Originally known as Tuo ", commonly known as the pig woman dragon." Reptilia, Crocodile. It is about 2 meters. Leathery skin, with horny scales. Back brown, with yellow spot; ventral gray. Long, flat tail side. Chinese specialties, located in Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other places, for the protection of animals at the national level.
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yáng zǐ è
China's Yangtze River Basin produced a small alligator (Alligator sinensis), no webbed toes
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为我国珍贵的特产动物
Specialty products for our precious animals. Is Reptilia, Tuo Division. More than two meters in length, with large horny scales and bony plates, scale back and tail slightly square, and vertical and horizontal trip arranged. Flat head, kissed highlights. Forelimb five fingers, not webbed; hind four toes, with webbed. Back dark brown with a macular and striped; ventral gray, yellow-gray spots and stripes. Fish, frogs, birds and rats for food, cave pond bottom, the winter seclusion hole. Is mainly produced in southern Anhui Province, along the Qingyi River to Taihu Lake and other places, marshes, Pico Zhang drum. Is a protected species in China.
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Species name
Chinese name: Alligator Chinese alias: China lizard, earth dragon, dragon pig woman Latin names: alligator sinensis
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Classification
Animal world: animalia Door: Animal phylum chordata Class: Reptilia sauropsida Head: crocodilians crocodilia Section: Section alligatoridae lizard Genus: Alligator alligator Species: Alligator a sinensis Alligator or lizard called scientific name alligator sinensis, is unique to China a crocodile, commonly known as swine woman dragon, earth dragon, is also one of the world's smallest size crocodile species. Mainly in the Yangtze River region. It is the oldest, but also the number of survival are now very rare, endangered reptiles in the world. In the alligator who has previously dinosaurs can also find many of the characteristics of reptiles. So, people called Alligator as a "living fossil." Therefore, the study of ancient Chinese alligator reptile for people to rise and fall, and the study of ancient geology and biological evolution, are important. China has the alligator as a national first-class protected animals, hunting is prohibited. In order to make this precious animal's race can continue, our country is still in Anhui, Zhejiang and other places to establish a nature reserve and artificial alligator farms. 70s of last century, it was brought abroad doors, wandering Europe, world famous.
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Shape characteristics
Alligator and crocodile river belong to the dense similar, but much smaller size. Adult alligators rarely more than 2.1 meters in length, generally only 1.5 meters long. Not as crocodiles and alligators in Thailand so huge figure in Africa. Alligator short blunt snout, is an alligator. Because the alligator looks very much like the "Dragon", so called "Earth Dragon" or "pig woman dragon." Weighing about 36 kg. Their head is relatively large, with more granular and strip lines on the scales. The body has obvious division is divided into head, neck, torso, limbs and tail. Body skin leather-made, covered with leather made a film, a piece higher abdomen. Back dark brown or yellow ink, gray belly, tail and side flat minister, has gray or grayish yellow and white surgical pattern. Its tail is a weapon of self-defense and attack the enemy in the water also play a role in promoting the body forward. Short limbs and powerful, it is a pair of front legs and a pair of hind limb was significantly different: forelimbs have five fingers, no webbed fingers; hind legs have four toes, webbed toes. These structural features it can also be adapted to live in water on land characteristics. Tail length and height similar. Flat head, snout length, snout located outside the nostril, with a valve. Outside the body is leathery armor pieces, plastron softer; A nearly rectangular pieces, arranged in neat rows; has two A piece protruding ridge forming two longitudinal body. Stubby limbs, with webbed toes, claw toe. The back of the body as taupe, gray in front of the abdomen, back from the anal sallow and white. Caudal flat. Newborn small crocodile black with yellow stripes. Alligator kiss short and plain round tip students have nostrils kiss a pair. Interestingly, its nostrils valve can be opened and closed. For the whole black eye and eyelid and film, so alligator's eyes may be closed upon opening.
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Distribution
Mainly in the local region of China, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other places.
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Environment
Alligators live in fresh water, like habitat in lakes, marshes or hilly mountain covered with beach grass, basil wet zone. It has a superb ability to dig Punch, head, tail and sharp claws are its burrow Punch tool. As the saying goes, "Jiaotusanku", and also more than three alligators cave Cave. It's often several cave entrance, some reeds, bamboo clumps place on the shore beaches, some in the bottom of the pond, there are entrances, vent on the ground, but also to adapt to a variety of water level in the side of the hole. Cave winding streets, criss-cross, like an underground maze. Perhaps it is this underground maze to help them through the cold and the large glacial cold winter, but also help them to escape predators and survive. Fish, frogs, snails and mussels, etc. as food. But sometimes attacks poultry and crushed crops, plus it looks "ugly", has long been considered to be harmful animals are killed, so scarce.
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Growth and reproduction
June mate, lay eggs from July to August, litter can lay 20 or more. Eggs in the grass, weeds overlying the mother crocodile is the guardian of the side, by the natural temperature incubation, the incubation period is about 60 days, baby crocodiles hatched in September. With hibernation habits. Alligator is a species unique to China, under difficult conditions in captivity breeding. In the kind of environment under good conditions and careful breeding, Alligator in 1980 with an annual output of China's first batch of the next baby crocodiles, breeding in captivity become successful precedent. Currently, the crocodile, a quiet and comfortable place to live in this environment, breed, its population growing.
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Habits
Someone called alligators crocodiles, think of it as a kind of aquatic fish. In fact, no gills alligators, nor aquatic animals, but alligators back to the water, to form a number of features to adapt to life in the water, with amphibious ability only. Thus, the alligator on the expansion of areas of life, making them easy to become a winner in the struggle for survival. Alligators in the lakes and pond burrowing pastures, ferocious temperament, with a variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and crustaceans. June mate, lay eggs from July to August, litter can lay 20 or more. Eggs in the grass, weeds overlying the mother crocodile is the guardian of the side, by the natural temperature incubation, the incubation period is about 60 days. With hibernation habits, every year in October, got into the cave to hibernate, to come out in April and May next year activities. Alligator hi static, often lived in caves during the day and at night foraging. But it is also the day out activities, especially like the sun in the caves near the shore, the beach. It is often closed his eyes, and cling motionless, in a semi-sleep state, to give people the illusion of slow action, however, when once it encounters predators or find food, they will immediately be forced thick tail swinging around, quickly sink to the bottom to escape predators or chasing food. Its favorite food is escargot, mussels, fish, shrimp, waterfowl, rabbits, snakes and other animals. Alligator eats a lot, a lot of the nutrients can be absorbed stored in the body, so it will have a strong ability to withstand hunger, you can spend a long period of hibernation. The unique method of prey When Alligator encounter predators or hunting food on land, to arrest vertical jump, vertical catch less, it can also be that huge tail violently sweep. Unfortunately, although long alligator has seemingly sharp sharp teeth, tooth slots available but it is such teeth can bite and chew food, only the food like a vice "grip" and wholeness swallow bite. So when the alligator catch larger terrestrial animals, they can not be killed, but they are dragged into the water and drowned; contrast, when a large alligator caught aquatic animals, again throwing them on the ground, so that the prey die of asphyxiation. In the face of large pieces of food can not swallow, often with alligator mouth "clip" with food on a rock or tree trunks violently beat until it broke and then throw soft mouth or swallow, such as not enough, it simply put prey put aside, any of its natural decay, and other rotten enough to be swallowed, and then swallow it. There is also a special alligator's stomach. Not only gastric acid and gastric acidity is high, so it's especially good digestive function.
