Also known as suspension bridge. "Steel cable with a cable or chain suspension bridge itself as the main load-bearing structure of the bridge. By the abutment (Pier), tower, cable, boom (Cable), the composition of the main beam and the anchorage. Bypassed cable abutment on top of the tower, anchoring at both ends of the bridge abutment or directly to the rock anchor in the strait. Deck Hanger (Cable) hanging on the ropes. for large span bridges to cross rivers, valleys, and bays and straits.
Translated by Google
xuán suǒ qiáo
Bridge, deck or by the two cable suspension bridge a few
Translated by Google
No. 3
Touring suspension complaint telephone complaints telephone :0598 -82664168225868 Fujian Province Tel :0591 -87535640 Tourist Complaint State Tourism Tel :010-65275315 Complaint Bridge, 6 meters wide, span 284 m, through 10-ton vehicles, the inscriptions on the bridge, "Lake suspension bridge," five characters. The bridge is built, both for the convenience of the lake people, but also adds a scene for the Lake.
Translated by Google
Overview
Suspension Bridge (suspension bridge) (suspensionbridge) are defined by their flying through the tower and anchorage in the strait (or the bridge ends) of the rope (or steel chain) as the superstructure of the main load-bearing elements of the bridge. The cable geometry determined by the force equilibrium condition, generally close to the parabola. Many cable hanging from the boom, the deck Diaozhu, between the deck and the boom often _set_ the stiffening girder, formed with the combination of cable systems to reduce the live load deflection caused. San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge, is a very typical suspension bridge design. A suspension bridge is the bridge, suspension bridge load-bearing part of the two ends of the bridge towers, two towers in the pull between the suspension bridge deck. In order to protect the stability of suspension bridges, two outside the other side of the tower also has the cable, the cable under the force protection of the tower itself is vertical downward. The cable is connected to the bridge at both ends of the anchor buried in the ground ingot. Some suspension bridge tower and two smaller outer deck, they can be pulled by a smaller cable, or by the main Sora live. Construction of bridge approach is the invention of the early 19th century, and now use this structure in many ways a bridge. Modern suspension bridge, is evolved from the rope bridge. Scope of application of large span and large span of the main road bridge, is the span of more than 1000 m the only bridge. The stiffness of floor system in accordance with the size of suspension bridge can be divided into flexible and rigid suspension bridge. The floor system of flexible suspension bridge stiffening girder generally not, and thus low stiffness, vehicle loads, the bridge will vary suspension arising from changes in the shape of the s-shaped deformation of the bad traffic, but its simple structure, the general used as a temporary bridge. Rigid suspension bridge with stiffening girder bridge strengthened stiffness. Stiffening girder bridge with the overall structure can withstand vertical loads. In addition to these forms, but to strengthen the suspension stiffness, can also double chain suspension bridge suspension bridge and the oblique form of boom, but the structure is more complex. Supported on the suspension bridge (usually called big football) on the bridge known as the suspension bridge. English as suspensionbridge, is "hanging bridge" meaning, it is also translated as "bridge" the. "Bridge" in most cases, suspension of "claim" made, it is translated as "suspension", but individual cases, "cable" is also useful for rigid rod or bar made of keys, it is translated as "suspension" can not cover it a class with the bridge. And rib contrast, cable cross-section is exposed only to tension. Only simple people, animals walking the deck with the suspension often laid directly on the suspension. Suspension modern transportation access is not, in order to maintain the bridge has a certain flatness, is hanging on the suspension bridge on the use of slings. And bridge the difference is, as a load-bearing structure of the arch is rigid, and as load-bearing structure is a flexible cable. In order to avoid passing the vehicle, the suspension bridge together with the deformation, are equipped with modern suspension bridge generally rigid beam (also known as the stiffening girder.) Shop at the rigid beam bridge, suspended from the suspension on rigid beam. Modern suspension bridge cable generally supported on the two towers. Top of the saddle has a bearing suspension bearings. Under great tension in the cable's end fixed to the ground through the anchor, the individual is also fixed in the rigid end of the beam are known as self-anchored suspension bridge.
Translated by Google
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Compared to other suspension bridges can use less material to cross a long distance. Suspension can be made much higher to allow ships in the following passage in the bridge is not necessary to establish a temporary center of the bridge piers, so suspension can be deeper or more anxious on the construction of the flow. More flexible suspension bridge, so it is suitable for the needs of high winds and seismic zone, the bridge is stable in these areas must be more rugged and heavy. Shortcomings The firm suspension is not strong, windy conditions in the traffic to be temporarily interrupted under Suspension should not be as heavy rail bridge Suspension bridge tower on the ground to impose very large forces, so if the ground itself is relatively soft, then the foundations of the tower to be very large and very expensive.
