Dinosaur footprints of dinosaurs in the temperature, viscosity, particle size is very modest footprint left when walking surface. It is a fossil, you can also stay in the rocks as a sedimentary structures. In many animals the way to go in life, if every step of the step can be saved, is rather more. Some projections have: a pack horse of goods within a day to go at least six thousand steps, every step if the footprints of four feet, then the horse must have at least a day twenty-four thousand footprints. Calculated by this method, a number of dinosaur footprints to leave behind a life ah! But in fact the fossil dinosaur footprints have been found and is a lot, and even rare. This is because under normal circumstances, animals can not be preserved footprints. In the dry hard ground, leaving only after the animals through the shallow imprint, with the attendant is gone. If the ground is too soft, high water content, greater mobility, the footprints will soon be buried around the flow of sediment. Appropriate only when the temperature of sediment, the footprints can be preserved. More importantly, the level of footprints to be printed in due course be covered by sediments from outside, too early or too late can not form a footprint fossils. So fossil footprints of the recorder of nature for the animals with natural events recorded in the "close-ups," the footprints of natural history!
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Classification of dinosaur footprints
Dinosaur footprints can be divided into two kinds of positive type and negative: positive type refers to the concave footprint, which depresses the footprints of dinosaurs themselves, save in the rock face; negative type refers to the protruding footprint, it is stored in the rock bottom. If the footprints of dinosaurs trod uncovered, into the rock Over time, you become a positive-type footprints. If the footprint caused by the water immediately buried by sediments, the formation of the rock, if Save concave footprint relatively soft rock bottom, they are easily destroyed by the weather, so in the upper layers of the bottom surface will be left protruding footprint. The protruding prints and can be regarded as the dinosaur foot molds, the feet of the soft tissue fossils.
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Observation of dinosaur footprints
When fossils of dinosaur footprints and to observe its shape. This first is to look at it a few toe (finger), the general type of dinosaur footprints with a single toe, double toe-type, three-toed type, four-toed type, and toe type. Dinosaur footprints have been found from the point of view, the most three-toed type, accounting for about 70%, the second toe type of small, generally for fear of footprints left claw. Secondly, it depends on the toe (finger) size. Under normal circumstances, Ⅲ toe (mean) maximum, Ⅱ toe (mean) and Ⅳ small toe, Ⅰ toe (mean) and Ⅴ toe (finger) is even smaller. Scientists often use a simple toe (finger) style to the performance, or in accordance with the order from the inside to the outside of each toe that reptiles (that) the toe (finger) sessions. For example, the initial phase of reptiles toe (finger) type: front foot as 2,3,4,5,3; hind foot as 2,3,4,5,4. Convex side of curved toward the outside of the footprints. Dinosaur footprints few curved or s-shaped, sometimes on both sides were parallel to the u-shaped, and sometimes there are "v"-shaped, and each toe (finger) is the top tip. In some cases, there will be a series of footprints massive uplift of the nodules, which is trapped for its soft pads on the toes of the reason.
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Dinosaur footprints Glossary
In describing fossil footprints, scientists often use some terms, such as mats, cushion between the joints, metatarsal pad, toe length, full-length, step length and so on. Pad is convex or concave part of the footprints. Cushion between the joints is a negative-type footprint between the two concave part of the pad or pads are oriented between the two footprints ridge uplift. We see a dinosaur in the wild or indoor tracks, always long to understand the toe, which refers to the middle from the metatarsal pad to the distance between toes. If you want to know the footprint length is measured from the footprint of the heel to toe toes distance between Ⅲ. The angle between the toe and the toes of dinosaur footprints is the difference between important data, it must be measured. Dinosaurs are taking a step away from that step on the footsteps, also known as single-step or stride, which is defined to be two feet walking distance, in other words, it is the right front foot (or right rear) to left front foot (or left rear foot) from the corresponding point on the Western blot. The same before and after imprinting a foot movement the distance between corresponding points, called the complex steps, also called step.
