To two or more of the phonemes together into a complex sound
To two or more of the phonemes together into a complex sound. Ding Ling, "the way the children": "Deng Xiaoping when he said he has been able to record. They are learning the Roman alphabet characters."
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Glossary
拼音 词汇解释
拼音 词汇解释
【English】 [pinyin] 【Pinyin】 [pīn yīn] a phonetic transcription to combine sounds to form words or syllables; to pronounce a word by following its phonetic symbols Pinyin is the process of spelling syllable is constituted in accordance with laws of Mandarin syllables, the consonants, vowels combined with rapid continuous tone and fight as a syllable. In ancient China, because there is no standard Pinyin, people in teaching vocabulary, often use two common words for tangential or direct spell the pronunciation of the vocabulary. This approach is clearly too complicated and difficult pronunciation. Since there is no standard spelling of ancient program, resulting in many of the ancient pronunciation of Chinese characters and the pronunciation is completely different now. The rise of the Chinese nation has played a certain impediment. Who invented the pinyin it? Interesting to say, was a foreigner. Most of the ancient Chinese pronunciation of a "tangent word" pronunciation methods, such as "East" (all the cage cut.) This approach is clearly too complicated and difficult pronunciation. AD 1610, a missionary in France called Jinnigelai came to China, he is a China hand. In 1626 he wrote a book "eyes and ears of the West in the Confucian capital" of the book, the first accurate record of using the Latin alphabet pronunciation of Chinese characters. He met in China during the Han Yun, Wang Zheng and others, and their help, Matteo Ricci and other missionaries in the West of Chinese phonetic book "West word miracle", based on the preparation of the first Chinese Pinyin romanization Meeting every word. "China National Common Language Law," Article XVIII: "" Pinyin "is the names, places, and Chinese literature in romanization of unified and standardized, and can not be used for any inconvenience or Chinese territory." According to this _set_ of specifications written symbols called Pinyin. Pinyin is also the internationally recognized standard Mandarin Latin transliteration. International Standard ISO 7098 (Chinese romanization) wrote: "The PRC National People's Congress (February 11, 1958) formally adopted by the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is used to spell Chinese. Transliteration in the text by those who record the pronunciation of Mandarin pronunciation. " Whether China's own norms and international standards, have clearly pointed out the nature and status of the Chinese phonetic alphabet, that is the Latin spelling of Mandarin Chinese or the transliteration system, rather than Mandarin Chinese orthography or writing system. Program of the Chinese phonetic alphabet only individual title of the Latin alphabet, Pinyin is an alphabetic writing does not mean (all phonemes text). Pinyin in mainland China with a wide range. Overseas Chinese communities, especially in Chinese communities such as the Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore, is also currently teaching Chinese language education in the Chinese pinyin.
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Pinyin spelling essentials
拼音的拼读要领
拼音的拼读要领
"Before the sound (consonants) and short light tone (vowel) heavy, touch the two fierce sound connected." Mandarin pinyin to remember with the initial and final of the law: N and zero initial consonant with the open call, Sarkozy call teeth, Cuokou call has put together relationship. Consonant f, g, k, h, zh, ch, r, z, c, s only with the opening call, hekou call juxtaposition. Consonant j, x, q Qi teeth only with call, Cuokou call juxtaposition. Consonants b, p, m, d, t juxtaposition of different Cuokou call. Open call, hekou call with the removal of vowels j, q, x outside the relationship between other consonants are put together. Cuokou call finals only with j, q, x, n, l, and zero initial relationship has put together. Also note that the correct pronunciation when spelling consonants, vowels and tones sound values. To read the initials of the sound, do not read call pronunciation (teaching, coupled with the initials behind the different vowel sound called the call issued in pronunciation); make finals as a whole to read, not to rhyme head rhyme abdomen, coda decomposition and then open the temporary merging; to see the transfer number, the correct pronunciation tone. Spelling commonly used methods are the following Two phonological spelling - the finals as a whole, brought juxtaposition with consonants. Such as: h-ào → (ho). Two initials spelling - first identify the consonant articulation, pronunciation gracefully posture, breath and then read out the vowels, makes up syllables. Such as: spelling bā (bar), the first closed lips, Biezhu breath, gracefully made b sound position, and a read out a, a syllable. Three fight tonal method - is to bring into the medial syllable of sound, shellfish, and rhyme of three parts, as a tonal pinyin syllable. Such as: qi-áng → qiáng (strong) Mediated co-vowel sound of the mother and the connection method - is the initial and medial (referred mother) merging together to form a phonetic component, and then the finals with the subsequent juxtaposition. Such as: gu-āng → guāng (light).