Translated by Google
Structural analysis and construction process
Structural Analysis The largest suspension bridge in the force is the cable tension and the pressure in the tower. Basically, from the tower side of the force, its structure can be done quite fine, in addition to suspension of the tower there is a certain stability. If ignored in the calculation of the weight of suspension, then suspension to form a hyperbola. This process of calculating suspension becomes very simple. Suspension The old suspension bridge or cable is usually associated with the iron chains. Modern multi-strand cable is usually reinforced. Construction process If the tower to be built on the water, then place in the tower to stand want to use to squeeze out the soft ground caissons to build a permanent foundation. If the following can not be very deep layer of rock caisson if you want to use to reach deep way to the rock drill or build a very large man-made concrete foundation. The foundation has to be extended out of the water. If the tower to be built on land that the foundation must be very deep, in the foundation with concrete, stone and steel build piers. Some of the bridge pier is part of the deck, in this case at least to reach the height of pier deck height. Reinforced by the rust after traction treatment, so many shares of high-strength steel is traction, connecting both ends of the anchor. Generally these are reinforced hexagonal cross-section, they are temporarily tied together, all the steel after they trailed by a hydraulic mechanism, and other high-pressure steel squeeze together, creating a suspension of the cross-section is circular . Suspension on the equidistant position in the saddle to add, calculate the length of the suspension prior claim is put in the saddle. The other end of the suspension cable bridge will be fixed, the use of special cranes, bridge and then a piece of a piece of rope to hang on hang on. The crane can be hung on the suspension on its own or hung on a special temporary cable. Ship from the bridge deck can be lifted or transported to the ends of the bridge they should be put in place. When the bridge was put up after all, can make the bridge by adjusting the suspension to plan curve. General water appear before the bridge arch bridge for vessels passing under the bridge. Land of the bridge deck is generally flat. Bridge is completed work can be other details, such as loading lights, railings, painting, paving and so on.
Translated by Google
History of Suspension Bridge
Large span suspension bridge is one of the main forms, in addition to the Soviet Union Bridge, these two cable-stayed bridge in Hong Kong, other than the span of more than 1000m are suspension bridge. Such as the use of light weight, great strength of carbon fiber cables in theory decide the limit span of more than 8000m. The history of the old suspension bridge. Primitive tropical forest in the early use of rattan, bamboo, tree stems to make suspension bridge crossing the stream, using the suspension has vertical, inclined, or combination of both. Borneo, Laos, Java, the original rattan bamboo bridge, suspension bridge is an early prototype. However, written records of the suspension bridge with a prototype, the first Chinese to be, until today, still affecting the world's suspension bridge in the form of development. Far away in the third century BC in China, Sichuan Province to build the "board under tiles on roof" (bamboo rope bridge.) Qin take Xishu, Sichuan "Yanyuan County," is written: "Zhou Nan Wang thirty years (BC 285) home of Shu Qin, solid take board under tiles on roof, board under tiles on roof first appeared in the book. To Bing for defense (BC 256-251 years), made seven bridges "among the seven bridges with a board under tiles on roof bridge, that bamboo rope bridge. Shows at least the third century BC, China has recorded a bamboo rope bridge. Already appeared in the suspension than in Yunnan, according to "Xu Travel Yunnan Tour Diary" in mind the East River in Yunnan Longchuan Fujihashi says: "Long Chuan East River and the source of the surging South passed away. Department of cane to cross the bridge in the last ... ..." The construction of the modern suspension bridge in the 19th century from the 60's, built in the southwestern mountainous area some 200 meters in the span of less than half of reinforced single-chain and double chain suspension bridge, which is the better known of Chongqing Chaoyang in 1969 built the bridge; 1984 Tibet Dazi completed bridge span of 500 meters. 90's construction boom of traffic so that we finally came to the construction of a new era of modern suspension bridge. Span of 452 meters in Guangdong Shantou Bay Bridge concrete, stiffening girder; Guangdong Humen Bridge to span up to 888 meters of steel box girder bridge; main span of over 1200 meters of the Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge are being designed. Three suspension bridges in China, while the construction of the bridge science and technology will rapidly catch up with the world advanced level.
