Species Name: Mountain Salamanders linked list
Species Category: Amphibia, there Anura, Hynobiidae
Distribution: List hanging Qiyang Hill
Species Profile: Professor Shen Youhui by the identification of a new species. Bian Ji small salamander smaller length of 139132 mm ± 9150 mm (n = 9); 2) small teeth vomer and arranged secret, outside the branch 9 - 11 each, the sticks 25 - 27 units; 3) tail is shorter average body length of 7014% (n = 9); 4) a shorter egg bags, banana-shaped bending. This list of similar kind of comparison, statistics and describes a new species [Acta Zoologica Sinica 50 (2): 209 - 215, 2004].
Biological characteristics: a small mountain salamander is linked List Amphibia there last orders, Hynobiidae is a development with the Department and the dinosaur era 300 million years ago, ancient rare animals, its back was black, abdomen light brown, with dark spots, flat tail, was the end of the blade-like, 4 feet, 4 toes front foot, rear foot 5 toes, adult body length of 80-155 mm general, weight about 80 to 150 grams.
Habitat: Forest Farm Qiyang list and hanging over the water in Qidong County, Ping, Lingguan town, located in Qishan peak altitude of about 600-800 meters high, a radius of nearly 100 square kilometers. Linked list of small hills salamander living in Vincent's view of the main, Sierra Leone, Lao Ni soap area, the mountainous peaks Diego, Maolin tall bamboo, vertical and horizontal streams, water gurgling, elegant environment; River in the rugged rocks, pebbles all over, very suitable for linked list of small hills salamander thrive.
The existing situation: the existing linked list the number of small hills salamander is extremely rare, scholars put it as endangered species, rare species is a living fossil, the Department of the ancient world-class protection of rare animals. It is for the study of animal and human origin and evolution of ancient animals, the ecological environment and so valuable. The linked list was first discovered in Hunan Province of small hills salamander, so that scholars and experts excited.
Study: Lawrence Hui Deng Xue-Jian Shen Bin from: Original Site
Abstract: comparison and research is hynobius small salamander species, confirms that production of small salamander Qiyang County in Hunan Province as a new species of salamander linked list of small hills hynobius guabangshanensis sp. Nov.. New species is similar to Angelina Salamanders h1 amjiensis their larger size; have 13 rib groove; fitted fore and hind limbs are more opposite when the overlap Zhi Zhi; palm, suddenly obvious, but there are significant differences: 1) the new species Bian Ji small salamander smaller, full-length 139132 mm ± 9150 mm (n = 9); 2) small teeth vomer and arranged secret, outside the branch 9 - 11 each, the sticks 25 - 27 units; 3) tail is shorter, the average body length of 7014% (n = 9); 4) a shorter egg bags, banana-shaped bending. This list of similar kind of comparison, statistics and describes a new species [Acta Zoologica Sinica 50 (2): 209 - 215, 2004].
Key words: Amphibia linked list Hynobiidae new species of salamander of small hills of Hunan
Qiyang County in Hunan Province picked Salamanders 9 and egg bag 2 pairs observed in the field investigation to protect the eggs in the male group and a large number of egg bags, to investigate the different spawning grounds, the comparative study of small salamander is hynobius After the small salamander species identified as a new species, namely, list of small hills salamander hanging hynobius guabangshanesis. New species among the top jaw and nasal bones without soft spots vomer teeth "v" or "u" shape, internal branch length, the lacrimal bone into the orbit, maxillary bone is not connected with the wing. Cylindrical body, small limbs moderate. Palm, and finger, toe free horny sheath, is a small salamander genera (FEI Liang, 1999; FEI Liang et al, 1990; Tianwan Shu, Jiang Yaoming, 1993; Zhao Mi, etc., 1988; Shen Yau Wai, 1989). Type specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Hunan Normal animals.
1 linked list of small hills salamander, new species hynobius guabangshanensis shen sp. Nov.
