Tai Chi-tao (Chinese: 戴季陶; pinyin: Dài Jìtáo; January 6, 1891 – February 21, 1949) was a Chinese journalist, an early Kuomintang member, and the first head of the Examination Yuan of the Republic of China. He is often referred to as Dai Chuanxian (戴傳賢; Wade-Giles: Tai Ch'uan-hsien) or by his other courtesy name, Dai Xuantang (戴選堂; Wade-Giles: Tai Hsüan-t'ang).
Early life and educationTai was born Dai Liangbi (戴良弼; Wades-Giles: Tai Liang-pi) in Guanghan, Sichuan to a family of potters. He went to Japan in 1905 to study in a normal school and entered Nihon University's law program in 1907. He graduated and returned to China in 1909.
WritingsTai started to write for the Shanghaiese China Foreign Daily (中外日報) and Tianduo Newspaper (天鐸報) at 19. At this time, his sobriquet for himself was Dai Tianchou (天仇), or Heaven-Revenge Dai, to signify his dissatisfaction for the Qing Empire. The Manchus threatened him with imprisonment for his writings, so in 1911 he fled to Japan, and then to Penang, where he joined Tongmenghui (同盟會) and wrote for its Guanghua Newspaper (光華報). Later that year, he returned to Shanghai after the Wuchang Uprising and founded the Democracy Newspaper (民權報).
Political careerTai's fluency in Japanese, unusual for a Chinese young man, attracted the attention of Sun Yat-sen. He became Sun's translator and then his confidential secretary. After the Kuomingtang failed to overthrow Yuan Shikai, he went to Tokyo to join the Chinese Revolutionary Party in 1914.
He attended the first national congress of the Chinese Kuomintang in 1924, where he was elected a member of the Central Executive Committee, then later a member of the Standing Committee, and the Minister of Propaganda. Soon after Sun's death in 1925, he published a controversial book that reinterpreted Sun's legacy. He claimed Sun derived his ideology chiefly from Confucianism instead of Western philosophies and that Sun was a traditionalist. This was praised by the KMT's right-wing but condemned by leftists and communists. After the right's triumph, Tai's interpretation became the dominant one within the KMT. In 1926, he served as principal of the Sun Yat-sen University, and the chief of politics at Whampoa Academy, with Zhou Enlai as his deputy. From 1928 until 1948, he served as head of the Examination Yuan.
From October 1928 to June 1948, his official positions consisted of:
State Councillor (國民政府國府委員)
Director-General of Sun Yat-sen University (中山大學委員長)
Member of Kuomintang Central Executive Committee (中央執行委員會委員): 1924
Member of Standing Committee (常務委員): 1924
Minister of Information (宣傳部長): 1924
Chief of the Embassy (國使館館長): unable to attend due to illne
Tai was one of the lyricists of "National Anthem of the Republic of China". He also wrote:
The Fundamentals of the Principles of Sun Yat-sen (孫文主義之哲學基礎)
The People's Revolution and Kuomintang (國民革命與中國國民黨)
The Complete Book of Sun Yat-sen (孫中山全書)
Later years and deathAfter Sun Yat-sen's death in 1925, Tai changed his name to Dai Chuanxian, Continuing-Virtue Dai. He jumped into a river and was rescued by a fisherman. After this suicide experience, he converted to Buddhism and was accused by many of being superstitious. His works about Buddhism are published in The Collection of Mr. Dai Jitao's Discussions on Buddhism (戴季陶先生佛學論集). He is widely known to be the birth father of Chiang Wei-kuo, the adoptive second son of Chiang Kai-shek. According to popular speculation, Tai believed knowledge of his extramarital affairs would destroy his marriage and his career, so he entrusted Wei-kuo to Chiang Kai-shek, after the Japanese Yamada Juntaro (山田純太郎?) brought the infant to Shanghai. Yao yecheng (姚冶誠), Chiang's wife at the time, raised Wei-kuo as her own. The boy called Tai his "Dear Uncle" (親伯). Tai Chi-tao had also fathered a son, An-kuo (安國), whom Tai later sent to Germany, to be educated at the Technische Hochschule Berlin. An-kuo (Ango) and Wei-Kuo (Wego) were half brothers.