Translated by Google
Self-anchored suspension bridge
I. Introduction The main load-bearing components generally rope bridge main cables are anchored in the anchorage, in a few cases, in order to meet specific design requirements, the main cable can also be directly anchored in the stiffening beam, thereby eliminating a huge anchor, into a the self-anchored suspension bridge. Past self-anchored suspension bridge built in the stiffening girder they use a steel structure, such as the 1990 opening of The Flower Bridge in Japan, Han Guoyong cases of suspension bridge, San Francisco - Oakland Bay bridge, piers and other Estonian island of Mu Hu. July 2002 in Dalian, the world's first built of reinforced concrete self-anchored suspension bridge - the Golden Pebble Beach Gold Beach pier, pier for the class type of study provides a valuable experience. Since then in Jilin, Hebei, Liaoning, have four reinforced concrete self-anchored suspension bridge is being designed and the design and construction. Self-anchored suspension bridge has the following advantages: ① do not need to build a large volume of Anchorage, it is particularly suitable for geological conditions are very poor areas. ② due to topographical constraints is small, the terrain can be combined with a flexible arrangement, both the twin towers made of three-span suspension bridge, the tower can be made into a single two-span suspension bridge. ③ For the reinforced concrete in the stiffening girder, due to the need to withstand the pressure of the main cable transmission, stiffness will increase, save a lot of prestressed structures and devices, but also to overcome the axial force of steel in the larger buckling under the disadvantage of easy. ④ using concrete materials can be overcome in the past large self-anchored suspension bridge of steel, construction and post the shortcomings of the high maintenance costs, can achieve good economic and social benefits. ⑤ retain the traditional shape of suspension bridge in the small and medium span bridges is very competitive program. ⑥ As a result of the lower cost of reinforced concrete material, reasonable structure, bridges, beautiful shape, so the injustice confined to the ground is poor, difficult to anchor the area built by the military. Self-anchored suspension bridge is also inevitably has its own drawbacks: ① directly to the main cable anchorage in the stiffening beam, beam to withstand a large axial force, this need to increase the beam cross section, for the stiffening beam steel significant increase in cost for the concrete materials increased by stiffening girder girder weight, so that the increased use of the main cable of steel, so the span of two materials used will be limited. ② Construction of steps has been limited to the stiffening girder, pylon lifting to do after the main cable, install the sling, so need to build a large number of temporary support to install the stiffening girder. Therefore, if the self-anchored suspension span increases, the additional construction costs will increase. ③ force local anchorage zone complex. ④ relatively anchored suspension bridge, the main cable nonlinear effects, making the construction boom Tension control more complex. Second, the historical review Half of the 19th century, the Austrian engineer Yuesefulang gold and Engineer Charles United States. Bend conceived independently from the shape anchored suspension bridge. Bend applied for a patent in 1867, Rankine in Poland in 1870, built a small railway suspension bridge. The 20th century, the self-anchored suspension bridge has been the rise in Germany. In 1915, German designer of the Rhine in Cologne, built the first large self-anchored suspension bridge - Cologne - Valdez bridge, which was mainly because of geological constraints leaving engineers chose this bridge, this bridge is the main Cross-185m, with a wooden scaffold support beams in place until the main cable. Since then, the United States Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Virginia across the Allegheny River, three bridges and clear in Tokyo, Japan Island bridge, built by the Cologne - Valdez bridges. Although Cologne - Valdez bridge was destroyed in 1945, but the original steel box girder bridge is still on stage ever since. Pittsburgh's three suspension Bike Long - Valdez bridge span to be small, but the construction technique Bike Long - Valdez bridge made great progress. Cologne - Valdez bridge 25 years after the completion of the Rhine in Germany, has built four suspension bridges, most notably in 1929 built in Cologne - Mulheim bridge, bridge main span of 315m, although the bridge was in 1945 destroyed, but it is to remain a self-anchored suspension bridge span records. 30 years in the 20th century, engineers believe that self-anchored suspension bridge stiffening girder of axial force will force the bridge of the kind of performance is close to elastic theory, so this time, America and Germany built a lot of self-anchored suspension seat. Third, the modern self-anchored suspension of foreign 1 Konohana Bridge in Japan The Flower Bridge in Osaka, Japan, formerly known as Pak contact bridge, the earliest built in the existing large span suspension bridge, and is the only British-style self-anchored suspension bridge. Opened in 1990. Span arrangement (120 +300 +120) m, is the largest existing self-anchored suspension span. Span large than called for 1 / 6, to reduce the main cables of the cable tension so that it can be for the Liangsuo Cheng. Single main cable bridge with a pws construction method, including 30 beam unit, each wire bundle 184. Only one cable plane, slings made of tilt-shaped boom form a triangle, with the stiffening girder with steel box, shows the characteristics of the British-style suspension bridge. Steel box girder for the three rooms stiffening box girder 3.17m, the total box width 26.5m. Due to a single cable plane, according to the needs of torsion, the larger boxes high. Tap into the vase was shaped, but shorter under the towers. Chevron on the tower to the erection of the stiffening girder segment to install. 