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Population status
19th century, alligator-infested in the Yangtze River, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Jiangsu Province, built hi dig the hole in the hills of Lake Creek gully and river shallows, but this reptile was without water. It is slow clumsy on land, once into the water, but a duck. And this amphibious characteristics, leading to the tragic fate of alligators. Farmland, hills and vegetation in the shallows Alligator Point building has been reclaimed as being more than a lot of damage, water storage capacity greatly reduced hills, drought and waterlogging occurs frequently, so alligators had to leave their caves, looking for suitable habitat. This migration process and creates opportunities for natural death and human hunting. Alligator hunting for years was a lot of cave vandalism, bad eggs or Taozou pounded. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is also greatly reduced the alligator's main food - the number of aquatic animals. Currently Alligator reduced to a narrow distribution areas of Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces at the junction. 1970s a lot of protection. 1979 in Xuancheng established Alligator Breeding Research Center, established in 1980, Alligator Nature Reserve. A series of protective action, so that the number of alligators has increased. 1983 census found only 500 wild alligators number. Census 1992 found that the number increased to 900 wild alligators. Alligator Breeding Research Center is achieved outstanding results in recent years, has hatched baby crocodiles 7000. This is very gratifying, artificial propagation of great success, create the conditions for the recovery of the number of alligators. Today, China has about 10,000 head over to captive alligators, mainly in the Chinese alligator breeding center is located in Xuancheng City in Anhui, as well as many of the zoo. Since the 1970s, China's scientists scaled bumpy journey artificial breeding alligators, crocodiles now artificial incubation of eggs, artificial breeding techniques have been walking crocodile population in the world. In their tireless efforts, the number of alligators in the construction field from the initial 170 to more than 4,000, the annual number of breeding are now over 1000, Alligator has become the first approved by the Convention on International Trade can be a commodity development and utilization of threatened animals.
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Protection level
Chinese alligator is a national level to protect animals, was included cites appendix i, iucn are classified as critically endangered.
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Relevant information
Alligator lizard, also known as the alligator lizard known as early as the quotient of Yin Oracle where there are documented. The ancients often considered a dragon lizard. Li's "Compendium of Materia Medica," a book will be called alligator lizard dragon. People will call it earth dragon, dragon pig woman. Anyway ancient people considered the Alligator "dragon." Alligators are amphibious reptiles, like habitat in the sparsely populated rivers, lakes, reservoirs among its most active at night, feeding mainly eat small animals, such as fish, shrimp, rodents, and birds mussel and so on. It's a very strong ability to endure hunger, can not eat for months. People often use the "crocodile tears" to describe those who are hypocritical. Because people see when eating alligator tears often eat small animals, like it does not have the heart to eat small animals like these. So alligator tears is how it happened? It is not out of pity tears, but because it is the main body of excess salt through a special glands to excrete, and this gland located just next to its eyes, so that people mistakenly believe that the glands with salty liquid that it tears, when it's time to eat, just glands secrete salt in the liquid zone, so people often think it is hypocritical compassion in these small animals. Alligators have a habit of hibernation, because it is in the colder winter habitat temperatures to the following 0 ℃, the temperature makes it so had to hide in the cave to hibernate. It has been observed, it's time to hibernate from late October to mid-April next year around the end of calculation alligator hibernation time there for six months. It used some unusual hibernation cave, the cave from the ground two meters deep, the cave complex structure, there are openings, holes Road, bedroom, bedroom _set_s, pool, pump, etc. Taiwan is the alligator lying lying areas, in the coldest of the season, there are lying around the stage temperature 10 ℃, alligators hibernate in the cave so advanced, certainly very comfortable. It hibernating in the initial and the end of these periods, the degree of sleep is not deep, being able to react to stimuli. Middle of a long period of time, and a very deep level of sleep, it seems like a dead, do not see it breathing phenomenon. Just waking up from hibernation alligators, first to go all out to forage, then outside the cave is already a late spring. A moment later, the full physical recovery after alligator who started issuing different between male and female courtship calls and a call of a male and female shall, in addition meter male crocodile can hear loud sounds, the more muffled female crocodile called sound. They sound as a signal to call, and gradually move closer together polymerization. It was about to early June. Alligator mating in the water, in vivo fertilization. To around early July, the female crocodile began weeds, twigs and dirt in the right places for building nests round spawning, eggs per nest about 10 to 30. Eggs are white, slightly larger than the eggs. Eggs covered with thick grass, this time is the hottest season of the summer, and soon, some nest material and thick grass rot ferment in the hot sunlight and emit heat, this heat is the use of crocodile eggs and sunlight to heat incubation. Incubation period is often the mother crocodile guarding the nest came next, about two months time, after hearing the mother crocodile in the nest cry crocodile Aberdeen, Aberdeen immediately clawed cover crocodile body above Mulching etc. Help young alligator climbed out of the nest, and lead them into the pool. Aberdeen has orange crocodile surface stripes, the color is very bright, with a body-colored crocodile significantly different. It should be noted that, in the alligator population, minority males, females of an absolute majority, male and female ratio is about 5:1. In the end is what causes it? This is an interesting natural law. Zoologists have discovered through research: pure alligator when the fertilized egg fertilization and no fixed gender. After two weeks of its zygote formed by the time the sex is determined by incubation temperature. Incubation temperature below 30 ℃ hatched baby crocodiles are all female, incubation temperature above 34 ℃ hatched baby crocodiles are all male, and between 31 ~ 33 ℃ degrees hatched, the male to female majority minority If the incubation temperature is below 26 ℃ or higher than 36 ℃, then no alligators hatch, the alligator when the fertilized egg hatch hatch mostly in females under appropriate temperature conditions, which resulted in the case of female than male. Alligator National Nature Reserve in Anhui Anhui Alligator National Nature Reserve is located in Xuancheng, Anhui Province, an area of 44,300 hectares in 1975 to establish a provincial nature reserve in 1986 was promoted to the national, the main object of protection for alligators and ecological environment. The protected area is located in the southern ancient land and transition zone Jinling depression, the whole territory of warm climate, abundant rainfall, complex terrain, ditch pond, canal, dam dotted pond at an altitude of 300 meters or less, ditch Chong, the valley and reservoir , the distribution of our unique, and it is the oldest reptile --- there is a "living fossil," said the alligator. American alligators and crocodiles as Mississippi currently the world's only remaining two freshwater crocodile, the number of extremely rare, is listed as national key protected animals. Since the establishment of protected areas, through measures in place to protect and artificial propagation of combining to make alligator populations get higher growth, initially lifted the danger of extinction of the species. Progress Alligator As early as 3000 years ago, our words have on Oracle Alligator records, but until 1879 it was alligator sinensis and made public by the 福韦尔 (fauvel) name. About Yang in crocodile research began in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, has made remarkable achievements in alligator ecology, histology, embryology and so on. Throughout the research process can be roughly divided into two periods. 