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The origin of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
汉语拼音的由来
汉语拼音的由来
汉语拼音的由来
No ancient alphabet, the use of tangential, that is, knowledge will be read by two words, take the first initials, the finals to take second, and combined them on the line. Ancient times, China's Muslim Brothers do not learn Chinese, learn Arabic, but they used the letters to spell Arabic spoken (Mandarin), so this is the first Chinese pinyin. Yuan Dynasty, Mongolia, the Tibetan ruler by changing the letters to spell Chinese and other languages, called Pagba words. Although not specifically spelled in Chinese, but it also considered a Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. Ming Dynasty, the Western missionaries of the Latin alphabet spelling of Chinese, is the first Latin word spelling. Ming and Qing Dynasties, there has been the performance of simple ancient Chinese phonetic alphabet word means. Republic of China, the government formulated the "phonetic alphabet" is the concentrated expression of the system. Now Taiwan is still used. However, there has also been movement Latin alphabet characters, and, with the combination of left-wing political movement of people is very close. Establishment of the Republic immediately after the government formulated the "Pinyin" is now using this _set_ of programs. The United Nations also recognized. Pinyin is the Chinese People's Republic of "Latin" of the program, written in 1955 -1957 on the reform of the Chinese Script Reform Committee Committee of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet developed. The program is mainly used for Mandarin phonetic pronunciation of the mark, as a Mandarin Chinese phonetic symbols. February 11, 1958 the National People's Congress approved the release of the program. In 1982, an international standard ISO 7098 (Chinese romanization). Currently, most overseas Chinese communities such as Singapore and the use of Pinyin in Chinese teaching. Chinese Phonetic Alphabet can be traced back 1906 Zhu Bear "Jiangsu letters" and 1908 Liu Mengyang "Chinese phonetic word book", as well as the national language of Rome in 1926 and 1931 the Latin word of Chinese characters. All of these characters are for the Hanyu Pinyin romanization scheme provides the basis for the development. In 1949, Wu Yuzhang letter to Mao Zedong put forward for the effective eradication of illiteracy, language reform needed quickly. Approved the letter to the Guo Mao Zedong, Mao Dun, who study in October 1949 _set_ up the reform of Chinese characters Association, one of the tasks is to study the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. 1954 Society for the Reform of Chinese characters instead of Chinese characters directly under the State Reform Commission, during which all received more than 1,600 Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. Generally have several forms: Chinese Character Type Latin-style Cyrillic alphabet style A mix of several letters Shorthand style Patterned Digital form And finally decided to use the Latin alphabet as the Chinese phonetic symbol system in order to facilitate international exchange and cooperation. 【Origin】 Pinyin - Pinyin inventor Trigault Trigault "Ricci notes _set_ top wax paper for the open teaching of Chinese History" or "Christian Crusade Chinese history", January 14, 1615 published (I wrote in February 1615 published). This book describes all written for the Europeans. Trigault issue by the "Christian Crusade Chinese history", dedicate the Pope, said "the book the first time to accurately and faithfully describe China's court, customs, laws, institutions and new academic problems," Comparison of China for Europeans described complete and correct the first book can be said is the first deserve to be called "Han" works, when quite the reputation. Ricci was originally written in Italian priest's records, translated into Latin by Trigault and adds two chapters, describes the deceased and funeral Ritchie thing. Matteo (Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610) 1583 arrived in China, published in 1605 in Beijing, "the West the word miracle," including "the letter and the steps the sea, the suspect and the sink" and four characters plus the Latin alphabet article phonetic. Luo Changpei and Latin characters according to the article were asked, finishing with a including 26 consonants and 44 vowels of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. This is the first to use the Latin alphabet to the phonetic character of the publication, than the "Little Classics" with the Arabic alphabet to the Pinyin later, "Little by" writing letters is probably the first attempt to Pinyin. "West word miracle" is no longer easy to find the original, it is said, there is the Vatican Library collection. Trigault back to Europe, the speech of the person recruiting mission to China, all inspired by their very attracted by the charm of the scramble to come forward so that the local church had to politely discouraged. Trigault in attracting and _select_ing talent, has made undeniable contributions. Church in China while raising library books, to bring the Pope is giving the book more than seven thousand West Division (the "Remote control Figure Milicic said," the original is brought Trigault one of seven thousand books.) 1619 Trigault arrived in Macau again. 