2 Han Guoyong were great suspension bridges Wing were great suspension bridge located in Seoul, South Korea Seoul Incheon International Airport to the city on the highway, is the world's first rail-cum-double-lane county self-anchored suspension bridge. Span arrangement for the 125 +300 +125 m, the main span of the bridge with the Japanese to spend the same. Span ratio of 1 / 5, to reduce the power of the main cable. Vase-shaped tower designed, high-104.6m, more beautiful. Legal claim by the air spinning, the main cable diameter of 46.7cm. Main cable tower by the tower at the horizontal distance restrictions, public 6.6m, while in the middle of the broadening of the main span is 35m (with the same beam width), the main cable was three-dimensional surface . Stiffening girder three-span continuous, the web and the lower part of the railway traffic for the truss. Beam total height 12m, width 35m. Upper _set_ 6 Drive; under the four lane and double track railway. The upper deck stiffening beam line from a steel box to withstand tremendous force of the horizontal axis. Box high 3m, with the nozzle, the total width of 41m. Girder construction, is divided into eight segments, with the sea 3000t floating crane erection, all on temporary bent or tower, and then install sling. Protection system, stiffening girder using dehumidifiers protection, as long as there is a sensor measured the relative humidity above 50%, the dehumidification system to automatically start any work until the relative humidity dropped below 40%. Protection by s-shaped main cable wire wound, and then _set_ painting, and using dry air system, the same Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan. 3, San Francisco - Oakland Bay bridge The mid-20th century, built in 30 San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge, full-length 12.8m, was the world's longest bridge high level of technology, people are still so far to the East Bay San Francisco Peninsula, the main trunk, heavy vehicles, pass nearly 28 million vehicle trips per day. Design seismic force is small, the East Bridge (Steel Truss Bridge) in 1989 and 7.1 in magnitude when the partial collapse of seismic intensity, it was decided to build a new bridge to replace the existing East Bay Bridge, the length of 3.6km. Shinbashi each 25m deck width direction, each including five lanes and a light rail. There are 4.8m wide sidewalk south side, to consider the return of the earthquake in 1500. Superstructure of two hollow anisotropic version, and load distribution in the boom box, the box girder with a width of between 10m, high-2.5m, 30m distance between the beam connection. The cross beams under the load 72m horizontal boom to ensure that two boxes in the load, especially when the wind and the overall effect of seismic load. Boom box located outside the two to form a two-room cable plane, very beautiful. 4, the other self-anchored suspension bridge sorok Island, South Korea and geogcum Island Bridge is a bridge connecting the local span arrangement for the 110m +480 m +200 m, span ratio of 1:8, the stiffening girder to girder, high-span ratio is 1:400, for the h-shaped towers. Copenhagen, 1996, the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (labse) academic conference proceedings, jfklcin presents a comparison of self-anchored suspension bridge program, span arrangement for the 303m +950 m +303 m, a single main cable, main span across the about 200m long main cables within the beam, and beam consolidation, the structure has high rigidity, with anchor at the cable clamp device, so the bridge is a section along the main cable can change, so can greatly save the cost of the main cable . Fourth, the domestic self-anchored suspension bridge Despite the self-anchored suspension bridge in the State Department have developed earlier, the construction in the country rarely, rarely relevant literature, making the development of bridge in China is far behind foreign countries. Built in 2002 in Dalian, a stiffening of the world's first use of reinforced concrete girder suspension bridge, after bridge Dalian University of Technology Institute has designed more than a dozen reinforced concrete self-anchored suspension bridge, bridge-building for domestic valuable experience. 1 Dalian Golden Pebble Beach Golden Bay bridge Golden Pebble Beach Golden Bay suspension bridge in China is the world's first reinforced concrete structure of the self-anchored suspension bridge, located in the Dalian Golden Pebble Beach Resort's coastal road, across the yacht basin into the sea, has become a special local landscape. Golden Pebble Beach Golden Bay Bridge, the main bridge is concrete self-anchored suspension bridge, it is anchored directly to the main cable at both ends of the stiffening girder, arch made with the stiffening girder (hanging arch system), with the main cable of the horizontal component to engage in credit arch thrust, played a tied arch bridge in the role. This will not only meet a cross in the navigation clearance requirements, but also to reduce the height of the main bridge at both ends, greatly reducing the length of the bridge approach, saving investment. The camber can also increase the stiffness of the stiffening girder, the deflection decreases, so that the bridge in the force and the economy has reached a very good results. Golden Bay bridge length of 198m, of