Synopsis:
Video describes the genius of the century Wellington Koo, Chinese Foreign Government Plenipotentiary of China to participate as the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, all the experience and his best friend, Xiao Kejian, to protest powers for the recovery of justice, in the Versailles Palace Square self-immolation by touching event. Broke out in China in 1919 and promote scientific and democratic, "the May Fourth Movement." This is the contact with Western culture, fostered by a cultural history, it marked the modern history of China and the Chinese Democratic Revolution. In the "May Fourth Movement," the direct impact, the Chinese delegation in Paris and will refuse to sign the peace treaty.
Knowledge Links:
World War I:
1914-1918 Empire 2 fight for world hegemony capitalist countries, carried out the redrawing of colonial war. War is a party, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, led by the Allied Group is a party, Britain, France, Russia and the Allies, led by Group. War all over Asia, Europe, not three continents, Europe as the main battlefield. War state 33. Fighting the war more than 1.5 billion population, the results of Allied Group, defeated Germany was forced to November 11, 1918 surrender.
Paris Peace Conference: January 18, 1919 ~ June 28, the victors of World War I (the Allies) and the vanquished (the Allies), held in Paris peace conference. A total of 27 countries participated in the Soviet Union was not invited.
Paris and throughout the large country will be under the manipulation. Where are all major issues and will start with Britain, France, the United States, Japan, Italy and five major powers meeting to discuss the decision
May Fourth Movement: 4 May 1919 outbreak in Beijing, the Chinese people against imperialism, feudalism and the patriotic movement. Red in the forefront of young students, as is the vanguard of the movement, the working class movement in this formal political arena, from the Chinese democratic revolution began. Paris and will be the failure of Chinese diplomacy is the direct cause of the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement.
Wellington Koo: China diplomat. Chuan less words. Jiading, Jiangsu (this is Shanghai) people. 1905 Columbia University study in the United States. Doctorate in 1912 by the International Law. In the same year to return, he served as Secretary of the Office of the President Yuan Shikai, the Foreign Ministry counselor. Embassy office in 1915, and Japan, minister, ambassador to the U.S. after the transfer. November 1918, on behalf of the Chinese Government at the Paris Peace Conference, in safeguarding the sovereignty of China in the Shandong Peninsula and the peace treaty with Germany refused to sign the efforts of other issues.
Related information:
Paris Peace Conference, said China's first "no" - remember Wellington Koo
2003-12-16 17:26:46 Beijing Star Daily
Nanfang Wang 1918 hearing, the First World War to defeat the Allies came to an end, China is one of the victors. China from the Opium War era be over the long winter, in which "justice over power" era, will be held in Paris and will also do justice to China, imposed by Western powers to cancel half a century for all who are not in China equal treaties.
However, Paris and quickly hit the people's dreams to pieces. A few large countries ignored the opposition, but also they have advocated ignoring the "Axiom", betrayed the interests of the Shandong to Japan. Surging domestic patriotic movement, while in Paris, June 28, 1919, the Chinese delegation refused to sign the final humiliating "Treaty of Versailles," Powers said of China's first "no." Paris and will be participating in the Chinese representatives, representatives of a very young - Wellington Koo and will in the end refused diplomatic and played a crucial role.
To devote himself to studying abroad
1904, 16-year-old Wellington Koo cut braided in fashion, across the ocean to study the United States. He chose to major in international law and diplomacy at Columbia University. Wellington Koo teacher John Moore has served as U.S. Assistant Secretary of State, has a wealth of diplomatic experience, he requested a diplomatic standards to cultivate Wellington Koo. Wellington Koo, very good grades in school, Columbia University, served as the magazine "Outlook by" editor, which is very rare for a student's.
Received an invitation to return effect
Wellington Koo while studying in the United States, and once, as a special envoy of the Qing government, and later became his father's Tong visited the United States met at the Embassy in 40 Chinese students, Wellington Koo as a student representative speech. Tang Shao-yi immediately appreciate this young student, that he is an astray. Thus, when the Yuan in power, he was appointed Prime Minister Yuan Shikai, he immediately recommend the Wellington Koo to the Yuan. At that time, Wellington Koo, Ph.D. thesis, also just wrote a prologue, invited him to return as the English secretary at the presidential palace sent a letter to New York.
Not yet completed their studies, so Wellington Koo embarrassment, he was prepared to refuse an invitation from Beijing. The situation when he told instructors John Moore, John Moore does not agree with his choice. John Moore of Wellington Koo said: You learn diplomacy is to serve the motherland, there is now such a good opportunity, you should take it. So he let Koo the "Prologue" showed him. After seeing it, he told the Wellington Koo: separate "Prologue" written on the good, can come as a doctoral thesis defense. In the instructor's understanding and support of the Wellington Koo successfully finished her Ph.D., in 1912 and left for home his new post.
Emerge to join the diplomatic
After returning to Wellington Koo, first as Yuan's English secretary, then worked into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1914 was promoted to Counsellor. His work increasingly obvious talent.
In 1914, the First World War broke out. Japan January 18, 1915, presented to Yuan the infamous "twenty-one." Wellington Koo was also during this time, the issue the first official contact with the external representations of Shandong.
That year, only 27 years old Wellington Koo, when he still has the reputation of the capital one of the three handsome men. The handsome young diplomat to become the youngest at the time of diplomatic envoys, the youngest of Washington foreign envoys.