1621 Spring Trigault "to Nanchang, Xuanyou Jianchang Shaozhou went to inspect the Senate. The following year went to Hangzhou to be difficult; in 1623, Kaifeng, Henan Province opened to teach the following year to the Shanxi", 1625, he went to Shaanxi. Wang Zheng in 1626 the assistance to complete the "eyes and ears of Western Confucian capital" in three volumes. "Western Confucian eyes and ears of capital" purposes, according to his own account, "the Chinese people in three days proficient in Western writing systems." "Western Confucian eyes and ears of capital" as in 1625, published in 1626 in Hangzhou, claiming to follow the system created by Matteo Ricci, the Ricci twenty-five with the letter "with each other, on the plus sign transfer five words to fight cut All the pronunciation of Chinese characters. This is a character with the Latin alphabet to the phonetic vocabulary, but also the first with a letter to the Chinese phonetic phoneme vocabulary. phonetic scheme is used on the basis of the Ricci modified program, called "Lee , the fellowship program. " "Lee, the fellowship program," the emergence of rhythm in China was greatly inspired by scholars. These two programs are the first Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is "studying Mandarin tone" as the standard written for spelling Beijing sound. So Pronunciation becomes extremely simple, extremely structured, not only the complex has always been regarded as tangential, opened a so-called 'anti-unexpected but, unexpected cut and cut' the easy way, and immediately attracted the better Chinese Phonology This simple phonetic home yearning for passion. "phonetic approach to this novel a great inspiration to Chinese scholars. Ming zhi phonological scientist said:" The word of Fun also, through and by the edge of Ear . If something is a word, a sense of the word, such as the Far West because the incident is the chorus. Sound made by the word, do not re not a total, not especially in the more peaceful? "Qi Qing Dynasty scholar Yang election, said:" Xin Mao families make ends meet on the old Kingo Weng, its still sub-Yun Zhang, day out, "Western Confucian eyes and ears of capital" to show I, I did not read the final volume, cutting words have a certain insight of science, can be a result of the Act. "However, in two or three hundred years, Ricci and programs Trigault used only in the foreign missionaries, not widely disseminated among the Chinese. 1627, was again recalled Hangzhou, Hangzhou from this focus on preaching and writings. "Chinese language has made the excellent management style of writing, Europa Almost all priests in the incompetence and other parties. The very people who can and much of memory, their diligence, although the disease stopped working, its always in the translation industry, or the translation of the Latin Writing for Chinese, or Latin translation of Han Wen is so proficient language, speech writing are so good, either classical or slang of it. " Most of his works in Latin, written in Chinese that is, in Shaanxi, "Western Confucian eyes and ears of capital," a book. Trigault bring a lot Shihai second foreign language books in China. Not only because of his personal love of books, follow the missionary Matteo Ricci, the way to create an academic, but also because Trigault Western Europe before returning to missionary work in China will accept extensively in Europe to raise its books, which established churches in Beijing and other books Museum of the task. This time he came, not only brought these Western people, so that future generations are interested in, and he also has brought a whole library of books. It is said that these books are hardcover, without a repeat, won the European classics and later Renaissance theology, philosophy, science, literature and art and other aspects of the latest achievements. In order to collect new books and equipment, roaming Trigault Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and other countries, and finally collected the remnants of 7,000 hardcover books. I estimate the Guinness Book of books and equipment received from Europe in the time value of 10,000 gold coins. To this end, Trigault developed a huge translation program, contact the Aleni, Xu, Yang Tingyun, Li Zao, Wang Zheng, Tian jointly by Chinese and foreigners such as translating and publishing these books. Mr. Xiang Da, said the move: "Xuan Zang than the demand by Xi Zhu, cover much so." Unfortunately, November 14, 1629 in Hangzhou death (buried outside of the Jesuit priests and generous Well Cemetery, Ji Jin left the town of Hangzhou West Lake District, Taoyuan Village), "West book seven thousand," introduced to the Chinese intellectuals program abortion. Later, Li and Wang Zheng, who algae sporadic translated some books, most of the books covered with dust, silently lost. In 1938, Peking sorting library in the Catholic Church found that the "seven thousand" in the remnants of hundreds, including Copernicus's "On the celestial bodies" and Kepler's "Copernican astronomy Summary" and other important Science Books
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Sports and Mandarin and Mandarin Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
汉语拼音运动与国语和普通话
Pinyin spelling of Chinese national standard language is a phonetic program. Standard language of the Han nationality in the late nineteenth century, the rise of the Chinese nation's social, scientific and cultural development of modern languages had a tremendous impact on the movement gradually built up. Language modernization movement originally referred to Phonetic Movement (then called "Qieyin word movement, Simplified movement"), National Language Movement and the vernacular movement. Late Qing Dynasty movement of the three languages share a common goal, that is by reforming language, education, social development and time to meet the needs of development of science and culture, and then Fuguoqiangbing, revitalizing the Chinese nation. Language Movement is to establish and promote ethical standards in Spoken Chinese and movement, and promote the use of the vernacular movement is to replace the classical expression of the vernacular spoken as the official written language of the campaign. Three sports have their own pursuit of the goal, but the inherent relationship is very close. Relationship to history, said the first place Qieyin word movement and triggered the Language Movement. Since then, the establishment of standard pronunciation Mandarin, the development of phonetic alphabet until the fifties of the twentieth century, Chinese standardization movement, the generation of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is this the same strain and complementary. Therefore, our discussion has thus start. Phonetic Movement can be traced back the history of the prelude to the late Ming, but led to massive Chinese Pinyin Chinese society movement, the direct reason is that Chinese people are still Mingxinkegu the "Jiawu" national humiliation. QIAN that the "phonetic