which the main bridge length of 108m, long approach spans 90m, the main bridge span is (24 +60 +24) m, the bridge width of 10m, span ratio of 1:8, twin double main cable structure. The main stiffening girder bridge using REINFORCED CONCRETE main girders, beams of high 1m, the middle beam segment casting diaphragms, reinforced concrete continuous beam approach spans. A reinforced concrete tower gate tower, tower height 27m, tower diameter 1.5m. Stiffening the main bridge beams and concrete beams with 50. The main cable using ф7, high-strength steel boom with ф5 galvanized, cold cast anchor. Bored pile foundation using ф1.6m basis. Main cable across the bridge saddle Tasso, not spread out, anchoring both ends of the main beam, in the end shock absorber inside the main cable sleeve. Boom beam spacing 3m. Main Bridge Construction The main process is: bored pile foundation; pouring piers tower; erection of temporary support, stent placement stiffening girder; strength after stiffening beam to hang the main cable, the cable clamp, tension hanging lever. Golden Pebble Beach disparity cable bridge with a new structure, the total cost of only 4.98 million yuan, not only achieved good economic returns, and its unique design of the beautiful coastal city of Dalian has been added to a beautiful landscape, but also for the construction of such bridge provides a valuable experience. 2, Pinghu City, Zhejiang Haiyan Tangqiao Haiyan Tangqiao East Lake Scenic Area is located in Pinghu City, Zhejiang Province, the upper structural members of reinforced concrete for the self-anchored suspension bridge, main span combination (30 +70 +30) m, the whole bridge length 164m; deck the full width 40.0.m ; bridge longitudinal to k2.20%. Pinghu, Haiyan Tong, full use of self-anchored suspension bridge Self-anchored suspension bridge mechanical properties, borrowed some of the advantages of similar bridges and improved. Its main features are the following: the main cable anchor on the beam end, need to build expensive anchorage; main beam with a reinforced concrete box girder, the use of the horizontal component of the main cable, the main beam to impose free PC, the main beam no configuration in the prestressed steel beam; top saddle is not _set_, the main cable anchorage at the top of the tower directly. The new bridge structure, attractive appearance, compact structure, reasonable force components, timber economy, cost more than the same span continuous prestressed concrete beam bridge, part of the bridge is lower, is within the small span very competitive in the bridge. V. Stress Analysis of self-anchored suspension bridge 1, the principle force Self-anchored suspension bridge superstructure, including: the main beam, main cables, suspenders, the main tower of four parts. Power transmission path is: bridge weight, vehicle load and other vertical loads transmitted through the main cable under boom, the main cable under tension, and Main cables anchored in the beam end, the level of force transmission to the main beam. The size of the horizontal force suspension bridge main cables and the span ratio on, so you can adjust the ratio of rise to span the main beam to adjust the size of the horizontal force, in general, large span, can be appropriately increased the span ratio, to reduce the pressure within the main beam, the span is small, can be appropriately reduce their span ratio, the concrete girder appropriate increase in the pre-pressure. As the main cable anchorage at the top of the tower, in order to minimize the level of the main towers to withstand the force must ensure that the side span main cable and the horizontal force generated across the main cable is basically the same level of force, which can be adjusted over a reasonable span , you can also change the line to adjust the main cables. In addition, the self-anchored suspension bridge in the dead load from the main cable to bear, and live load also need to bear by the main beam, so the main beam must have a certain stiffness, to adopt the form of the main beam has a bending stiffness Box-shaped cross section is more appropriate. 2, structural features Using self-anchored structure system, and compared to anchored can not consider the impact of geological conditions, and because a great anchor removed, reducing the project cost. Using self-anchored, anchored in the main cable on top of the stiffening girder, compared to the other bridge the same span, more linear curve of its unique, elegant appearance, and the modern bridge in addition to its own structure to meet the requirements, more and more focus on landscape design, the development of a great future. The self-anchored suspension bridge main cable tension is passed to the bridge itself, rather than anchor body, the main cable tension in the horizontal component of the upper structure of the bridge cause stress, if both ends of the unconstrained case, the vertical component will be both ends of the bridge have uplift. For example, suspension bridge of the Golden Pebble Beach, two ways to resist this uplift: one _set_ in the anchor block at the tension and compression support; the second is the junction of the main bridge and bridge approach _set_ the bracket, which will pressure the weight of bridge approach in the main beam. As the main beam with concrete materials, design and calculations must be included in the concrete shrinkage) creep and other factors, which makes concrete self-anchored suspension design is more complex than the steel bridge. VI, construction technology 1, the main tower construction Suspension generally high main tower, the tower most of the sub-pouring by turning model law, in the main tower site link plate aside to note template support bar