In 1949, with the Kuomintang losing the Chinese Civil War to the Communist Party of China, Tai committed suicide by swallowing over 70 sleeping pills in Guangzhou.
Further readingLu, Yan; Re-Understanding Japan (University of Hawaii Press, 2004) is an English-language study of Tai Chi-tao and three other Chinese intellectuals, in context of their contributions to 20th-century Sino-Japanese relations.
No. 2
Tai Chi-tao (1891-1949): Zhejiang Wu Xing (now Huzhou) people. Name Successfully Passes Throngh Longhai. Early study in Japan. 1911 United League. After the republican revolution was the Sun Yat-sen secretary to help organize the Chinese Revolutionary Party Sun. KMT's Central Committee Propaganda Department in 1924 from the Minister. Published in 1925, "Sun Yat-sen of the philosophical foundation", "National Revolution and the Chinese Nationalist Party," two books, distorted Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary theory, spread anti, against the worker-peasant movement's remarks, the formation of "Inquiry of the doctrine," and support the Western Hills School advocate. Long-term advisers to serve as Chiang Kai-shek, former KMT government of the Examination Yuan. In February 1949 in Guangzhou suicide.
Translated by Google
No. 3
Tai Chi-tao (1891 ~ 1949.2.11.) Republic of China and the Chinese KMT cadres and the early theorists. Name Chuanxian the word quarter pottery, pen Tianchou. Huzhou, Zhejiang origin, was born in Sichuan Guanghan. Early study in Japan and attend the League. After the Revolution, followed Sun Yat-sen, to participate in the revolution and the law enforcement war. Shanghai to Guangzhou 1917 by Secretary-General appointed Marshal House. During the May Fourth Movement in Shanghai, editor of "Weekly Review" magazine, the socialist and labor for some studies. Chinese Nationalist Party in 1924 in the First National Congress elected to the Central Executive Committee, the Central Propaganda Department, the Whampoa Military Academy, he served as political minister and other staff. After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925, actively participated in the meeting were anti-communist activities in the Western Hills. Has published the same year, "the philosophical basis of Sun Yat-sen", "National Revolution and the Chinese KMT" and other articles against the Sun United Russia, were to assist the three major agricultural and industrial policies, the KMT right-wing ideologue. In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek planning assistance Ren Guojun four hundred and twelve coup commander in chief. Nanjing national government was established, successive national government members, president of the Examination Yuan, the KMT Central Committee propaganda minister post for a long time the KMT advice. June 1948 he was named director of the Academia Historica, February 11, 1949 in Guangzhou suicide. The other side of the Tai Chi-tao Tai Chi-tao Sichuan Guanghan County, was born in 1891 AD, a young man went to Japan to study at Japanese universities (formerly known as Japanese law school) Reading the Law School, where he met Chiang Kai-shek. Four years later, returned to Shanghai. Time when the late Qing Dynasty, they go to the governor of Jiangsu Rui Cheng, local self-government was appointed Director of the Institute of Jiangsu instructors. Rui Cheng throne raised the Viceroy, the Tai Chi-tao not a patron, resign to find another way out, step by step toward the revolutionary, first as Shanghai, "Foreign News" reporter, and then transferred to the "day Herald", write a lot of anti- article. A few months later, 19 years old, he became "day Herald" editor. He has been eyeing the Qing government ordered the arrest, so he immediately fled to Japan to hide the wind, but also into the League. Back to Shanghai after the "civil rights newspaper" wrote a large number of articles against Yuan Shikai, was ordered Yuan "mentioned study" --- off into the prison. He then was to understand: "Fairview million articles, and finally as a Mauser (gun)." Has been rescued after his release, he directly join the fight against Yuan, Huang Xing