1. Alligator save the species studied (1982 to 1992) Since the destruction of the ecological environment, the sharp decline in the number of alligator populations. 1973 International Conference will protect wildlife species listed as Threatened species and embargoes. 1981 Sino-US joint scientific workers survey results: the number of wild alligators remaining 300 to 500. To save the alligator, the Chinese government in 1982 to invest in the construction of Xuancheng, Anhui Research Center of Chinese Alligator Reproduction. Meanwhile, some scholars around the population distribution and abundance, habitat, feeding, breeding, hibernation, caves, activity patterns, such as alligator extensive research. Chen Bi-hui and his colleagues on the alligator population size and distribution, morphology and ecology of alligator and other aspects of the research system and published a monograph "Alligator" in 1985. Although early in 1976 on the success of artificial hatching alligators, but the baby crocodiles in captivity occurred during the yolk induration problems caused the death of a large number of baby crocodiles (not resolved). Chen Bi-hui et al (1989) analyzed the ecological conditions of the field after the birth of baby crocodiles, measuring the energy metabolism of baby crocodiles, baby alligators will be calculated after the body digest all of the time required for yolk found feeding baby crocodiles after hatching leading to premature baby crocodiles yolk digestive difficulties and the reasons for the formation of induration. Measures taken accordingly as follows: First, the baby crocodiles hatch temperature to 31 ~ 32 ℃, in order to accelerate the baby crocodiles yolk absorption rate; Second postpone feeding time to 18 to 20 days after hatching baby crocodiles, so the yolk is completely absorbed. Also found that pre-incubation of 20 days, the humidity is above 95%, reduced to about 90% after 20 days, can improve hatchability, hatching eggs eliminate swelling phenomenon occurs. 1987 alligator hatching rate of 95%, while the child mortality rate was only 2.1% crocodile (Crocodylus 1982 young mortality was 40%). Alligator sticky substance on the outer shell eggs to prevent dehydration and excessive external moisture into the egg, have important ecological significance, if the viscous substance is destroyed, it will reduce hatchability.潘继红 et al (1988) found that some baby crocodiles Proteus death by lethal liver disease caused by the citric acid or bacteria, Pseudomonas and Proteus co-infected lungs and death. Recently, Wang Renping Alligator Breeding Research Center found that a large number of nematodes in the death of baby crocodiles gastrointestinal, and therefore, nematode infection may also be one of the causes of death of baby crocodiles. After 10 years of research and various efforts, the survival rate of baby crocodiles and alligators hatching rate were maintained at above 95%, the population has been greatly increased, not only to save the alligator this species, but also for alligators create the conditions for the development and utilization. Held in Kyoto, Japan in 1992, "International Trade in Endangered conference", can be approved for commercial alligator farming and commercial development. Li Cheng-yuan, according to the survey, to the end of 1994, 83 more than 000 protected areas hm2 wild crocodile alligator is about 667 ~ 740; captive crocodile alligator breeding research center was 4 376, by the end of 1997 reached more than 7000 bar. 2. Research on the basic theory of Embryology and physiology Alligator (late 1980s-present) Alligator leather scales essentially similar scales, feathers and birds formed the occurrence of the way there are similarities. There are three kinds of skin glands; dorsal glands, cloacal musk gland and submandibular gland. Only in the embryonic dorsal glands or baby crocodiles dorsal midline 2nd row left and right sides symmetrically distributed under the scales, asymmetric degradation occurs later, when it is presented to the adult asymmetric distribution, it is a vestigial organ. Cloaca musk glands and submandibular gland secreting glands are full, its function and mating and reproduction related. Alligator tongue gland ductal simple and complex single complex Bubbly two types of glands, mainly in the tongue and the tongue back in the lamina propria of the midline, and a smooth function of food and excretion of sodium chloride. Continuous low temperature incubation tongue will inhibit or prevent the formation of glandular development tongue glands. Adult alligator taste buds are concentrated in the middle of the tongue, and the embryonic period, on the 48th of genius began to hatch, except for the front part of the tongue, and the remaining surface of the tongue has taste buds at different developmental stages, which may also be a degenerative phenomenon. Alligator esophageal epithelium is ciliated columnar epithelium, epithelial cells from the surface of the columnar ciliated cells and goblet cells, its occurrence and birds were similar. Alligator gastric epithelium in the embryo once appeared goblet cells, followed by apoptosis. There are two kinds gastric cardia glands and pyloric glands of a single tube gland (a few also have branches), gastric glands of branched tubular glands, which are embryonic form to the intrinsic gastric epithelial membrane retraction. Chemical research organizations show that cardiac and pyloric glands mainly by mucous gland cells, but may also be at the bottom of the duct cells and primary cells with walls; fundic gland cells and mammalian similar. Alligator small intestine compared with mammals, lack of intestinal muscularis mucosa, intestine villi broke or directly to the intrinsic membrane depressions formed by the epithelium from the lamina propria, intestinal glands are mainly located in front of the duodenum, the first 52 days incubation, villus epithelial folds and large intestine epithelium was apparent goblet cells. Alligator liver and pancreatic cell ultrastructure and pattern formation is consistent with the bird chicken. Alligator respiratory system trachea and bronchi mucous layer containing ciliated cells, mucus cells, and cell 3 cell group, and in the embryo, the trachea and bronchial epithelial cells can be divided into light and dark cells in two kinds, the ciliated cells and mucus cells may be formed after hatching. But lung epithelial ciliated cells in the first 46 days in the incubator has clearly formed. Its lung epithelial Ⅰ, Ⅱ two types of cells, the organizational structure and formation process of the larynx and mammals were similar. Alligator embryonic fluid of the recent study found that peripheral blood cell types and morphology can be clearly divided into two periods, hatching various types of blood cells 40 days before the first large