Linked list the characteristics of small mountain salamander
Body and head
Larger size, the average length of 139132 (12514 - 151) mm (n = 9). Head large, slightly flat, head length was significantly greater than head width, ovoid. Snout round; snout on both sides of the nose position, not the snout and the front corner of the connection. Eyeball was protruding (also retracted into the orbit), round, eye diameter less than snout length, pupil round, yellow iris lives. Spacing distance between the nose and eye about equal. No lip folds; ventral neck fold, and lateral neck folds are apparent, stretching up the side of the dorsal neck fold. Gape big mouth in the eye after the far corner vertical line, horizontal eye diameter from about the equivalent of 2 / 3. Live a fuller head, less concave groove was, but after the specimens soaked head slightly concave vertical, the front end are a small groove with the two linked, these three little groove into "y" shaped arrangement; after a spat with the body axis perpendicular to the rill, a behind the eyes and the body axis parallel to the rill, the two vertical cross. Under the chin flat. With a fine-tooth on the lower jaw, upper jaw teeth usually one, then if teeth, the teeth after a series of more dilute, or irregular. Slightly rounded tongue (tongue length of 817 mm, diameter 815 mm), and almost fills the floor of the mouth. Vomer teeth smaller, more dense arrangement of tooth row was "v" shaped or "u" shape, external branch length 2102 (116 - 213) mm, with 9 - 11 teeth, the branch length 4182 (412--513) mm, 25 - 27 teeth; dental front just over the nose, the nose outside the branches along the inner edge of the back stretch, and finally, after the nose; the branches longer than orbital midpoint of the posterior margin of the eye relative to Next, some individuals within the branches back about last 1 - 3 枚 teeth arranged in pairs.
.2 Skull
Skull length of 1517 mm, width 1218 mm (Figure 2), degree of ossification is not high. Lacrimal bone with round, slightly before the frontal bone, forming a triangle are into orbit. Large nose, nasal protrusion shorter premaxilla small, during which no fontanelle. Smaller left frontal, back wedge, wing bones and the maxilla are not touching, connected by ligaments. Plow the back of the palate bone extended to support the vomer dentition, vomer teeth out of their back end. The lateral distance between the skull bone to the widest side.
.3 Trunk
Trunk thick round, slightly flat belly. Newcomer from scratch the back of a longitudinal ridge groove; side of the body are ribbed groove, liquid dip samples more clearly, between the fore and hind limbs (including axillary rib rib groove groove and hip before) there were 13 rib groove; axillary rib groove and hip by former ventral furrow in case of rib and sternum after bone does not form a belt groove, ventral generally only 10 - 11 rib ditch. Ventral surface of living specimens is slightly flat, slightly concave chin, jaw and the mas_set_er muscle margin uplift. Slightly flat chest, brisket well developed, and some specimens have a concave chest and abdomen nest. Breeding season males around the hole was swollen cloaca uplift, cloaca hole slit, the front has a light-colored cone-shaped protrusions, and some individual cone protruding large bulge in the cloaca there is a hole on both sides of the fold.
2.4 Limbs
More developed limbs, fore and hind limbs fitted opposite pointed toe overlap of about 2 rib groove means, no toe horny sheath. Forearm thick, slightly cylindrical, humerus little thin. 4 refers to the forelimb, means short and relatively flat, non-webbed, referring to a long sequence is 2, 3, 4, 1. Palm is also flat, with inner and outer palm sudden sudden palm, palm suddenly are slightly rounded. Thick thigh, shin developed relatively short; toe flat, pointed toe, 5 toes, no webbed toe length in the order 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 toe, 2, 3, the stronger toe, 1, 5 toe short; Department has inside and outside the conflict, are slightly Dome
2.5 tail
The end of the beginning part of the oval cross-section, back side of the gradient is flat, end thin; dorsal fin fold at the end of the beginning part of the uplift began, initially thick, rapid uplift of backward and gradually thinning; ventral fin fold began at the end of the central appears, initially thicker, back thinned, and the height is lower than the dorsal fin fold, dorsal and ventral fin folds meet at the end of the back end, tail end of the round, the central slightly sharp with minor conflicts. Caudal fold greater variation between individuals, the aforementioned is the case in more developed caudal fin fold, and some specimens of the less developed caudal fin fold, the tail appear more slender.
2.6 body-color
Water propagation angle when the back of the black, the sunlight is slightly yellowish green water in the dry land angle surface black, with glossy, no markings on the back. Slightly through the ventral gray purple red background, there are many scattered throughout the ventral surface of the small spot, careful observation can be seen each spot is composed of many small white spots the size of a collection of tips made of impregnated after the ventral gray, markings not significant.
Holotype: hnul02112404, male adult. Location: the mountains of Hunan Province Qiyang linked list Yang (26 ° 37'8 "n, 111 ° 56'1" e), elevation of 720 m. November 12, 2002, Jiang Tianmin mining.