and embedded parts. Channel at the top of the saddle to the main cable erection of concrete after pouring, to facilitate the construction of saddle and rope. Construction control of the main tower is mainly vertical control, each concrete construction has been completed, the next morning between 8:00 to 9:00 am when the temperature is relatively stable, the use of total station to monitor the verticality of the tower to adjust the tower the body of concrete construction, to avoid drastic temperature changes in the test period, while always observing the concrete quality, timely adjustment of the concrete mix. 2, the saddle construction Check the top sheet surface elevation, in line with the design requirements to clear the surface and around the pin holes, hoisting, alignment pin hole pin and plate connected to the base. Coating the surface of the base oil processing, installation of the main saddle. Saddle seat from the cable, backplane, cable cover parts, saddle and place the overall difficulty lifting; available equipment, crane or hoist block lifting assembly. Saddle installation error control error in the horizontal axis the maximum elevation error of 3mm maximum 3mm. Lifting admission, the penetration of the pin position, asked the underside of the saddle and the base of tight body, surrounded by cracks filled with real butter. 3, the main beam placement Pouring concrete girder bridge with the ordinary, like, the first beam height control must be accurate, precise calculation to be reserved through the support of the _set_tlement; Secondly, the beam embedded embedded parts require high precision, especially channels should be reserved for the rod position accuracy and good vertical to ensure that the tension in the normal course of rod is always located in the center of pore. Pouring from both ends of the main beam symmetrical to the middle of the order of construction, to prevent the partial load, the frame off_set_, frame construction to Level Observing sedimentation, and detailed records. Retest to be formed immediately after the beam line, the actual line compared with the design of linear and timely feedback to adjust the next step of construction. 4, the Ministry of Construction of Cable (1) the main cable According to structural characteristics, the main cable can be taken at the temporary bridge or the outside deck has been poured directly start with the long arm with a winch crane lifting from the side of the main beam to install in place. Cable support: In order to avoid a twist, will become the cable loop can be rotated on the bracket. In the deck every 4-5m, _set_ Soto roll (or laying idiot and other flexible materials.), To ensure vertical movement does not claim direct friction with the deck caused damage to cable sheath. Weight due to anchor a larger process used in the traction car skyline anchor. Cable traction: traction with winches, pull rope in order to avoid too long, the cable can be segmented for vertical movement, the movement divided into three claims, respectively, Tower Bridge and the cable end in a total of three winches. Lifting rope: the guide blocks on both sides of the tower, hoist fixed to the bridge approach on the main bridge deck near the tower, with the release cable hoisting cable devices will be launched on the deck. Mainly used for lifting cranes, cable and upgrade towers to avoid the side-phase friction. When Suoti spire will rise to cable hanging into the saddle. In the main cable installation, the side of the bridge crane equipped with 3 _set_s that enhance the anchorage zone of the crane, the main tower crane in place and upgrade the top down chain. When the Anchorage side traction in place, with the anchorage zone of the main cable to enhance anchorage crane installation and design of an anchor to the position of gravity in the 5t crane from above; the main tower crane is the top place in the two towers two sides of the placement of lifting height greater than 25m from the time of gravity is greater than 45t of the mobile crane, used to hang directly on the main cable tower saddle in place, in the lifting process in order to avoid damage to cable, cable hanging point of using a dedicated cable clamp protection; main cable in the ascent to top of the tower, because the main span of the cable segment is longer, to ensure the stability of the crane can be used at the appropriate time the tower fell on the chain to help improve erection. (2) adjust the main cables In the production process to be accurately marked on the cable. Markers, including anchor points, cable clamp, saddle and cross in the location. Check according to the design before installation of the control value, the design unit to adjust the agreement in accordance with the control values after adjustment for installation, adjustment generally stable during the night time temperature. Including the determination of span adjustment, elevation saddle, saddle pre-bias the amount of vertical elevation of the main cable, saddle displacement and external temperature, and then calculated for each control point elevation. The adjustment of the main cable jack in the Anchorage area by 75t tension. Adjusting the cable main span across the vertical elevation, at the completion of a fixed saddle. Adjusted with reference to the main cable should be marked on the cable to ensure that the adjustment range. After adjustment of the main span, side spans of cable according to the design of the main cable tension force in place. (3) cable clamp installed To avoid twisting cable clip, cable clamp in the main cable after installation. Marked the first review of the cable factory installation folder location, make sure there will be a pe sheath stripping. Clamp the work