proportion of immature cells, and the first 40 days, then the proportion of cells are immature small, which hatch their bone marrow match before the formation of the first 40 days. Alligators and other reptiles renal structure is similar, but the proximal tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells do not have the plasma membrane folds, distal convoluted tubule cells have a small amount of plasma membrane folds, which coincides with its freshwater life. Alligator more developed sense of smell, the nose large, complex structures such as turbinate than other reptiles, the number of olfactory cells in a corresponding increase. Alligators and birds is very similar to the structure of the inner ear, three semicircular canals of the development of a certain order; structure compared with other visual organ crocodiles, within their iris sphincter, ciliary muscles are striated ciliary body, depending on the cell Oval cristae of mitochondria and mitochondrial body parallel to the long axis. Alligator law fetal retinal stratification and differentiation processes cone and rod cells and reptiles lizards, skinks similar. Alligator blood glucose levels usually remain in the vicinity of 108.75 ± 23.5mg/100ml baseline, but there was a marked seasonal variation, seasonal changes and temperature changes which have some connection. In summary, the Alligator's organizational structure characteristics and physiological changes of the living environment and living habits and adapt. As developed sense of smell, sight and hearing and land predator, nesting and other acts adapt; special pulmonary cavity and palate structure also has to adapt to the characteristics of aquatic life; hibernation seasonal variation of blood glucose concentration and alligators, and active or periodic alternating breeding adapt. Studies alligator alligator embryos to investigate the phylogenetic confirm their taxonomic status provides useful insights and evidence. As early embryo Alligator gastric epithelial goblet cells appeared, indicating lower alligators and amphibians such as kinship far; scales and formation methods such as throat and reminds us that alligators and birds and mammals are similar place; dorsal gland and the degradation process further confirmed the alligators and crocodiles have quite near the river close genetic relationship, the two have a common ancestor, but still has grown dense river crocodile back gland bilaterally symmetrical, whereby speculated over Middle Creek Crocodile Alligator may have higher levels of taxonomic status, or dense river is a more ancient than the crocodile alligator crocodiles. Of course, alligator urgent need to broaden and deepen the study also. Although the alligator meat has become a crude product, "Alligator Floss", the first double alligator leather shoes have been specially quietly come out, but this is only a beginning Alligator development and utilization. To carry out the depth of exploitation, the need to solve a series of problems alligator breeding and breeding large quantities faced. Alligator has a special evolutionary status. How to classify attribution current debate varies, alligator sex determination mechanism is also impressive, and so the problem, it seems difficult to determine from a single histological level, in-depth research organizations chemistry, molecular biology and other aspects imminent. Research process and conclusions 2003 Alligator Nature Reserve in Anhui roaring law on alligator conducted a special study for one year in monitoring, recording date roar, roar of time, the number roar and weather conditions. Alligators in the annual March began yelling, 11 May Stop yelling; roaring several alligators in different months the difference was significant (χ2 test: χ2 = 448.29, df = 8, p <0.01), which in June alligators bellowing most frequently, the roar of the year accounted for 26.0% number; During the breeding (June-September) was significantly higher than the number of alligators bellowing non-breeding period (mann-whitney u test: u = 2.0, p <0.05); number at different times of the day roaring alligators showed a highly significant difference (χ2 = 233.18 , df = 17, p <0.01), there is an obvious peak roar, roar during the day than at night (u = 12.5, p <0.05);. weather changes have no effect on bellowing analysis showed roaring its close relationship alligator breeding behavior The main purpose is to attract the opposite sex roar, while functional protection areas. April 27, 2003, will be chosen after a veterinary inspection, one male and two female healthy adult farmed alligators (alligator sinensis) released into Xuancheng, Anhui Hongxing alligator protection point, using radio telemetry measured 4 weeks early release activities area, were recorded 372 sites; also observed their activities through the day and night lighting telescope count showed: three alligators in post after 3 ~ 14d in different stable region, with areas feature; males The active area is larger than the female, change of daily movement area is also larger than females; local environment have tended to _select_ the area near the shore and has lush vegetation. Based on 150 cases of alligator embryos of different gestational ages, the alligators during embryonic development into 28 periods. Early embryo as the main body section to the external morphology, degree curved body, brain vesicles, sensory organs, appendages, gill arch, facial protrusion, heart, skin, etc., as staging; mainly in the late embryonic organ development histological index for the first 20 installments based discovery period, each period of gestation is consistent with the dense river crocodile, after eight fetal period. Age differences and dense river crocodile. analysis, crocodiles late embryonic stages based on histological index should increase organ development in order to make different kind of alligator embryos have the same staging criteria for crocodiles to provide follow-up study of developmental biology basic information. Blood samples were taken from three Alligator Alligator Breeding Research Center in Xuancheng, Anhui Province using a pair of degenerate primers on the part of the second fragment mhc Ⅱ class b gene was amplified exon; through cloning, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, sequencing and measured sequences downloaded eight species mhc sequence alignment, sequence differences and to determine the mutation sites;. use software to build nj mega tree, paup4.0 build mp tree results obtained 10 different sequences, fragment length 166bp nucleotide sequence has 38 variable sites in the amino acid sequence has 23 variable sites; antigen binding sites putative non-synonymous substitutions (dn) was significantly higher than that of synonymous substitutions (ds) .10 kinds of sequences mp nj trees and trees are very similar, are a, b two branches, two branches distinct nucleotide sequence specific sites have nine amino acid sequence has seven. showed Alligator mhc Ⅱ class b gene Second Exon higher polymorphism, genetic conservation in favor of alligator breeding populations. 1999-2002 7 to 4 hours in October, Alligator National Nature Reserve in Anhui survey found that wild alligators cave 40 (now with 24, abandoned 16.) On the direction of the hole, the secrecy, height from the surface, and water, and with the distance from the other five villages that may affect the choice of alligator cave environment variables do test showed that: 87.5% of the hole in the water 0 ~ 0.5 m and <0 m, 85.0% from the water <5 m, 32.5% north, 72.5 percent vegetation cover ≤ 70%, 42.5% from the villages <100m; height from the surface, and the contribution of water from the main component, the hole direction and in turn reduce the level of concealment, totaled 76.6% of convenience. Water is the main factor in the hole into the _select_ed position.
