Because Leibniz was in Hanover, Germany ten years has lived and worked, and died in Hanover, so to commemorate him and his academic achievements, July 1, 2006, that is, Leibniz anniversary of the birth of 360 , University of Hannover officially renamed 汉诺威戈特弗 Reed Wilhelm Leibniz University.
Life
July 1, 1646 Leibniz was born in Leipzig, the Holy Roman Empire, grandfather, three generations have all been served the government in Saxony, father Friedrich Leibnütz, mother Catherina Schmuck. Growing up, Leibniz was the spelling of the name change "Leibniz", but most people used to write "Leibnitz". During his later years, his signature is usually written as "von Leibniz", to show nobility. Leibniz's death, his work was made public, the author name is usually "Freiherr GW von Leibniz.", But no one sure whether he had the nobility of tricks.
Leibniz's father was a professor at Leipzig University in ethics, in Leibniz died at age 6, left a personal library. Learning Latin at age 12, and started to learn Greek. 14 years old to enter the study at the University of Leipzig, 20 years old to complete their studies, specializing in legal and general university courses. In 1666 he published the first books on philosophy, the title "Product of the Art" (On the Art of Combinations).
Monadism
Leibniz thought that the entity is more, is infinitely more. Follow the entity concept of Aristotle, he thought is a proposition of the subject entity. In a proposition S is P,, S is the entity. Because the entity is self-sufficient, it should include all possible predicate, that is, "... is P". As a result, we can introduce, the entity has four characteristics: indivisibility, closed, sexual and moral system.
Indivisibility means that the extension of any thing that is the length of the things that can be split. Been split things were contained all his possibilities, and self-sufficiency, there are things that the extension of content, that is likely to be attached to his part of the possibilities. And so on, as long as there is-extensive, not self-sufficient, but depends on something they have been known (for Leibniz, the real knowledge is the possibility of a thing to be poor), it is not physical. It is an inseparable entity, is not the extension of the things in the works of Leibniz's later years (Monadology), he called list (Monad), list the nature of that thinking (thought). This is the extension of the world is constituted by the infinite number of list.
Closed is that each list must be self-sufficient, failing that he exists, but contains all his possibilities. List is a list of impossible and there is another interaction (interaction). If a list of acting on another list, the latter with a list of possibilities not included in the list within, that is, the list did not include his entire self-contained content, and be attached to otherness. Because the definition of the entity, which is impossible. So Leibniz said: "list no windows between."
Sex is a list of each system are bound to a certain point of view (perspective), including the world. Because the world is close by cause and effect of the composition, so A acts on B, in fact, not just acting on B, but around the world. If a list of all content, including its possible, each list are the list itself as the center point to the world. And this is one of the world, does not mean that all the list are the same, because the same world can be a different perspective to understanding, and may well be a unified world.
Finally, the list of morality are more complex. This feature made for two reasons, one is the dominance of the world (unity), and second, the certainty of the world. For the former, the list contains all of the world, but each to their own point of view, the dominance of the world is not false? If we want to say dominate, how you can talk about it? For the latter, the world is constituted by the list, list only the possibility of collection of the world has only one possible. It is not impossible that we have a just possible, but inevitably the knowledge? In what sense can we say about the world's knowledge is true, to determine it? Leibniz attributed to the one God, creator of the world. From one side said, before God in the creation, not the material has become, there is no de facto limited circumstances, it will create a pure creation, God is simply the perfection to create this one of the world. Therefore, as Leibniz's famous quote, this one is exactly the achievements of the world, "among many possible world one of the best." This is in compliance the requirements of Leibniz's faith. On the other hand, to determine the understanding of a thing, they have to understand why. To understand this reason, and also traced the reason why. And so on, then the world can not be a certainty of knowledge within the world of motivation (efficient cause), but a metaphysical transcendence because (metaphysical cause). Leibniz called this theory the necessary _set_tings on the form of God. Therefore, this one reason why the world is so, because this is the best, is the perfection of possible worlds. People to fully understand the perfection that God will, is impossible, but can move towards this direction, because the human mind to make a special list, there is a memory, can be based on the past, the domain plan their own future, It is human to share the divine, that the moral possibilities. Who can open the possibility of understanding the world God created, and learn how to become a moral person.
This is a world of morality, Kant can be regarded as a pioneer, the difference is arbitrary Leibniz made the moral perfection of God, the possibility that became in the eyes of God is under, and no real possibility to see the world as a possibility. And Leibniz innate ideas (innate idea) criticism of Hegel's criticism of Kant, in this sense, Kant on the one hand is Hume (Hume) from Leibniz's dream of arbitrary in the wake, but also to by Locke (Locke) from the philosophical disease - review of the boundaries of reason - the pollution. In this respect, Leibniz was Bikang De go a step before. Symbolic thinking
Leibniz has a remarkable faith, a large number of human reasoning about certain types of operations can be classified, and this operation can solve the differences in perception:
"Refining our reasoning is the only way to make them as effective with math, so that we can find one on our mistakes, and people are controversial, we can simply say, let's calculate the" calculemus ", and without further fuss, we can see who is right. "
─ ─ "found art" 1685, W 51
Leibniz's calculus inference device, it can be reminiscent of symbolic logic, so this calculation can be seen as a viable way. Leibniz wrote memoranda (Parkinson's in 1966 translated them) can be seen as symbolic logic to explore - so his calculus - hit the road. However, Gerhard and Couturat not publish these writings until modern formal logic in the 1880s in Frege's "concept of writing" and the writings of Charles Peirce and his students to form, so even in George Boole and De Morgan in 1847 to create this logic later.
Formal logic
Aristotle and Leibniz in 1847 George Boole and De Morgan each published books to create a modern form of logic among the most important logician. Leibniz to clarify what we now call conjunction, disjunction, negation, the same, the collection contains the empty _set_ and the primary character. Leibniz's principle and logic of his entire philosophy can be classified about two things:
All of our concept (concept) by a very small number of simple composite concept, they form the letters of the human mind.
Complex concepts from these simple concepts, arithmetic operations by simulating a uniform and symmetrical combination.
Mathematician
Currently the field of calculus is still using the symbols proposed by Leibniz. In the field of higher mathematics and mathematical analysis, Leibniz Criterion is used to determine the convergence of alternating series.
Calculus
But Leibniz on Newton's evaluation is very high, in 1701 a Berlin court banquet, King of Prussia asked Leibniz's view of Newton, Leibniz said:
"In the beginning the world to live in an age of all of Newton in mathematics, Newton's work for more than half"
Topology
Topology first known as "situation analysis study," Leibniz's 1679, which is a study of topography similar subjects, which was mainly for mathematical analysis of the needs arising from some of the geometric problem.
Pro 华人士
Leibniz was the first European contact with Chinese culture. Master Han Bouvet (Joachim Bouvet, Chinese name Bouvet, 1662 ~ 1732) to Leibniz introduced the "Book of Changes" and the gossip of the system, both of whom have been good friends. In Leibniz's eyes, "Yin" and "yang" is basically a replica of his binary China. He asserted that words: "universal binary but with the world, the most perfect logical language." Currently in Germany, Thuringia, famous Guo Tower Palace Library (Schlossbibliothek zu Gotha) are still preserved in a Lay's manuscript, the title reads "1 and 0, all the magic of digital sources, which is the secret of the wonderful creation model, because everything comes from nothing more than God. " |
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