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Tracking dinosaur footprints
It is hoped that not a single dinosaur footprints found, but two or more series of footprints. Left with a dinosaur footprint more than two consecutive series, called the line in the footsteps on the track. Dinosaur footprints in the observation, the more difficult to distinguish between the footprints left by dinosaurs left foot left or right foot. Generally from four to distinguish, that is, pitch toe, toe length, area and location. In the three-toed footprints in terms of distance from the toe to the middle of the subject Ⅲ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ toes toe the nearest; long look from the toe, Ⅱ toes bent inwards, Ⅳ middle toe; from the direction point of view, Ⅲ outstretched toes, Ⅱ toes bent inwards, Ⅳ toe bend outward; from location point of view, Ⅲ toe front, Ⅱ second toe, Ⅳ toe on the list. You know, in the footsteps of a toe, except the middle Ⅲ toe, left foot toe Ⅱ and Ⅳ, the location of the toe is just the opposite. Therefore, comprehensive analysis of the above four factors, can determine the left foot or right foot footprints. But sometimes Ⅱ, Ⅳ toe difference angle between the toes of equal length or less, difficult to distinguish Ⅱ, Ⅳ toe, which has no dinosaurs to look at left-slip walking track. Dinosaur standing on two feet between the center of gravity, walking out before the time of room to move, so the sliding track to Ⅳ toe. If the footprint imprinted in toe, but also easy to judge is the left foot or right foot. For the four-legged animals, there is a very important data, that is, after two adjacent footprints from the midpoint to two adjacent footprints of the midpoint of the distance before. This distance is actually animal alive on the ischial fossa to Jianwo distance, that is, the length of the animal body. When the discovery of dinosaur footprints that people often want to keep abreast of what kind of dinosaur that is left behind. If the dinosaur bones and footprints found in the same layer, and are closely spaced, relatively easy to conclude: it beside the footprints left by dinosaurs. In 1878, coal mines in Belgium, found that a large number of Bern Sartre Iguanodon fossil skeleton, but also find a series of footprints, confirmed by experts to confirm that the footprints left Iguanodon. Later, the United Kingdom, Norway and China and other countries has been discovered footprints of the Iguanodon. In 1960, a multinational team of scientists came to an international study in Norway Spitsbergen Island, from the North Pole where there are about more than one thousand one hundred kilometers. In a cliff, they found a line of dinosaur footprints. Scientists will be in the dim light footprints painted thirteen sketches. The next year, they came to the fossil sites, to overcome the difficulties and hardships, and finally made the footprints of the model. Identified, the experts confirmed that they are Iguanodon footprint. June 30, 1995, the author in the Norwegian capital of Oslo University Museum of Paleontology, saw the footprints of the Iguanodon of these models. In general, the dinosaur footprints specialists to judge this based on what kind of dinosaur footprints, so the study of dinosaur remains, the remains of them are divided into families, genera and species. But it should be noted that different groups of dinosaur bones foot to the total structure to reflect the shape of footprints, so we can still trace this judge-made dinosaurs were meat or vegetarian, is a large or small carnivore carnivorous (such as Coelurosauria). According to the contours and shape of dinosaur footprints can also distinguish between Ornithomimus class, sauropod, poultry dragon, duck-billed dinosaur class, sword dragon, dragons and other angles. There may wish to illustrate it. Large carnivorous dinosaurs are usually three-toed front foot, but in some progressive types, degradation of the lateral toe, front foot only two toes. Such as the Tyrannosaurus Rex of the front foot to only two toes. Front foot of these dinosaurs is much smaller than the rear foot, and some types of front foot toe are all parallel to each other. The toes of their hind legs are relatively thick, generally three forward out of the big toe (ie, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ toe). Can also be seen in many types Ⅰ toe in, but not much, but corresponds with the other three toes. From the footprint point of view, a large carnivorous dinosaur tracks have three or four toes toe footprints are longer than the width of the shape and Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ toe spread outward, symmetrical, conical form. Small carnivorous dinosaurs, such as former Coelurosauria hind foot shorter than the previous length of only hind foot half. They are generally two-legged walking, complex step and foot length ratio of 7:1 to 8:1. Three-toed hind foot footprint is type-or four toes, and large theropod footprints similar, except that the length of the generally shorter, usually not exceeding 20 cm, the shortest only 2 cm, length greater than the width of the footprint. The angle between the