calligraphy and painting exhibition has participated in national and provincial levels, and in the "Art Studies", "Chinese Art News", "Art Education in China", "Gansu Daily" and many other newspapers and magazines.
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Traditional Chinese Culture
Chinese traditional culture, including: literature, art, religion, martial arts, Chinese medicine, food culture, ethnic customs, architecture, costumes, all subjects (including Chinese) and so on. Mentioned above are Chinese traditional culture of the important part.
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Encyclopedia
wenhua Culture culture (Hao Xia Jun)
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English Expression
n.: civility, civilization, counterculture, culture, literacy, cultural
French Expression
n. culture, civilisation;
connaissance, savoir
Thesaurus
Wenhua Shequ Wenhua Village Culture Neighborhood culture Residential areas Culture Village Village Wenhua Town wenhua Township Wenhua Subdistrict
Related Phrases
coeducation
science
Machinery
discipline
Wikipedia Daquan
Japan
vegetation
artlessness
geography
sword
enginery
history
legislation
the Ming Dynasty
Economic History
Characters
Physical Education (PE)
flowers and plants
head
huaqu
heritage
quaternary
apo- ancient history
school
middle school
knowledge factory
phrase
idiom
Chinese idioms
travel
Confucius
grave
Throughout the country priority Cultural relic Preserve denomination
folkway