Unfortunately, the death of his beloved wife families
In 1918, the First World War, Paris, and will be forthcoming. When people revel in the joy of victory, the Wellington Koo was being deep sorrow for the death of his beloved wife.
Wellington Koo's wife Tang Mei Tang Shao-yi is the women, two very deep feelings. However, in 1918 there was a disease sweeping across the world, today known as the Spanish flu. Tang Mei fall ill passed away, leaving a child and a daughter.
At this point, one of Wellington Koo received the appointment as Plenipotentiary. Representatives appointed by the Beijing government of 5 people, respectively, the Foreign General Lu Cheng-hsiang, the South government representatives Zhengting, London Minister Sze, Minister Wei Chen group than in, Embassy Minister Wellington Koo. Wellington Koo as family, had intended to decline the appointment, but in the end, he decided ambassador for the country. Before departure, Wellington Koo, a special trip to visit U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, Wilson promised to be willing to support and help China, which makes the opening and the upcoming Koo will be more of a confidence and expectations.
Winter 1918, Wellington Koo arrived in Paris. This year, he was 30 years old.
Internal and external contradictions
Just arrived in Paris, the delegation met with the first hit on - and will seat problems. Each country is divided into three classes, first-class Anglo-American law the five big countries, Italy and Japan with 5 seats and 3 seats in some other countries, some new, newly independent countries, 2 seats, the Chinese were classified as last first-class, only to have two seats, the Chinese still see very low powers.
Although only two seats, but five representatives can take turns to attend. Ranking in the delegation issue, the waves underway. Beijing's list submitted by Lu Cheng-hsiang, order: Lu Cheng-hsiang, Zhengting, Sze, Wellington Koo, Wei Chen group. But the Beijing government issued a formal order but was replaced when the rankings: Lu Cheng-hsiang, Wellington Koo, Zhengting, Sze, Wei Chen Group, which caused strong discontent Zhengting and Sze, the delegation laid the seeds of discord. And will be with the delegation internal contradictions are constantly upgraded.
China is prepared to and will be the resumption of the rights of Shandong, but have not had time to mention, Japan has pre-emptive strike, the first in the five great powers "Ten Club" presented the German interests in Shandong to be inherited directly from Japan. The representative of China informed the General Assembly to make a statement at the meeting this afternoon. Notified when the delegation is noon. This is the Chinese delegation is also a bolt from the blue.
Eloquent notorious Paris
After some twists and turns, identified by the Wellington Koo and Wang Zhengting attend. Decision on the afternoon meeting, the Shandong question, statement by the representative of China, the next day, January 28, 1919, Wellington Koo was ordered in distress, to the Shandong question made a careful detail, the wonderful dripping fun to speak, from the historical, economic, illustrate various aspects of culture is an integral part of Shandong Province, refuted Japan's unreasonable demands. In front of his eloquence, the representative of Japan completely at a disadvantage. Wellington Koo became famous at home and abroad.
The rhetoric in the extraordinary position of China's diplomatic history, this is the first international forum on behalf of the sovereignty of their country made a successful speech.
Have been very favorable situation for the Chinese, however, to April, the change Dousheng. For spoils, Italy and will be out of the quarrel. Japan took the opportunity to blackmail: if the problem can not be met, Shandong, will follow the example of Italy. For their own interests, ultimately decided to sacrifice a few large countries of China's legitimate rights and interests, has to compromise with Japan, and force China to accept unconditionally. This event ignited the "May Fourth" movement of the fire.
Flatly refused to stay in the annals of the signature
Faced with this reality, the delegation disheartened, in name only. And will last for some time, Wellington Koo of China alone assume the responsibility to make a final effort, has been insisting to the last moment before the peace treaty signed.
However, no matter how hard Wellington Koo, are not the result, the legitimate demands of China has repeatedly denied. Signature does not permit reservations, attached to the post about not allow, some outside the statement also does not permit, I can only accept. Under such circumstances, Wellington Koo was: no retreat back, and only refused to sign, indicating that China's position. He reported the idea to Lu Cheng-hsiang, Lu Cheng-hsiang agreed with him.
Thus, June 28, 1919, when the signing ceremony was held in Versailles, people were surprised to find: Plenipotentiary to China has been prepared for the two seats empty. In this way the Chinese expressed their anger. While the signing ceremony, Wellington Koo take the car through the streets of Paris.
The history of refusal in the middle of China's diplomacy, with a milestone. The first time China firmly on the powers to say "no", and finally broke the "beginning of the end to war," the diplomatic situation, and finally there is no retreat. This is also the starting point of China's diplomatic victory. After the recapture of the lost step by step in China's sovereignty.
End
Shandong Paris and outstanding issues will be the final meeting in Washington in 1921 has been resolved. After 36 round of talks, China signed the "Treaty to resolve outstanding issues of Shandong" and attachments, step by step the Japanese no choice but to hand over the occupation of Shandong interests. At this meeting, is responsible for the problem and ultimately Hukouduoshi Shandong, is the 33-year-old Wellington Koo.
November 14, 1985, Wellington Koo died in New York apartment. Diary of the last day of his life, only one sentence: "This is a quiet day." When the 97-year-old when he was parting the world, the relationship between China and the world, is no longer a weak diplomacy. |
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