alphabet and the sounds of modern country" (1929) stated very clearly in the article: "1894 (Jiawu), China to Japan to fight a losing battle, so the junior insight, that non-reform political, universal education, not self-existence in the world, but that universal education, that there is a problem occurs, the difficulty of Chinese characters know, is also difficult to write. To solve this problem, another system of non-word spelling is not new ... .... " Thus, "The implementation of simple words to seek education campaign, Jih Sun day ... ...." In fact, the text in the field of innovative thinking has already begun before this, the Chinese character for thousands of years the sanctity of the lofty status has been shaken. Sino, the Qing government signed the Shimonoseki in Japan humiliating "Treaty of Shimonoseki", in addition to compensation for huge military, but also ceded Taiwan and Penghu. That time, the government and shocked, inspired the community people, especially those with entrepreneurial spirit of the patriotic conscience of the intellectual class, everyone standpoint of scientific reasons for the failure of China, agreed that "the revolution of Chinese characters, the education must not be popular, rich and strong country can not be broken." At that time , known as the "intellectual of the Comet" and called for the abolition Tan to the lead character in favor of alphabetic writing. All walks of life rallied together to respond, have them create a simple to learn, "Qieyin new word." Late in the Qieyin word movement, that is, Phonetic Movement carried out in full swing this way again. However, Lu stupid design of the various chapters of the Latin alphabet is still a spelling program mainly in Fujian dialect widely. He later submitted to the Faculty of the Qing government "China Qieyin letter" will therefore be considered "impassable provinces", "not a unified dialect of the provinces" and refuted. Soon after, a reflection of the tendency of development of national common language Qieyin programs - Wang Zhao's "Mandarin chorus letter" immediately stand out. It was the most influential spelling "Beijing Mandarin tone", the letter characters of the radical form completely. "Mandarin chorus letter" a very wide passage across half of China, "by Beijing and Tianjin and Mukden, and Nanjing, Mandarin letters across thirteen provinces." Wang Zhao at the time I can be described as fully grasp the development trend of the national language, he "Mandarin chorus letter" in the Preface to explicitly declared: "The language will go flat, should be taken in Beijing, then ... ... in Beijing, then promote the most convenient, Gu Yue Mandarin. officials are public and also, the public of the case, since the wish to choose its share link with the number of more than those. "because of this, his" chorus Mandarin letter "was the Imperial University (the predecessor of Beijing University) total support for teaching and learning Wu Rulun and management science with Minister Zhang Baixi Zhang petitioned the court with the" charter school "specified" in Chinese within a subject, annexed to Mandarin a "because" States are owned by the same language ", the Qing Dynasty should be the" official language of the world sound unified. " They quickly petitioned the court's approval. Thus, Mandarin Chinese Phonetic Movement Unity Movement in the lead, and with the Mandarin at the same time into one unified movement, to be from the ranks of civil government. After the Faculty of the Qing government in the "national language education" (1911) _set_ forth in Pinyin "Simplified" has two purposes: First, put together national language, and second, Fan Zhenghan word pronunciation, and adopted a "unified national language approach the case" which requires In Xuantong eight years (1916) popular Mandarin. I did not expect this year in October, the Wuchang Uprising, Revolution broke out, the Qing government was overthrown. Thus, the referendum and through the "unified national language approach the case" will become a dead letter. Defining the sound, the development of letters, a unified national language movement, the actual community and by the next national government in together. From the above brief review, we can see that from the late nineteenth century developed Phonetic Movement, from the beginning the unity of language, social development, national unity and closer together. Proof of historical facts more than once, no matter what kind of phonetic design, contrary to the language consistent trends destined to fail. Lu stupid system of the first chapter established Latin alphabet program to spell Fujian dialect widely-based "China Qieyin letters" because the "impassable provinces", "not a unified dialect of the provinces" to be refuted. Since then, there wen Scholars, Zhaotingmingguan labor is declared almost designed for use in the provinces the main dialect of the "Simplified Full Spectrum" (a Chinese-style phonetic strokes), "full spectrum" includes "Beijing sound spectrum" , "rather the sound spectrum" (Nanjing words), "Wu sound spectrum", "Min broad-spectrum", etc., covering almost the most of the dialect, and he proposed the "Go South cited the North" proposal: "Southern Man first on study the spectrum of South Sound, so the application After you finish, to learn Beijing tone to return and integration. "labor is declared Empress I have been summoned, he was into the" Simplified spectrum recorded "also received Royal Assent, so that" faculty meeting played. " Even so, the Qing government also continued to suffer from the Faculty of "splitting the language is not conducive to unity", and always hold the shelf, without discussion is not playing, and the community also raised his sharp criticism, that according to his means, "will make China more far with the text of the rule, "called him" the chief culprit splitting the language. " Late word movement control play a leading role Qieyin stupid Lu Zhang, labor is declared, the king according to three people, in particular, labor is declared and for participating in the "Hundred Days Reform" and was wanted "Qin Fan," the king of the alphabet according to their program of two fate, it is sobering enough.