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Growth and reproduction
To early June. Alligator mating in the water, in vivo fertilization. To around early July, the female crocodile began weeds, twigs and mud building in the right place for spawning nests round use. July to August spawning, litter can lay between 10 to 30. Eggs are white, slightly larger than the eggs. Eggs in the grass, weeds overlying the mother crocodile is the guardian of the side, this time is the hottest season of the summer, and soon, some nest material and thick grass rot ferment in the hot sunlight and emit heat, crocodile eggs is using this energy to heat and sunlight to hatch. After the incubation period, the mother crocodile guarding the nest often come next, the incubation period is about 60 days, about two months time, the mother crocodile nest side hear the cry crocodile Aberdeen, Aberdeen immediately clawed cover crocodile Mulching above the body, to help young alligator climbed out of the nest, and lead them into the pool. Aberdeen has orange crocodile surface stripes, the color is very bright, with a body-colored crocodile significantly different. Baby crocodiles hatched in September. With hibernation habits. Alligator is a species unique to China, under difficult conditions in captivity breeding. In the kind of environment under good conditions and careful breeding, Alligator in 1980 with an annual output of China's first batch of the next baby crocodiles, breeding in captivity become successful precedent. Currently, the crocodile, a quiet and comfortable place to live in this environment, breed, its population growing.
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Population status
19th century, alligator-infested in the Yangtze River, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Jiangsu Province, built hi dig the hole in the hills of Lake Creek gully and river shallows, but this reptile was without water. It is slow clumsy on land, once into the water, but a duck. And this amphibious characteristics, leading to the tragic fate of alligators. Farmland, hills and vegetation in the shallows Alligator Point building has been reclaimed as being more than a lot of damage, water storage capacity greatly reduced hills, drought and waterlogging occurs frequently, so alligators had to leave their caves, looking for suitable habitat. This migration process and creates opportunities for natural death and human hunting. Alligator hunting for years was a lot of cave vandalism, bad eggs or Taozou pounded. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is also greatly reduced the alligator's main food - the number of aquatic animals. Currently Alligator reduced to a narrow distribution areas of Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces at the junction. 1970s a lot of protection. 1979 in Xuancheng established Alligator Breeding Research Center, established in 1980, Alligator Nature Reserve. At the same time our people have carried out a series of protection for its action to increase the number of alligators. 1983 census found only 500 wild alligators number. Census 1992 found that the number increased to 900 wild alligators. Alligator Breeding Research Center is achieved outstanding results in recent years, has hatched baby crocodiles 7000. This is very gratifying, artificial propagation of great success, create the conditions for the recovery of the number of alligators. Today, China has about 10,000 head over to captive alligators, mainly in the Chinese alligator breeding center is located in Xuancheng City in Anhui, as well as many of the zoo. Since the 1970s, China's scientists scaled bumpy journey artificial breeding alligators, crocodiles now artificial incubation of eggs, artificial breeding techniques have been walking crocodile population in the world. In their tireless efforts, the number of alligators in the construction field from the initial 170 to more than 4,000, the annual number of breeding are now over 1000, Alligator has become the first approved by the Convention on International Trade can be a commodity development and utilization of threatened animals. Chinese and foreign experts teamed up to promote the rebirth of ten thousand of the total number of alligators Born and raised in the United States Bronx Zoo Alligator artificial environment (earth dragon), was introduced Chongming Dongtan wild habitat, the first successful breeding of the next generation. July 14, 2009, John Robinson is in Beijing to attend the CEO of the Wildlife Conservation Society, "23th International Biology Conference protection" (WCS), said, "This offers new hope to save the critically endangered Chinese alligator." According to reports, the project is under the leadership of China's State Forestry Administration and the Shanghai Forestry Bureau, by the East China Normal University, the Bronx Zoo, WCS belongs, Shanghai Industrial Investment (Holdings) Co., Ltd. Wetland Park, Zhejiang Changxing Alligator Nature Reserve four home to work together to implement the Hong Kong Ocean Park provided some financial support. This time in the wild larvae found 15 Alligator American Alligator was introduced from China Changxing alligator and future generations. These baby crocodiles birth is a milestone, marking the WCS with a number of partners such as East China Normal University 10 years of hard work has finally been successful. "For all of us, this is exciting news." Said Dr. project participants, world-renowned crocodile expert John Thorbjarnarson, "The success of this small population, we prove that the alligator back to their original distribution area there is hope. " Plans to introduce alligators began in 1999, when WCS and the Forestry Department of Anhui Province, East China Normal University, in cooperation Wannan carried out a survey of wild alligators. Wannan is the distribution of wild Chinese alligator remaining, but only once the broad distribution alligator in a small area. The survey found that the number of wild alligator populations continue to decline, the existing number of underestimation 130. In 2001, once held the International Symposium on Chinese alligator, the experts recommended that the artificial breeding of alligators into its habitat. First introduced in 2003, Anhui Alligator Breeding Research Center will release three artificial breeding alligators to Xuancheng Red Reservoir, where there was a wild alligator distribution. In order to increase the genetic diversity of wild alligators, WCS from the introduction of the 12 North American alligator, which six Bronx Zoo, Disney's Animal Kingdom and the St. Augustine Alligator farming garden all three. In these alligators, the researchers _select_ed three, and Zhejiang Changxing Alligator Alligator Nature Reserve provides three together, in June 2007, released to the Chongming Dongtan wetland. Before release, WCS and Shanghai Wild Animal Park veterinarian them a careful physical examination and radio tracking devices installed for them. East China Normal University and the Chongming Dongtan wetland monitoring found that these alligators successfully introduced into hibernation and mating success in the second year of birth in the wild for the first time 16 eggs. Wetlands have been widely distributed in the East Alligator (Dau) is unique to China a crocodile, one of the smallest size crocodile species in the world, too, it is both the oldest, but also the number of survival are now very rare, endangered world. reptiles. In the alligator who has previously dinosaurs can also find many of the features of reptiles, by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as Critically Endangered animals existing in the world 23 most endangered crocodile kind. China has the alligator as a national first class protected animals, hunting is prohibited. Alligator also blunt snout one of two extant alligator, the other is a very good living conditions American alligators. Alligator in captivity is more difficult to reproduce. 1980 China 曾繁育 the first baby crocodiles, breeding in captivity become successful precedent. Currently, alligators Changxing County, Zhejiang Provincial Nature Reserve is a _set_ of ecological, scientific research, education is one of the diversified integrated protected areas, China is currently the only alligator natural breeding base. Alligator hunting for years was a lot of cave vandalism, bad eggs or Taozou pounded. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is also greatly reduced the alligator's main food - the number of aquatic animals. Early days, Changxing County, Zhejiang and the surrounding areas there have been a large number of wild alligators, because a large number of human reproduction and wetlands are farming, resulting in deterioration of alligators inhabit the environment, the number of its natural populations dwindling. According to the "2008 China State of the Environment", currently released into the wild alligators and other endangered species work steadily. Alligator species are effectively protected, the number of overall upward trend of the total has reached more than 10,000 of alligators.