of basket used to install a working platform, will work on a basket mounted on the main cable (or the same as an ordinary suspension bridge erection of the catwalk), carrying on the installation of officers in its operation. Using steam crane lifting cable clip, cable clamp bolt installation is the key to strong, to be carried out at the second) when installed in place clamps tightening with a wrench, then use torque wrench for the first time strong, sling force is loaded the second with a torque wrench tighten. Cable installation order is the folder across to the top of the tower from the cross, side cross from near Anchorage to the top of the tower. (4) the installation and loading boom Boom in cable installation folder immediately after installation. Installation of small artificial boom, with a large boom crane used to install. The self-anchored suspension bridge under the load showing a significant nonlinear, so the loading boom is a complex process. Main cable in terms of stiffness relative to the main beam is very small. If the boom in place a direct anchoring, tensioning device, whether the trip is the tensile force, or are difficult to control the full bridge suspender tensioned adjustment is economically viable. To solve this problem, it must be under the main beam and the stiffness of the main cable, weight approach using computer simulation, the optimal loading procedure. And in the construction process, through observation, the tensile force to be amended. Sling tension at the anchor head from the tower and start using the symmetric stretching jack 8. Cold cast anchor slings at the bottom, inside and outside of its cast anchor Cup thread, thread tension for connection to jack when the role of connecting rod, the thread will boom with the nuts on a plate fixed to the anchor. Weight status as the main cable in the high elevation, leading to boom before loading at the anchor head within the main girder, so the tension with a temporary work is required and connecting rod brace. Photo La Shijia the first 1 / 4 the power of design to the root of each temporary lock boom! The second order and for the first time the same tension force according to the design finished, and then testing the actual load of each root boom, designed to force the final specific fine-tuning of each root boom. The tension in the sling procedure, the top of the tower shifted along with the saddle! Tagen bear moment! This may produce the danger of the tower overrun on stress, in order to prevent root stress of tower gauge! After a certain degree of tension, calculated based on actual observation and analysis! Push the saddle, so that no horizontal displacement of top back to the original state when, after so again! The tensile force of each sling to adjust to the design value. Control of the construction process of concrete self-anchored suspension bridge for every process of construction are very important, particularly in cable construction process at every stage of the Ministry of the root of each sling cable tension must be timely and accurate feedback. Sling tension of the oil when the jack is a direct reflection of meter reading, the other signal acquisition and processing using intelligent analyzer vibration through the sling tension suffered were measured, each test two methods to ensure that every root of Tension sling cable force is consistent with the design. VII, the question needs further study (1) a superior method of construction. For example, in the main cable anchorage across the bottom of the main beam, with the swivel construction, which can to some extent, overcome the difficulties of construction, but in the span of the larger cases, how to ensure the stability of the construction swivel, Further research needs to be done. (2) under the main cable anchorage stress distribution anchorage. (3) When the main cable tubular concrete, the main cable on the boom in the way of anchoring. (4) boom and the main cable of a reasonable tension sequence. (5) research and development of new materials. (6) theory of force and to further improve the system. VIII, conclusions and Development (1) time to prove through domestic work, reinforced concrete self-anchored suspension span in the medium is an economical and beautiful bridge, the stiffness is relatively large, for small and medium span road bridges and footbridges are suitable for construction. (2) of reinforced concrete structures for self-anchored suspension bridge, anchor block design is a key link, it not only affects the overall performance of the structure, but also affect economic and aesthetic requirements of the bridge should be given adequate attention. (3) self-anchored suspension bridge main cables and the earth anchor is anchored form of the biggest differences, according to the size and force structure requirements of the different anchor blocks can be taken directly to Anchorage, Anchorage spread out and surround-type anchor, etc.. (4) Since leaving the main cable of non-linear time construction of sling tension control becomes particularly critical. (5) the cost of steel reinforcement beams of more expensive, and the steel structure easy to buckling under axial force. The use of reinforced concrete material just can overcome these two shortcomings. Despite the self-anchored suspension bridge has its own drawbacks and limitations, but in a small span is very competitive program. This was ignored in the 20th century for a long time the bridge with the progress of society has been one of re-understanding, self-anchored suspension bridge design theory and construction methods will tend to improve, across the power will continuously improve I believe in the future more and more inclined to this bridge program.