(1) dorsal view; (2) ventral view; (3) shows the vertical angle of mouth in the eye, the distance equal to eye diameter of 2 / 3.
Vice-mode: 8 ♂ ♂, hnul 02112201 - 02112205, 02112401 - 02112403, acquisition time, place, hunters Far mode. Egg bags and normal mode with the land, 2002211224 initiatives Shen Hui, DENG Xue-Jian, Wang Bin mining.
1.2 Discriminant Feature
Comparison of four similar distribution in our small salamander, with significant differences in degree of statistical analysis, check out Anji Salamanders hynobius amjiensis the topotype after the discovery of new species and Angelina Salamanders approximation. Their larger size; with 13 rib groove; ago, when the opposite limb fitted, pointed toe overlap more; have a palm, sudden and so on, but there are significant differences: 1) New species of smaller body size Bian Ji Salamanders total length of 13913 mm ± 9150 mm; 2) vomer teeth thin and arranged in dense, outer branch 9 - 11 each, the sticks 25 - 27 pieces, the end of phase within the branch; 3) tail is shorter, the average was only the first body length of about 7014%; 4) egg bags short of not more than 200 mm, was banana-shaped curve. These features can be distinguished with Angelina small salamander.
2 small hills salamander hanging morphological description list
By November 12, 2002 in Forest Farm Qiyang linked list of all breeding farms to the type specimen collected (mature males) is described.
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3 small salamander survey and related species are compared
Salamanders are mainly distributed in Japan, the Korean Peninsula and China. Distribution of Japan and the Korean Peninsula 14 species (including the distribution of Hynobius of h. leechii), of which 4 species of small salamander tail cylindrical, circular cross-section of the cloaca hole at the base (including h1 okiensis h1 naevius, h1stejnegeri, h1 kimurai); caudal flat in 10 species, including 11 rib groove in 5 species (including h1 abei, h1 lichenat us, h1 retardat us, h1 nigrescens, h1sadoensis), 12 条 rib groove in 2 species (including h1 tokyoensis, h1 dunni), 13 Article rib groove in 3 species (including h1 leechii, h1 nebulosus, h1 tsuensis), but the latter short limbs, body opposite Zhi Zhi Duanxiang when one kind of contact (Hynobius), does not meet the other 2 Zhi Zhi . Flat side of the new species tail, cloaca oval cross-section of hole at the base, 13 rib ditch, before the opposite hind limb fitted, means, and other features more toe overlap with Japan and the Korean Peninsula, a small salamander produced significantly different (sato ikio, 1943).
3.1 Overview of China's small salamander genus
8 so far known in China. Of which Taiwan 3: the Alishan Salamanders h1 arisanensis (1922), Taiwan's small salamander h1 f ormosanus (1922) and Chu Nan Salamanders h1sonani (1922). Some scholars in Taiwan Alishan Salamanders Salamanders as a synonym. They vomer out expertise, the branch length over the external branch length 4 - 6 times the regular degradation of the fifth toe, and the new species was significantly different. Yunan Hynobiidae h1 yunanicus (2001) vomer dental special, not join the orbital lacrimal bone, the medial bone protruding scales significantly, shorter tail, head and body length of only 62% (Chen Xiaohong, 2001), and new species have big difference.
Chinese Salamanders h1 chinensis (1889) type specimens are kept in the British Museum of Natural History, the original description of a very simple mode of origin for many years and then taken to the specimen is not, zhao and adler (1989) re-description of the whole mold samples to fill the deficiencies of the original record for new species to provide a reliable basis for comparison.
In 1933, Chang dry to the Zhejiang Wenling taken to a small salamander was identified as Chinese Salamanders (h1 chinensis), Chun Cai wiping (1985) to Yiwu, Zhejiang Zhenhai taken to a small salamander, and egg named Yiwu, a small salamander (h1 yiw uensis .) Studied a small salamander scholars in Zhejiang, now generally agreed that the two synonyms for the same relationship, as to what should be denied, has not yet achieved consensus (chang, 1933; zhao and adler, 1989; Yechang Yuan et al, 1993) . Since we are considered to be the same, put the two are combined in this paper that the origin of new species to compare (Table 2), the purpose is to describe new species with which they are different.