help uprising. Finally, still next to Sun Yat-sen, became secretary. Chen's mutiny, the Tai Chi-tao immediately back to Guangzhou to persuade Chiang Kai-shek, Sun Yat-sen to defend. In 1926, Tai Chi-tao was appointed president of Sun Yat-sen, this also made considerable efforts. In February 1928, was promoted to the Kuomintang propaganda minister, in October, when the national government and the Examination Yuan members, one when that is 20 years. He also operates the Boy Scouts, development in China 50 million members, wrote the "great spirit", "boat song", "Rihangyishan Song" and other songs at that time very popular. In 1936, Tai Chi-tao behalf of the Chinese government delegation to Germany, led the Chinese Olympic competition, before the opening of heads of state met with Hitler in Germany, and talk to him more than 20 minutes. Later, traveling in Europe, five months after the return to China. Xi'an Incident, he thought of Zhang Xueliang and Yang should be firmly war. And Yingqin difference is what is to replace themselves, and wear to the safety of Chiang Kai-shek. However, Kung Kai-shek and the owners, and strongly pros and cons, Tai Chi-tao eventually change his mind. December 14, this high-level meeting held on Tai Chi-tao in the recess, kowtow to the participants by surprise, said: "I am Buddhist devotees. Lama in Lhasa, to Lhasa, Buddha had three, one from the West Kangjing Chang are , and second, by the by the Qinghai Yushu, there is a greater Darjeeling from India, which are three choices available through Lhasa, sincere worship of the people three choices are gone, take another one this barrier, there is always a walk through, Do not just go one way. "Then they call a ring head and back seats. Participants saw this scene, especially those who are opposed to peaceful means, turn to know Tai Chi-tao, not to mention the opposition. When the war began, Tai Chi-tao firmly criticized the KMT's national subjugation, that left up to ten years in Nanjing, will return to. He wrote to his son: "The Chinese want to destroy China's annexation attempt, its failure will make matters worse in the end for Napoleon ... China's prospects were not pessimistic." So, when he moved westward to Chongqing, although the size of the six cars with him, but in addition to clothes and bedding with individuals, the rest do not take things personally, have put the car were removed. Result, the bandits _set_ fire to his house a light, Pianwawucun. In 1940, he was ordered on behalf of the KMT's visit to India, met Nehru, Tagore, Gandhi and other celebrities. After the war, Tai Chi-tao to persuade Chiang Kai-shek not to send troops quickly to the northeast, but where to listen to Chiang Kai-shek, then the situation is not beyond the control of Chiang Kai-shek. When the Tai Chi-tao's family and friends to congratulate the victory, he turned uncharacteristically: "What is to be congratulated for it? Cry yet to come ..." July 10, 1948, Tai Chi-tao not hesitate to remove carry a 20-year examination Dean's office, taking into account the Chiang Kai-shek's face, he was named director of the Academia Historica. When the suicide Chen Pu-lei, Tai Chi-tao is despised him. But three months later, Tai Chi-tao has come to an end. Guangzhou is not stable at that time, although this became the capital, such as the February 1, 1949, the Kuomintang Central Committee moved to Guangzhou the day, two large container terminals at Sha Tau Air China Merchants "benefit 104" was Iron fire explosion burned for three days, the loss of more than 6,000 barrels of oil aircraft; 2, the southern section of the Canton-Hankow railway stop three railway workers' strike, because of low wages; 3, telegraph and telephone increases, 5 yuan per word telegraph, telephone plus four times, and book price plus 180 times ... ... Tai Chi-tao Guangzhou from January to recuperate, get Dr. Li Shimei healing. Emotions still came here, and sometimes unusual hale and hearty, January 27, Simon open welcome in Zhongshan Memorial Hall, Tai Chi-tao also address, leave the Memorial Hall, the stars see the cigarette butts on the stone steps, personally