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Chinese Phonetic Alphabet and phonetic symbols, the National Law, relations between North and Latin America
汉语拼音方案与注音符号、国罗、北拉的关系
In 1912, after the founding of the Republic, the Government continued to implement Mandarin. Upsurge in the implementation of the national language, Mandarin standard pronunciation through the "Beijing (Music) Country (sound) problem" great debate, from the "Beijing-based sound, both North and South" amendment to Beijing for the pure subject of the new country sound audio, and its also renamed after the phonetic alphabet phonetic alphabet, and become a tool for the implementation of Mandarin, so Mandarin language teaching into primary schools in Normal and in radio, film, drama and other fields to establish a solid position. Academic development from the perspective of different historical periods in the campaign appears Pinyin Mandarin phonetic symbols, Mandarin Romanization, the new Latin text, then north, until the late fifties of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, apparently inherited the same strain develop relations. The design of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet to fully absorb the past, many phonetic design, especially Romania and North and Latin America countries valuable experience, and widely listened to the views of all sides. While the program has its imaginative place. But more is learned and developed many of the history of phonetic design strengths.
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Pinyin standard tuning rules
a mother left off there, (that is, vowels (vowels can be said) and where there are a, and marked on a on. such as lao, marked on a previous) Not a mother looking for oe, (not a, but there is o or e, and o or e in the standard. If lou marked o on, lei marked on the e) iu tie mark in the post, (i and u tie, the standard in the rear. such as liu, marked u on, gui, marked i on) Needless to say a single vowel. (Single vowels, of course, it is above the standard) a want to wear a Otherwise the wear oe If iu together Who is who should wear in the back
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International Phonetic Alphabet and phonetic
国际音标和拼音
Pinyin total of 63. 23 of them consonants, 24 vowels (single vowels 6, compound final nine, the first 5 nasal vowels, nasal vowels after 4, the overall recognition time 16. 23 consonants: bpmfdtnlgkhjqx zh ch sh rzcs (yw not initials, according to iu, for convenience write) 24 vowels: Single-finals 6 aoeiuv Compound final nine ai ei ui ao ou iu ie ue er 5 nasal vowels before an en in un vn Nasal finals after 4 ang eng ing ong To recognize and read the whole: zhi chi shi ri zi ci si yi wu yu ye yue yuan yin yun ying IPA 48 20 consonants Three nasal 2 and a half vowel Three similar spelling 20 vowel Table 48 International Phonetic Alphabet [P] [m] [w] [h] [i:] [t] [d] [n] [j] [r] [E:] [E] [k] [g] [N] [l] [C:] [C] [f] [v] [u:] [u] [s] [z] [B:] [Q] [W] [T] [e [A] [F] [V] [ai] [ei] [Ci] [tF] [dV] [iE] [ZE] [uE] [dr] [Eu] [Au] [ts] [dz] Vowel 12 vowels Long vowel [I:] [E:] [C:] [u:] [B:] Short vowels [E] [C] [u] [Q] [e] [A] 8 pairs of vowels [Ai] [ei] [Ci] [iE] [ZE] [uE] [Eu] [au] 10 pairs of consonants Voiceless consonant [P] [t] [k] [f] [s] [W] [F] [tF] [ts] Voiced consonants [D] [g] [v] [z] [T] [V] [dV] [dr] [dz] Three nasal [M] [n] [N] Three similar spelling [H] [r] [l]
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Phonetic history of the development
拼音的发展史
Ancient Chinese pinyin They had no alphabet of letters, sounds, or a straight approach to the tangential to the Chinese phonetic. Straight tone, is marked with a homonym of the word pronunciation of Chinese characters, if homonyms are uncommon word, that is, the sound can not be read note. Tangential, is to use two characters to phonetic character to another, tangential note on the word with the same consonant words, tangential note under the characters with the same word vowels and tones. Mr. Zhou Youguang is tangential said, "cutting the hearts of welding." Both phonetic method, it is not easy. Keep warm in the analysis of the Tang Dynasty Chinese vowels and consonants on the basis of tone, developed a voice describes the character Thirty-six letters, indicating that the voice of our country has reached a high level, but he used Chinese characters to represent these consonants and vowels, Therefore, this letter does not further developed into alphabetic writing. 500 years ago, part of the Muslim minority in China have used the "small" Writing, which is an Arabic word. With the Arabic alphabet to spell Chinese, Chinese characters than the Tang Dynasty to keep warm, said initial and final one step further. A total of 36 characters, of which four letters are unique, which may be used to the spelling of the earliest Chinese phonetic system, it is no longer with traces of Chinese characters, complete with phonetic alphabets. "Little Classic" but also for the Dongxiang, Sala and other ethnic groups to use. Ming Dynasty to the Western missionaries missionary work in China, to learn Chinese characters, they began to use the Latin alphabet to spell Chinese. 