Angelina Salamanders h1 amjiensis (1991) of the species in the body, long tail, egg bags it three times or more. Hynobius h1leechii with relatively small, with black round spots, and short vomer dentition. Vomer above 4 are of relatively short dentition group, is also relatively close to the body, a detailed comparison in Table 2.
3.2 linked list of small hills and small salamander salamander morphology is relatively similar species
Check samples, and compared based on the original description.
From Table 2 shows the comparison, hanging list a series of small hills salamander known similar characteristics and different. Identification of particular features mentioned in the vomer teeth, while the former refers to the opposite hind limb fitted, more toe overlap, the number of rib ditch, palm sudden, body length and tail length ratio, egg bags and shape features can distinguish stable .
3.3 Statistical analysis
3.3.1 one2way anova single factor analysis of variance results show that Hynobius, Angelina small salamander, hanging among the list of small hills salamander: length (f2, 36 = 1531838, p <0101), head and body length (f2, 36 = 1421493, p <0101), head length (f2, 36 = 941894, p <0101), head width (f2, 36 = 1211884, p <0101), tail length (f2, 36 = 1351971, p <0101) , forelimb length (f2, 36 = 2281740, p <0101), hindlimb length (f2, 36 = 1851081, p <0101), there was significant difference.
3.3.2 In order to clarify Hynobius, and linked list Anji Mountain Salamanders Salamanders whether the differences between the average significant, further comparisons of the mean to do, using multiple comparison least significant difference method (lsd), analysis The results showed that: among the three, Angelina small salamander, salamander linked list of small hills, between the body length (p> 0105), head width (p> 0105), forelimb length (p> 0105) no significant difference between the that they are close in this regard; other indicators in all groups (including Hynobius in each group) there was a significant difference (p <0101).
3.3.3 independent sample t test analysis showed that the list Anji Mountain Salamanders and Gui tail length between Salamanders (t = 81151, p <0101) there was significant difference in axillary hips away from the (t = 21521, p <0105) there significant difference.
From the above statistical analysis shows that Hynobius, Angelina small salamander, salamander linked list of small hills, three significantly different body measurements, which linked list Anji Mountain Salamanders Salamanders with relatively similar, but their tail between long, axillary significant difference from the hip, this conclusion is consistent with Table 2 shows the statistical analysis of measurement data from a different list of small hills salamander is also linked with similar kinds of differences.
4 Reproduction and behavior
4.1 Reproduction
4.2 eggs
A pair of eggs per female bags, base obtuse, connection, fixation in the bottom ground, stones or water plants, the egg-shaped bags of roughly banana, or "c" shaped, the middle cylinder, the last paragraph was a short thin tube (Figure 4). Egg bags floating in the water at one end, instead of floating on the water, cold and be conducive to oxygen. Egg Bag is about 120 - 180 mm, diameter 30 - 35mm, eggs per female 130--165 eggs (egg count two pairs of bag) or so. Each chop eggs outside the glial membrane surrounded by a layer of transparent, egg diameter 216 - 218 mm, with egg egg size film 9 - 12 mm; laying eggs near the bag length is only 30 mm or so, after the water swelling gradually thicker growth Therefore, bags of eggs and egg size of film thickness, depending on the length of time while changes in output. The egg soon after delivery bags crystal clear, then gradually become cloudy with dust deposition surface.
4.3 Environment
Linked list field is located in the foothills of the mountains, the highest peak for the Taibai peak, elevation 788 m. Peaks between the fir forest, bamboo, tea forest and shrub, grass and so on. Following is 400 m above sea level in rice fields, where the individual Pohuan rice field soil thickness can reach about 600 m above sea level areas. There are many small mountain reservoirs, marshes, is pegged to the list of small hills salamander breeding farms. Hills between the thick litter, loose soil is their non-breeding habitat of the place of life, local farmers in the harrow, cultivation occasionally see them, but when the specialist in non-breeding is very difficult to find.
5 Discussion
Vomer teeth out forms on the classification of tailed amphibians differential diagnosis, a small salamander's vomer teeth more scholars are concerned about. Usually focus on differences in species, while very little variation within species. Well Hung differences Sato (sata, 1943) notes that (sound tuo) Salamanders hynobius kimurai the vomer has 4 teeth out: the wide "u" type, narrow "u" type, wide "v" type, a narrow "v "type, and the statistics of which 80% of wide and narrow the" u "type, but did not explore the reasons. Other small salamander is not the kind of morphological variation within, not been reported. |
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