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Protection level
Chinese alligator is a national level to protect animals, was included in CITES Appendix I, IUCN are classified as critically endangered. 1979 established XuanZhou summer home of the alligator farms, breeding in captivity to carry out research, in June 1982 to establish Alligator Nature Reserve, established in 1983, Alligator Breeding Research Center in protected areas, has invested 1.7 million yuan to build small-scale farming reservoirs and ponds 8, sub-rearing pond 10 years, a breeding areas, hatching, feeding, wintering system 1. After several years of testing, the basic successful artificial incubation survival rate of 95.4%, has a total of more than 2,000 cloned baby crocodiles, won the National Natural Science Award. May 24, 1983, in order to promote the significance of the protection of rare animals, the PRC Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued a _set_ of "Alligator" special stamps, a full two. Relevant information, also known as Alligator lizard, lizard called the alligator, back in business Yin Oracle where there is documented. The ancients often considered a dragon lizard. Li's "Compendium of Materia Medica," a book will be called alligator lizard dragon. People will call it earth dragon, dragon pig woman. Anyway ancient people considered the Alligator "dragon." Alligators are amphibious reptiles, like habitat in the sparsely populated rivers, lakes, reservoirs among its most active at night, feeding mainly eat small animals, such as fish, shrimp, rodents, and birds mussel and so on. It's a very strong ability to endure hunger, can not eat for months. People often use the "crocodile tears" to describe those who are hypocritical. Because people see when eating alligator tears often eat small animals, like it does not have the heart to eat small animals like these. So alligator tears is how it happened? It is not out of pity tears, but because it is the main body of excess salt through a special glands to excrete, and this gland located just next to its eyes, so that people mistakenly believe that the glands with salty liquid that it tears, when it's time to eat, just glands secrete salt in the liquid zone, so people often think it is hypocritical compassion in these small animals. Alligators have a habit of hibernation, because it is in the colder winter habitat temperatures to the following 0 ℃, the temperature makes it so had to hide in the cave to hibernate. It has been observed, it's time to hibernate from late October to mid-April next year around the end of calculation alligator hibernation time there for six months. It used some unusual hibernation cave, the cave from the ground two meters deep, the cave complex structure, there are openings, holes Road, bedroom, bedroom _set_s, pool, pump, etc. Taiwan is the alligator lying lying areas, in the coldest of the season, there are lying around the stage temperature 10 ℃, alligators hibernate in the cave so advanced, certainly very comfortable. It hibernating in the initial and the end of these periods, the degree of sleep is not deep, being able to react to stimuli. Middle of a long period of time, and a very deep level of sleep, it seems like a dead, do not see it breathing phenomenon. Just waking up from hibernation alligators, first to go all out to forage, then outside the cave is already a late spring. A moment later, the full physical recovery after alligator who started issuing different between male and female courtship calls and a call of a male and female shall, in addition meter male crocodile can hear loud sounds, the more muffled female crocodile called sound. They sound as a signal to call, and gradually move closer together polymerization. It was about to early June. Alligator mating in the water, in vivo fertilization. To around early July, the female crocodile began weeds, twigs and dirt in the right places for building nests round spawning, eggs per nest about 10 to 30. Eggs are white, slightly larger than the eggs. Eggs covered with thick grass, this time is the hottest season of the summer, and soon, some nest material and thick grass rot ferment in the hot sunlight and emit heat, this heat is the use of crocodile eggs and sunlight to heat incubation. Incubation period is often the mother crocodile guarding the nest came next, about two months time, after hearing the mother crocodile in the nest cry crocodile Aberdeen, Aberdeen immediately clawed cover crocodile body above Mulching etc. Help young alligator climbed out of the nest, and lead them into the pool. Aberdeen has orange crocodile surface stripes, the color is very bright, with a body-colored crocodile significantly different. It should be noted that, in the alligator population, minority males, females of an absolute majority, male and female ratio is about 5:1. In the end is what causes it? This is an interesting natural law. Zoologists have discovered through research: pure alligator when the fertilized egg fertilization and no fixed gender. After two weeks of its zygote formed by the time the sex is determined by incubation temperature. Incubation temperature below 30 ℃ hatched baby crocodiles are all female, incubation temperature above 34 ℃ hatched baby crocodiles are all male, and between 31 ~ 33 ℃ degrees hatched, the male to female majority minority If the incubation temperature is below 26 ℃ or higher than 36 ℃, then no alligators hatch, the alligator when the fertilized egg hatch hatch mostly in females under appropriate temperature conditions, which resulted in the case of female than male. Alligator National Nature Reserve in Anhui Anhui Alligator National Nature Reserve is located in Xuancheng, Anhui Province, an area of 44,300 hectares in 1975 to establish a provincial nature reserve in 1986 was promoted to the national, the main object of protection for alligators and ecological environment. The protected area is located in the southern ancient land and transition zone Jinling depression, the whole territory of warm climate, abundant rainfall, complex terrain, ditch pond, canal, dam dotted pond at an altitude of 300 meters or less, ditch Chong, the valley and reservoir , the distribution of our unique, and it is the oldest reptile --- there is a "living fossil," said the alligator. American alligators and crocodiles as Mississippi currently the world's only remaining two freshwater crocodile, the number of extremely rare, is listed as national key protected animals. Since the establishment of protected areas, through measures in place to protect and artificial propagation of combining to make alligator populations get higher growth, initially lifted the danger of extinction of the species. Progress Alligator As early as 3000 years ago, our words have on Oracle Alligator records, but until 1879 it was Alligator sinensis and made public by the 福韦尔 (Fauvel) name. About Yang in crocodile research began in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, has made remarkable achievements in alligator ecology, histology, embryology and so on. Throughout the research process can be roughly divided into two periods. 1. Alligator save the species studied (1982 to 1992) Since the destruction of the ecological environment, the sharp decline in the number of alligator populations. 1973 International Conference will protect wildlife species listed as Threatened species and embargoes. 1981 Sino-US joint scientific workers survey results: the number of wild alligators remaining 300 to 500. To save the alligator, the Chinese government in 1982 to invest in the construction of Xuancheng, Anhui Research Center of Chinese Alligator Reproduction. Meanwhile, some scholars around the population distribution and abundance, habitat, feeding, breeding, hibernation, caves, activity patterns, such as alligator extensive research. Chen Bi-hui and his colleagues on the alligator population size and distribution, morphology and ecology of alligator and other aspects of the research system and published a monograph "Alligator" in 1985. Although early in 1976 on the success of artificial hatching alligators, but the baby crocodiles in captivity occurred during the yolk induration problems caused the death of a large number of baby crocodiles (not resolved). Chen Bi-hui et al (1989) analyzed the ecological conditions of the field after the birth of baby crocodiles, measuring the energy metabolism of baby crocodiles, baby alligators will be calculated after the body digest all of the time required for yolk found feeding baby crocodiles after hatching leading to premature baby crocodiles yolk digestive difficulties and the reasons for the formation of induration. Measures taken accordingly as follows: First, the baby crocodiles hatch temperature to 31 ~ 32 ℃, in order to accelerate the baby crocodiles yolk absorption rate; Second postpone feeding time to 18 to 20 days after hatching baby crocodiles, so the yolk is completely absorbed. Also found that pre-incubation of 20 days, the humidity is above 95%, reduced to about 90% after 20 days, can improve hatchability, hatching eggs eliminate swelling phenomenon occurs. 