1605, the Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci (Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610) was published in Beijing, "the West the word miracle", of which four characters plus the Latin alphabet phonetic article. This is the first to use the Latin alphabet to the phonetic character of the publication, than the "Little Classics" with the Arabic alphabet to the Pinyin later, "Little by" writing letters is probably the first attempt to Pinyin. Between 1815 to 1823, in Guangzhou, the British missionary Robert Morrison, missionary compiled a "Chinese Dictionary", which is the first Chinese-English dictionary, the dictionary spelling of his own design using the program to Chinese Cantonese dialect spelling In fact, the Church of Rome is a dialect word. Then, in the other dialects are also designed different dialects of the Church Roman dialect. Xiamen, one of the "voice the word" began circulating in 1850, only sold in 1921 to fifty thousand books printed until the founding of new China before, about a hundred thousand or so use such word dialect of the Church of Rome. Other churches around the Roman dialect, communication ports in the south, mainly used to preach. In 1867, the British Embassy Secretary Wade (Thomas F. Wade) published a textbook Beijing Mandarin speech "language from near _set_," he designed a _set_ of spelling, using the Latin alphabet to spell Chinese names, places and things in the name of the , called "Wade-style." 1931 to 1932, two foreign missionaries proposed the "spicy Chinese characters", which is a based on "Rhyme," designed as a unit of Chinese syllable Latin words, almost all have different homophone spelling method, the spell is the dialect. These programs use the Latin spelling of Chinese characters, Pinyin movement for the future provided the experience. The modern history of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Chinese Pinyin own movement is the word from the Qing Dynasty's Qieyin campaign began. After the Opium War, China became a semi-feudal society to save the nation from peril, and rejuvenating the passion, inspired with some patriotic intellectuals put forward the idea of saving the nation of education, Liang, Shen, Lu stupid chapter, Wang Zhao have unanimously pointed out the troublesome characters is the cause of universal education can not, therefore, launched a "Qieyin word movement." Following the chapter Lu stupid "at a glance Elementary", the beginning of the continuation of 20 years Qieyin word movement. Almost every year or two, there appears a new program Qieyin words, such as Wu Jingheng the "sprouts fast the word" Caixi Yong's "fast acoustic word" Shen's "Golden Age vowels," Wang Bingyao's "alphabet letter notation" Wang Zhao's "Mandarin chorus the letters" LO is declared the "simple addition of the word chorus" and so on. Most of these programs Qieyin words rhyme style character stroke-type ShuangPin letter program, most only a teaching in a small area, not widely implemented, only the king according to the letters and Mandarin is the promotion of co-workers sound simple to implement wide characters. Labour is declared (1842-1921) is a phonological scientist, he actively supported the king according to the program, in the Mandarin dialect of the letters on the basis of additional letters, the development of Nanjing, Suzhou, Fujian, Guangdong and other visits made by the program, collectively, the "chorus Simplified. " Promotion of this "simple chorus words" very significant achievement, "the illiterate village women Meng, once able to read books and newspapers, to make any letter Sapporo, the next minute they see it as blind, the euphoria is almost no name-like." The purpose of the word Qieyin creators, though do not want to use it to replace Chinese characters, but they hope Qieyin word can be a phonetic system, and the Chinese division of labor, used in parallel. However, their wishes did not materialize. Movement in the word Qieyin alphabet presented in the program are varied, dazzling, and generally can be summarized in three lines: ① Department false name: imitation Japanese Kana, the use of Chinese characters as phonetic symbols radicals. Chapter 1892, Lu stupid "at a glance Elementary," a book's "new word Qieyin China," Wang Zhao 1901, the "Mandarin chorus letter" belong to a pseudonym system. ② shorthand system: use of shorthand symbols as phonetic symbols. 1896 to 1897, published two years Caixi Yong's "fast acoustic word" Shen's "Golden Age vowels," Wang Bingyao's "alphabet letter notation" and the book's programs are shorthand system. ③ Romance: The Latin alphabet as phonetic symbols. 1906 Zhu Bear "Jiangsu letters", 1908 Liu Mengyang "Chinese phonetic alphabet" Kang Hu and Jiang's "pass word", 1909 White yellow virtual "Expounding Latin" and the book's programs are Romance. February 1913, the pronunciation of unity will be held in Beijing, the meeting's main task is "validation of all audio pronunciation of the word of the country" and "affirm the letter." Meeting is more than three months. At the meeting, approval of the 6,500 Chinese characters pronunciation, with the provinces on behalf of the voting method to determine the "standard national voice"; developed a phonetic alphabet of 39 letters with this character stroke type, the letters _select_ed from the ancient Chinese characters, syllables with consonants, vowels and tones of the three-fight system, on the Shuangpin the tangential method is improved, its use only to mark the pronunciation of Chinese characters, not as a phonetic. The phonetic alphabet was later reduced to 37 (of 12 consonants, 13 vowels, mother of three medium than Shuangpin program Qieyin letter word almost halved. The role of the meeting for the phonetic alphabet and the status of a heated debate, the final decision is the role of phonetic alphabet to the phonetic characters, and characters can not be used in parallel. Li Jinxi clear that the functions of the phonetic alphabet is "wait character, nestled near the Chinese characters." Zhou Enlai in the "reform of the current mandate of the text", the highly praised the role of phonetic alphabet. He said: "After the Revolution had a phonetic alphabet, which is China's first officially announced by the state, and in primary and secondary schools have generally adopted the phonetic alphabet. Phonetic alphabet for the