picked up the throw put out riding elsewhere . But a few days after a bad mood, according to "Guangdong Daily" reported: "In view of the bitter civil war indefinitely, shape livelihood on the pain, worry over, but aggravated the illness." Although he lived in Dongshan, Guangzhou, Guangdong Provincial Government Guest Houses --- East Park (Zhongshan Road in this area of Guangzhou Railway Bureau), but disturbed sleep. The most serious is that he often eating a lot of sleeping pills to sleep. Back in September 1948 and October, eat or sleep because of restless, twice to eat an excessive amount of sleeping pills, have been rescued in time and linger. I do not know why, Tai Chi-tao to Guangzhou soon, it will be eleven bronze casting with the usual worship of the goddess Guanyin, personally sent to the Six Banyan Temple, on the imperial house feel, but also, and colleagues Hu Yisheng Tan Chan Buddhist temple, then mentioned, and soon they will out of this evil world, it seems to predict dates of death is approaching. February 11, things finally happened. According to his wife after Zhaowen Shu said, Tai Chi-tao with the Nationalist government moved the capital Guangzhou, has already closed thank-you. Even if the national government meeting, he went only with a double ear, never speak. Continued to burn in mind as a thought --- do not want to go to Taiwan, want to return to Chengdu. He knows where is home, so all day hiding in the hotel room. Sun to Guangzhou, in the East Park, wearing a fancy house, first discussed, but no other answer, put the Tai Chi-tao's bags to another, where the city was originally placing the Deputy Director Cai Guoying live. Tai Chi-tao see the second floor of the new arrangement of three houses 19 simple, cringed, said: "The Sun is too look down on me." This evening, he can not sleep, long restless, reached in the late peak, only continue to take sleeping pills. Know that Tai Chi-tao sick, live in East Park, although the president of the Yu Yu-jen in a hurry to Shanghai, and has been on the car to the airport, then after power is off to Tai Chi-tao's room. According to newspaper reports that year: "Mr. Tai's hand clenched on the president, has felt the cold, dying, can not help but shed a tear." Middle of the night two minutes, Tai Chi-tao also visited the chamber of his wife, said: "We have eaten many sleeping pills also very excited, head pain, such as crack, sad than death. "Zhao Wenshu advised after their sleep for the. The next morning, had to get up time, yet to see Tai Chi-tao up the family into the room and saw that the Tai Chi-tao for lying sideways, looking crimson, there are micro-inter-nasal spray information, call the family immediately sent people to the hospital for treatment. 9 pm, politicians and military personnel gathered to front of the house, see Tai Chi-tao nothing happened, had stood. 10, the Tai Chi-tao atmosphere has been extinguished, but "Shenseziruo, face no Qirong." Doctors announced that Dai Yuanzhang too much medication, rescue without surgery, has died. ZHU Tao Guangzhou Health Secretary, said: "This is the Second Hospital of Zhongshan University, and Dr Lee to send medical Wu restricted the oxygen to go for treatment, but 10 points after his pulse stopped." Daian Guo is the son of Tai Chi-tao. Generally believed that Chiang Wei is the son of Tai Chi-tao, Tai Chi-tao studied in Japan with the Japanese woman born. Chiang Wei Tai Chi-tao is openly admitted in his later years he was the real father. Said Chiang Wei Jin Yuan is the Tai Chi-tao and Michiko's son, Jin Yuan Michiko and "Empire of the Flowers" the title of the famous Japanese female spies made the cloud the South is the Tai Chi-tao life of the child the more important of the two women. Tai Chi-tao Young dropout, high school in Sichuan Hakka subjects, of twenty graduated from Nihon University Law School. Work books, a painter and book were the Northern Wei, into energy products, paintings Lanzhu as much, even writing landscape, also charm. Drew his teacher Liu Ziquan salary Fu. Saying China is strong, Japan is a concubine; China is weak, Japan is a thief!