three main small toe. Ornithomimus class rear half of the front foot length is generally equal to the length of the three main toe, with only a fork, or nearly parallel. Curved claw feet from the front than the rear foot a large extent. They are thin and long hind legs, much like today's ostriches in the foot. Ornithomimus class is two-legged animals, found footprints less. In the footprints have been found in a single, Ⅲ toe toe much longer than the other two. Most striking is the sauropod dinosaur footprints. Want to know the shape of this type of dinosaur footprints, they must be familiar with the structure of the foot bones. Front foot sauropod columnar five metacarpal close together, such as the dragon spit Arp metacarpal short and thick, made of columnar carpus was higher, in general, tilted sharply metacarpal. Each metacarpal bone by one or two stubby toe to support. The inside of these dinosaur toe on the front foot, often have a forward curved claws inward. The rear foot sauropod on very different in structure, generally there are five toes, metatarsal stubby than metacarpal. Rear of the phalanx no major degradation, it appears large and prominent. In different species of sauropods, the latter is not the same number of claw feet, such as Arp spit dragon in Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ claws on the toes, heavy long only in the Ⅰ, Ⅱ toes have claws. In short, the feet of sauropods like the elephant's feet, curved footprints relatively easy to identify. Sauropod dinosaur footprints as a single basin so big, so deep, surrounded by a sediment ridge forming the prominent edge. Some sauropod narrow-line track in particular, by deeds left rear foot maximum width is often the width of the rear foot footprint of 2.5 to 3 times. Save a bad front foot single step, usually oval or semicircular, like a little pit. Save a good rear tracks are oval in appearance, and footprints left front paw of a series by the v-shaped stamp. All tracks are from the left rear foot slightly larger than the width of the length. Sauropod dinosaur footprints and the rear foot step front foot very different, the former often has a semicircular or horseshoe shape, size, only the latter half of the toe can not see a clear track, but also see great toe claw tracks. Some sauropods blotting before and after the depth of the foot almost, but some seem lighter imprinted front foot. Front foot footprint complex step is the length of the front foot 8 to 15 times. Footprints on the relative position of front and rear legs, in general, rear foot footprint, the footprint of the former front foot, but sometimes may also be parallel or completely overlap. In the sauropod dinosaur footprints, which may be due to sauropods walking up the tail lift, then they may also walk in the water, tail floating in the water. Sauropod dinosaurs of the original front foot toe, rear toe is, but the rear features only four toes. Front foot than the rear foot so deep footprints. Far as we know, the world Peng County, Sichuan Province in China found that only two consecutive original sauropod footprints, that is, Peng county footprint. Small ornithopod front foot for the fingers, the rear foot is also a toe, but the footprint shows only four features on the toe. Well preserved footprints can be seen "l" type or a wide "v"-type claw tracks. Such general bipedal dinosaurs, but sometimes the discovery of walking on four feet. In 1983, I and Li Jianjun, Zhen Baiming study found China's Sichuan Province, thirty-eight Yuechi Yuechi Jialing footprint. Of these, one is the front foot footprint, it is clear to see that there are four fingers. In this group there are footprints of dinosaurs found in China for the first time wake. Iguanodon is a large ornithopod, such as the fingers of dinosaurs forefoot, rear foot for the four-toed or three-toed, Ⅰ toe biggest changes. Their footprints are relatively narrow, slightly larger than the width of the footprint length, and sometimes equal. Hadrosaur class front foot for four fingers, not Ⅰ refers to three-toed hind feet. Their morphology and Iguanodon footprint similar. However, their survival time later than the Iguanodon, which lived in the Late Cretaceous. Some of the book have been made in the past, webbed fingers, duck-billed dinosaurs, after all these years of careful study, they would understand this is actually the skin covering the front feet, as if linked with the means, and current students ducks webbed different. Stegosaurus's front foot four fingers, three-toed hind feet, with four-legged walking. Has not yet really discovered the footprints of the dragon sword. Some of the news media in Australia have discovered that Stegosaurus footprints, and later had been stolen, but without the scientists confirmed. A dragon and the angle of the front foot dragon fingers, four toes back foot, front foot less than the hind. Dragon has not yet been discovered footprints of the exact angle of material. Australia's Tony? Suer Bang in the study on several types of dinosaur tracks have made great achievements. Facts indicate that the dinosaur footprints of dinosaurs has become an important part of the study.