pronunciation of a unified education and literacy have had some contribution. Although today to see , the phonetic alphabet, there are many shortcomings (for example, as a common basis of all ethnic minorities and the promotion of international cultural exchange tools, phonetic alphabet is clearly far better than the Latin alphabet), but the phonetic alphabet in the history of achievements, we should be affirmed. For nearly four decades of the phonetic alphabet campaign phonetic alphabet also played a pioneering role. " This is obviously a very radical statement, but the Chinese language and Chinese characters mixed up, can not tell the difference between language and text, is wrong in the academic, which has been criticized Chen. Chen pointed out that the language and the text "This close relationship between the two, and the different nature of the problem" must not be confused, therefore, is "almost Chinese characters only waste? Suppression and spent almost the Chinese language" is also worthy of study, so he proposed the "first Waste Chinese, and keep the book in Chinese and Roman characters instead of "opinion. Li Jinxi published "Chinese Revolutionary Army, a road forward," that "word with the book" questions, for this important issue, conducted a systematic study. Chao issued the "national language of the Roman word" proposed "draft Mandarin Romanization," the Latin alphabet used internationally, with tones of letters, not create new characters, do not add a new symbol, and the system of word children ligatures rules. August 1923, the Ministry of Education Mandarin uniform preparatory meeting, the resolution organization "Mandarin Romanization Research Council." September 1925 some members in Beijing and some linguists to automatically organize "several people", proposed the "Mandarin Romanization French." September 1928, Cai, Dean formally announced a large "French Mandarin Romanization," and as "second type accented letters" for a Mandarin Chinese phonetic and unity, "and the phonetic alphabet of two contrast, that the sound implementation of the country of support. " Movement in Mandarin Romanization, published some books, such as "The Sound of Mandarin films Reader" and so on. Ministry of Education announced in 1932, "National Common words sound", with the phonetic alphabet and Mandarin Romanization of two-type controls. However, the Mandarin word never out of the Roman circle of intellectuals, there is no generally adopted in the community, its impact is far less phonetic alphabet. Mandarin Romanization has been used in Taiwan, 1984 Taiwan Mandarin Romanization published revised draft to solicit views, on January 28, 1986 the official announcement, the name "Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II-style", change for the "Chinese Phonetic Alphabet "the same symbol to represent the tone scale adjustment method. Development of the New Culture Movement in Chinese pinyin Creation of a new Latin text of Rome and the Mandarin word has been created between the heated debate, the former is called the "North La Clique", which is called the "National Law School." Later they found that the two factions in the understanding of some fundamental issues are the same, only minor problems in individual differences. Zhou Enlai in the "reform of the current mandate of the text," said: "The new Latin text and Mandarin Romanization of the Chinese people create their own style of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet of the more complete the two programs. When talking about the current spelling programs time, can not fail to recognize their merit. " Latin text of the new program is passed, first introduced in the Chinese laborers in the publication of 47 books, published more than 10 million copies, many Chinese workers learn new words, new words can be read write. In 1933, the Latin text of the new introduction to the country. August 1934, Shanghai established the "Latin of the Chinese Research Association", published description of a new Latin text books. Then, in the north and south have been _set_ up for some major cities in the Latin text of the new groups, even in the overseas Chinese have also _set_ up a new Latin text such groups, according to statistics, from 1934 to 1955 twenty-year , the Latin text of the new group a total of more than 300. The spread of the Latin text of the new culture of the education sector has been the enthusiasm of sponsors. December 1935, Cai, Lu Xun, Guo, Mao Dun, Chen Wang Tao, 688 Tao and other celebrities, co-published an article "Our views on the implementation of the new text," which said: "We feel that this new text is worth to the nation Introduction. We are deeply hope all of you to study it, implement it and make it a popular culture and to promote an important tool for national liberation movements. " This is the movement of the Latin text of a new revolution in the Declaration. The most urgent in the era of Sino-Japanese War, the spread of the Latin text of the new formation of a national liberation movement with an unprecedented combination of mass cultural revolution. The campaign has not been destroyed by fire of war, but in war-torn era blossomed around the country. Ningxia Border Region in the implementation of the new text, the effect is very good. According to Wu Yuzhang said, "Winter School in Yan'an county, less than three months to remove more than 1,500 illiterate, they learn a new language, can write, read, read newspapers, has received great results." Latin text of the new movement has been extended to 1958, "Chinese Phonetic Alphabet" was published so far, which lasted nearly 30 years. Cause of its reform of Chinese characters, on the development and promotion of "Pinyin", all have significant and far-reaching significance.