Translated by Google
Overview
Suspension bridge, also known as bridge (suspensionbridge) are defined by and through the hanging tower anchoring the two sides (or the bridge ends) of the rope (or steel chain), as the main load-bearing superstructure of the bridge components. The cable geometry determined by the force equilibrium condition, generally close to the parabola. Many cable hanging from the boom, the deck Diaozhu, between the deck and the boom often _set_ the stiffening girder, formed with the combination of cable systems to reduce the live load deflection caused. Construction of bridge approach is the invention of the early 19th century, and now use this structure in many ways a bridge. Modern suspension bridge, is evolved from the rope bridge. Scope of application of large span and large span of the main road bridge, the whole of today's long-span bridges using this structure. The stiffness of floor system in accordance with the size of suspension bridge can be divided into flexible and rigid suspension bridge. The floor system of flexible suspension bridge stiffening girder generally not, so smaller stiffness, loads in the vehicle, with the suspension bridge will produce changes in the shape of S-shaped deformation of the bad traffic, but its simple structure, the general used as a temporary bridge. Rigid suspension bridge with stiffening girder bridge strengthened stiffness. Stiffening girder bridge with the overall structure can withstand vertical loads. In addition to these forms, but to strengthen the suspension stiffness, can also double chain suspension bridge suspension bridge and the oblique form of boom, but the structure is more complex. Supported on the suspension bridge (usually called big football) on the bridge known as the suspension bridge. English as the Suspension Bridge, is a "hanging bridge" meaning, it is also translated as "bridge" the. "Bridge" in most cases, suspension of "claim" made, it is translated as "suspension", but individual cases, "cable" is also useful for rigid rod or bar made of keys, it is translated as "suspension" can not cover it a class with the bridge. And rib contrast, cable cross-section is exposed only to tension. Only simple people, animals walking the deck with the suspension often laid directly on the suspension. Suspension modern transportation access is not, in order to maintain the bridge has a certain flatness, is hanging on the suspension bridge on the use of slings. And bridge the difference is, as a load-bearing structure of the arch is rigid, and as load-bearing structure is a flexible cable. In order to avoid passing the vehicle, the suspension bridge together with the deformation, are equipped with modern suspension bridge generally rigid beam (also known as the stiffening girder.) Shop at the rigid beam bridge, suspended from the suspension on rigid beam. Modern suspension bridge cable generally supported on the two towers. Top of the saddle has a bearing suspension bearings. Under great tension in the cable's end fixed to the ground through the anchor, the individual is also fixed in the rigid end of the beam are known as self-anchored suspension bridge.
Translated by Google
Wikipedia Daquan
xuansuoqiao Suspension Bridge suspension bridge Also known as the bridge. The main load-bearing structure consists of cables (including the derrick), composed of three towers and anchorages of the bridge. The cable geometry determined by the force equilibrium condition, generally close to the parabola. Many cable hanging from the boom, the deck Diaozhu, between the deck and the boom often _set_ the stiffening girder, formed with the combination of cable systems to reduce the live load deflection caused. Modern suspension bridge, is evolved from the rope bridge (see bridge engineering history.) Scope of application of large span and large span of the main road bridge, is the span of more than 1000 m the only bridge. Cable constructed using bamboo rope in the past, cable, quenched and tempered steel eye bars, cold drawn carbon steel wire is mainly made use of the following three forms: ① large parallel wire cables, commonly used by the invention of JA Roebling, "Air Code Cable Act" local manufacturing, the current span of 750 meters above the bridge, so this method; ② formed by the wire rope cable, construction faster, but its low elastic modulus is only applicable to the smaller span of the bridge; ③ shares by the parallel wire composed of a large cable, strand can be prefabricated in the factory, maintaining the advantages of parallel wire big rope, and an improvement in construction. Pull the rope anchorage in the concrete by pouring the concrete and steel structures passed to the foundation. A solid base for the local rock, just cutting a tunnel along the cable direction (holes), steel structures will be placed on a fixed rope which then filled the tunnel concrete reality Serve. The anchor said the tunnel. There is no local base rock available, the need pouring huge concrete blocks, with the weight and the corresponding friction to resist tension. The anchor said the gravity. Overview The current suspension bridge suspension bridge in the world, most developed by the United States; followed by Britain, and recently built the world's largest suspension bridge span. Japan has several rail-cum-span suspension bridge under construction. U.S. suspension bridge built in 1883, the U.S. 487-meter main span of the Brooklyn Bridge, the famous suspension bridge early, the use of radiation from the top to the many oblique stiffening girder cable to increase the stability of wind resistance, though not very beautiful, but never constructed to resist wind damage on the example provided. 1909 built Manhattan Bridge (main span is 448 meters), using the "deflection theory", that is