1987 alligator hatching rate of 95%, while the child mortality rate was only 2.1% crocodile (Crocodylus 1982 young mortality was 40%). Alligator sticky substance on the outer shell eggs to prevent dehydration and excessive external moisture into the egg, have important ecological significance, if the viscous substance is destroyed, it will reduce hatchability.潘继红 et al (1988) found that some baby crocodiles Proteus death by lethal liver disease caused by the citric acid or bacteria, Pseudomonas and Proteus co-infected lungs and death. Recently, Wang Renping Alligator Breeding Research Center found that a large number of nematodes in the death of baby crocodiles gastrointestinal, and therefore, nematode infection may also be one of the causes of death of baby crocodiles. After 10 years of research and various efforts, the survival rate of baby crocodiles and alligators hatching rate were maintained at above 95%, the population has been greatly increased, not only to save the alligator this species, but also for alligators create the conditions for the development and utilization. Held in Kyoto, Japan in 1992, "International Trade in Endangered conference", can be approved for commercial alligator farming and commercial development. Li Cheng-yuan, according to the survey, to the end of 1994, 83 more than 000 protected areas hm2 wild crocodile alligator is about 667 ~ 740; captive crocodile alligator breeding research center was 4 376, by the end of 1997 reached more than 7000 bar. 2. Research on the basic theory of Embryology and physiology Alligator (late 1980s-present) Alligator leather scales essentially similar scales, feathers and birds formed the occurrence of the way there are similarities. There are three kinds of skin glands; dorsal glands, cloacal musk gland and submandibular gland. Only in the embryonic dorsal glands or baby crocodiles dorsal midline 2nd row left and right sides symmetrically distributed under the scales, asymmetric degradation occurs later, when it is presented to the adult asymmetric distribution, it is a vestigial organ. Cloaca musk glands and submandibular gland secreting glands are full, its function and mating and reproduction related. Alligator tongue gland ductal simple and complex single complex Bubbly two types of glands, mainly in the tongue and the tongue back in the lamina propria of the midline, and a smooth function of food and excretion of sodium chloride. Continuous low temperature incubation tongue will inhibit or prevent the formation of glandular development tongue glands. Adult alligator taste buds are concentrated in the middle of the tongue, and the embryonic period, on the 48th of genius began to hatch, except for the front part of the tongue, and the remaining surface of the tongue has taste buds at different developmental stages, which may also be a degenerative phenomenon. Alligator esophageal epithelium is ciliated columnar epithelium, epithelial cells from the surface of the columnar ciliated cells and goblet cells, its occurrence and birds were similar. Alligator gastric epithelium in the embryo once appeared goblet cells, followed by apoptosis. There are two kinds gastric cardia glands and pyloric glands of a single tube gland (a few also have branches), gastric glands of branched tubular glands, which are embryonic form to the intrinsic gastric epithelial membrane retraction. Chemical research organizations show that cardiac and pyloric glands mainly by mucous gland cells, but may also be at the bottom of the duct cells and primary cells with walls; fundic gland cells and mammalian similar. Alligator small intestine compared with mammals, lack of intestinal muscularis mucosa, intestine villi broke or directly to the intrinsic membrane depressions formed by the epithelium from the lamina propria, intestinal glands are mainly located in front of the duodenum, the first 52 days incubation, villus epithelial folds and large intestine epithelium was apparent goblet cells. Alligator liver and pancreatic cell ultrastructure and pattern formation is consistent with the bird chicken. Alligator respiratory system trachea and bronchi mucous layer containing ciliated cells, mucus cells, and cell 3 cell group, and in the embryo, the trachea and bronchial epithelial cells can be divided into light and dark cells in two kinds, the ciliated cells and mucus cells may be formed after hatching. But lung epithelial ciliated cells in the first 46 days in the incubator has clearly formed. Its lung epithelial Ⅰ, Ⅱ two types of cells, the organizational structure and formation process of the larynx and mammals were similar. Alligator embryonic fluid of the recent study found that peripheral blood cell types and morphology can be clearly divided into two periods, hatching various types of blood cells 40 days before the first large proportion of immature cells, and the first 40 days, then the proportion of cells are immature small, which hatch their bone marrow match before the formation of the first 40 days. Alligators and other reptiles renal structure is similar, but the proximal tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells do not have the plasma membrane folds, distal convoluted tubule cells have a small amount of plasma membrane folds, which coincides with its freshwater life. Alligator more developed sense of smell, the nose large, complex structures such as turbinate than other reptiles, the number of olfactory cells in a corresponding increase. Alligators and birds is very similar to the structure of the inner ear, three semicircular canals of the development of a certain order; structure compared with other visual organ crocodiles, within their iris sphincter, ciliary muscles are striated ciliary body, depending on the cell Oval cristae of mitochondria and mitochondrial body parallel to the long axis. Alligator law fetal retinal stratification and differentiation processes cone and rod cells and reptiles lizards, skinks similar. Alligator blood glucose levels usually remain in the vicinity of 108.75 ± 23.5mg/100ml baseline, but there was a marked seasonal variation, seasonal changes and temperature changes which have some connection. In summary, the Alligator's organizational structure characteristics and physiological changes of the living environment and living habits and adapt. As developed sense of smell, sight and hearing and land predator, nesting and other acts adapt; special pulmonary cavity and palate structure also has to adapt to the characteristics of aquatic life; hibernation seasonal variation of blood glucose concentration and alligators, and active or periodic alternating breeding adapt. Studies alligator alligator embryos to investigate the phylogenetic confirm their taxonomic status provides useful insights and evidence. As early embryo Alligator gastric epithelial goblet cells appeared, indicating lower alligators and amphibians such as kinship far; scales and formation methods such as throat and reminds us that alligators and birds and mammals are similar place; dorsal gland and the degradation process further confirmed the alligators and crocodiles have quite near the river close genetic relationship, the two have a common ancestor, but still has grown dense river crocodile back gland bilaterally symmetrical, whereby speculated over Middle Creek Crocodile Alligator may have higher levels of taxonomic status, or dense river is a more ancient than the crocodile alligator crocodiles. Of course, alligator urgent need to broaden and deepen the study also. Although the alligator meat has become a crude product, "Alligator