Translated by Google
"Modern Chinese Phonetic Alphabet" worked out
《现代汉语拼音方案》的出笼
After the founding of the PRC in 1949, to immediately begin developing phonetic program. October 1949 _set_ up a civil society "Society for the Reform of Chinese characters", the Association _set_ up a "phonetic scheme of the Committee" to discuss the phonetic alphabet adopted for the problem program. In 1951, Mao Zedong pointed out: "the text must be reformed, we must follow common phonetic text direction of the world." But what what kinds of phonetic program, he repeated himself is appropriate after the. Mao to the Soviet Union, he once asked Stalin, the Chinese written language reform should be how to do; Stalin said that China is a big country, can have their own letters. Mao returned to Beijing after the reform of Chinese characters indicating the Committee formulated the program of national forms of spelling. Meanwhile, Shanghai's new text will stop promoting the north of the new Latin text, waiting for a new generation of programs. January 20, 1956, Mao Zedong Conference on intellectuals, published a speech in favor of the Latin alphabet. He said, "speak the speech of Comrade Wu Yuzhang well. Views on language reform, I am in favor. In the future, using the Latin alphabet, you agree to it? I think, in the broad masses of people inside, no problem; intellectuals inside, some of the problems. how can the Chinese foreign letters it? but still looks relatively good use of such foreign letters. Yuzhang comrades in this very reason. because very few letters, and only two dozen, Write to the side, plain and simple. We really can not compare characters in this regard. inferior to inferior, do not think that character so well. A few professors said to me, character is the 'world of nations' best of a text, not reform. if the Latin alphabet was invented by the Chinese, probably not a problem. The problem was the invention of foreigners, the Chinese study. However, the invention of foreigners learning Chinese has long been the thing. For example the Arab figures, we are not long-General yet? Latin out of place in Rome, adopted by most countries in the world. We look at whether there was much suspicion of treason? I do not think so. all good things foreign, for us useful things, we are to learn is to take over all, and to digest them into your own thing. We Chinese history, the Han did, Tang also do so. Han and Tang Dynasty , are well known in our history is very powerful dynasty. They are not afraid of absorption of foreign things, there are good things to welcome. as long as the correct attitude and approach, learning from the good things, for he is good for the. "(turn quote from Zheng Linxi "The Analects of Confucius, said the text"). Meanwhile, the masses have created a lot of text options, send text Reform Commission of China. According to statistics, from 1950 to August 31, 1955 meeting of the country until the word reform, the program has sent 655 from August 31, 1955 to February 1958 the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet have been published, sent program has more than 1,000, from February 1958 to the end of 1980, the Cultural Revolution, the program has sent 1667. Design of a wide variety of people the program a total of more than 3300 words. Create text that created the enthusiasm of the program in the history of Chinese culture is unprecedented. This fully shows the social nature of language planning. February 1955, the Chinese Script Reform Committee _set_ up a "phonetic Programme Committee", began to design the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, proposed the "Chinese Phonetic Alphabet (draft)." February 12, 1956, the Chinese Language Reform Commission issued "the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet (draft)", for public comment. The draft has 31 letters, including 5 new characters (no point i; long legs n; with the end of the z, c, s), in order to achieve "a sound word", do not change time and double letters. After the publication of the draft aroused a heated discussion, and even overseas Chinese and students have put forward their own views. "Pinyin" has the following characteristics: ① internationally accepted only 26 letters, no new letters; ② far as possible without additional symbols (only two additional symbols); ③ read as much as possible without change; ④ The y, w and the noise symbol "'" to noise; ⑤ using four two-letter zh, ch, sh, ng; ⑥ using symbols to represent the four tones Yinping, Yang Ping, rising tone, falling tone tune of four classes; ⑦ common alphabetical order using the Latin alphabet, and identify the name of the phonetic alphabet. Zhou Enlai in the "reform of the current mandate of the text," the report said: "Now published by the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet is a direct voice in the past, tangential and a variety of programs based on the alphabet developed. From using the Latin alphabet, it The historical origins can be traced back far 350 years ago, summed up the past can be said to be people of our country in 60 years of experience the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet created. This program than existed before in history and the current variety of Latin still in use program to the letter of the alphabet is indeed more perfect. " "Pinyin" since the enactment has been rapid promotion and application. Has the following main aspects. ② for teaching Mandarin: "Pinyin" after the announcement, have been published in Mandarin using Hanyu Pinyin writing materials, books, word list, dictionary, dictionary, for the promotion and popularization of Putonghua. In foreign language teaching, "Pinyin" foreigners learning Chinese has become indispensable to conduct a comprehensive training tool. ③ used dictionary, phonetic dictionary, sort, index of books. 75 "Chinese Encyclopedia" sort by pinyin, text note for each entry on the Chinese phonetic alphabet. ④ as the creation and reform of China's minority language common ground. China already has the Zhuang, Miao, Dong, Hani, Lisu, Wa, Li, Naxi, Tu and other ethnic minorities in line with Chinese phonetic letters and letter forms. ⑤ inconvenient to use or not use for areas of Chinese characters: "Pinyin" Braille for the Braille and sign language for deaf provided the basis for the development. Pinyin can be used to hand the flag communications, lighting, communication, the Chinese phonetic alphabet corresponding with the same hand sign to the flag or light signals to transmit information. In terms of computer input of Chinese characters, Pinyin input method is one of the most popular input method. In 1977, the United Nations Conference decided to adopt the "Chinese Phonetic Alphabet"