Floss", the first double alligator leather shoes have been specially quietly come out, but this is only a beginning Alligator development and utilization. To carry out the depth of exploitation, the need to solve a series of problems alligator breeding and breeding large quantities faced. Alligator has a special evolutionary status. How to classify attribution current debate varies, alligator sex determination mechanism is also impressive, and so the problem, it seems difficult to determine from a single histological level, in-depth research organizations chemistry, molecular biology and other aspects imminent. Research process and conclusions 2003 Alligator Nature Reserve in Anhui roaring law on alligator conducted a special study for one year in monitoring, recording date roar, roar of time, the number roar and weather conditions. Alligators in the annual March began yelling, 11 May Stop yelling; roaring several alligators in different months the difference was significant (χ2 test: χ2 = 448.29, df = 8, P <0.01), which in June alligators bellowing most frequently, the roar of the year accounted for 26.0% number; During the breeding (June-September) was significantly higher than the number of alligators bellowing non-breeding period (Mann-Whitney U test: U = 2.0, P <0.05); number at different times of the day roaring alligators showed a highly significant difference (χ2 = 233.18 , df = 17, P <0.01), there is an obvious peak roar, roar during the day than at night (U = 12.5, P <0.05); weather changes have no effect on bellowing analysis showed roaring its close relationship alligator breeding behavior. The main purpose is to attract the opposite sex roar, while functional protection areas. April 27, 2003, will be chosen after a veterinary inspection, one male and two female healthy adult farmed alligators (Alligator sinensis) released into Xuancheng, Anhui Hongxing alligator protection point, using radio telemetry measured 4 weeks early release activities area, were recorded 372 sites; also observed their activities through the day and night lighting telescope count showed: three alligators in post after 3 ~ 14d in different stable region, with areas feature; males The active area is larger than the female, change of daily movement area is also larger than females; local environment have tended to _select_ the area near the shore and has lush vegetation. Based on 150 cases of alligator embryos of different gestational ages, the alligators during embryonic development into 28 periods. Early embryo as the main body section to the external morphology, degree curved body, brain vesicles, sensory organs, appendages, gill arch, facial protrusion, heart, skin, etc., as staging; mainly in the late embryonic organ development histological index for the first 20 installments based discovery period, each period of gestation is consistent with the dense river crocodile, after eight fetal period. Age differences and dense river crocodile. analysis, crocodiles late embryonic stages based on histological index should increase organ development in order to make different kind of alligator embryos have the same staging criteria for crocodiles to provide follow-up study of developmental biology basic information. Blood samples were taken from three Alligator Alligator Breeding Research Center in Xuancheng, Anhui Province using a pair of degenerate primers on the part of MHC Ⅱ B gene fragment of the second exon was amplified; through cloning, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, sequencing and measured sequences downloaded eight species MHC sequence alignment, sequence differences and to determine the mutation sites; Use MEGA software build NJ trees, PAUP4.0 constructed MP trees result in 10 different sequences, fragment length 166bp nucleotide sequence has 38 variable sites in the amino acid sequence has 23 variable sites; antigen binding sites putative non-synonymous substitutions (dN) was significantly higher than that of synonymous substitutions (dS) .10 kinds of sequences NJ tree and MP tree is very similar, are A, B two branches, two branches distinct nucleotide sequence specific sites have nine, there are seven amino acid sequences, suggesting that alligators of MHC Ⅱ B Gene Second Exon higher polymorphism, genetic conservation in favor of alligator breeding populations. 1999-2002 7 to 4 hours in October, Alligator National Nature Reserve in Anhui survey found that wild alligators cave 40 (now with 24, abandoned 16.) On the direction of the hole, the secrecy, height from the surface, and water, and with the distance from the other five villages that may affect the choice of alligator cave environment variables do test showed that: 87.5% of the hole in the water 0 ~ 0.5 m and <0 m, 85.0% from the water <5 m, 32.5% north, 72.5 percent vegetation cover ≤ 70%, 42.5% from the villages <100m; height from the surface, and the contribution of water from the main component, the hole direction and in turn reduce the level of concealment, totaled 76.6% of convenience. Water is the main factor in the hole into the _select_ed position.
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Population status
19th century, alligator-infested in the Yangtze River, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Jiangsu Province, built hi dig the hole in the hills of Lake Creek gully and river shallows, but this reptile was without water. It is slow clumsy on land, once into the water, but a duck. And this amphibious characteristics, leading to the tragic fate of alligators. Farmland, hills and vegetation in the shallows Alligator Point building has been reclaimed as being more than a lot of damage, water storage capacity greatly reduced hills, drought and waterlogging occurs frequently, so alligators had to leave their caves, looking for suitable habitat. This migration process and creates opportunities for natural death and human hunting. Alligator hunting for years was a lot of cave vandalism, bad eggs or Taozou pounded. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is also greatly reduced the alligator's main food - the number of aquatic animals. Currently Alligator reduced to a narrow distribution areas of Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces at the junction. 1970s a lot of protection. 1979 in Xuancheng established Alligator Breeding Research Center, established in 1980, Alligator Nature Reserve. At the same time our people have carried out a series of protection for its action to increase the number of alligators. 1983 census found only 500 wild alligators number. Census 1992 found that the number increased to 900 wild alligators. Alligator Breeding Research Center is achieved outstanding results in recent years, has hatched baby crocodiles 7000. This is very gratifying, artificial propagation of great success, create the conditions for the recovery of the number of alligators. Today, China has about 10,000 head over to captive alligators, mainly in the Chinese alligator breeding center is located in Xuancheng City in Anhui, as well as many of the zoo. Since the 1970s, China's scientists scaled bumpy journey artificial breeding alligators, crocodiles now artificial incubation of eggs, artificial breeding techniques have been walking crocodile population in the world. In their tireless efforts, the number of alligators in the construction field from the initial 170 to more than 4,000, the annual number of breeding are now over 1000, Alligator has become the first approved by the Convention on International Trade can be a commodity development and utilization of threatened animals.
Translated by Google
Protection level
Chinese alligator is a national level to protect animals, was included cites appendix i, iucn are classified as critically endangered. 1979 established XuanZhou summer home of the alligator farms, breeding in captivity to carry out research, in June 1982 to establish Alligator Nature Reserve, established in 1983, Alligator Breeding Research Center in protected areas, has invested 1.7 million yuan to build small-scale farming reservoirs and ponds 8, sub-rearing pond 10 years, a breeding areas, hatching, feeding, wintering system 1. After several years of testing, the basic successful artificial incubation survival rate of 95.4%, has a total of more than 2,000 cloned baby crocodiles, won the National Natural Science Award.