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Tracking dinosaur footprints
It is hoped that not a single dinosaur footprints found, but two or more series of footprints. Left with a dinosaur footprint more than two consecutive series, called the line in the footsteps on the track. Dinosaur footprints in the observation, the more difficult to distinguish between the footprints left by dinosaurs left foot left or right foot. Generally from four to distinguish, that is, pitch toe, toe length, area and location. In the three-toed footprints in terms of distance from the toe to the middle of the subject Ⅲ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ toes toe the nearest; long look from the toe, Ⅱ toes bent inwards, Ⅳ middle toe; from the direction point of view, Ⅲ outstretched toes, Ⅱ toes bent inwards, Ⅳ toe bend outward; from location point of view, Ⅲ toe front, Ⅱ second toe, Ⅳ toe on the list. You know, in the footsteps of a toe, except the middle Ⅲ toe, left foot toe Ⅱ and Ⅳ, the location of the toe is just the opposite. Therefore, comprehensive analysis of the above four factors, can determine the left foot or right foot footprints. But sometimes Ⅱ, Ⅳ toe difference angle between the toes of equal length or less, difficult to distinguish Ⅱ, Ⅳ toe, which has no dinosaurs to look at left-slip walking track. Dinosaur standing on two feet between the center of gravity, walking out before the time of room to move, so the sliding track to Ⅳ toe. If the footprint imprinted in toe, but also easy to judge is the left foot or right foot. For the four-legged animals, there is a very important data, that is, after two adjacent footprints from the midpoint to two adjacent footprints of the midpoint of the distance before. This distance is actually animal alive on the ischial fossa to Jianwo distance, that is, the length of the animal body. When the discovery of dinosaur footprints that people often want to keep abreast of what kind of dinosaur that is left behind. If the dinosaur bones and footprints found in the same layer, and are closely spaced, relatively easy to conclude: it beside the footprints left by dinosaurs. In 1878, coal mines in Belgium, found that a large number of Bern Sartre Iguanodon fossil skeleton, but also find a series of footprints, confirmed by experts to confirm that the footprints left Iguanodon. Later, the United Kingdom, Norway and China and other countries has been discovered footprints of the Iguanodon. In 1960, a multinational team of scientists came to an international study in Norway Spitsbergen Island, from the North Pole where there are about more than one thousand one hundred kilometers. In a cliff, they found a line of dinosaur footprints. Scientists will be in the dim light footprints painted thirteen sketches. The next year, they came to the fossil sites, to overcome the difficulties and hardships, and finally made the footprints of the model. Identified, the experts confirmed that they are Iguanodon footprint. June 30, 1995, the author in the Norwegian capital of Oslo University Museum of Paleontology, saw the footprints of the Iguanodon of these models. In general, the dinosaur footprints specialists to judge this based on what kind of dinosaur footprints, so the study of dinosaur remains, the remains of them are divided into families, genera and species. But it should be noted that different groups of dinosaur bones foot to the total structure to reflect the shape of footprints, so we can still trace this judge-made dinosaurs were meat or vegetarian, is a large or small carnivore carnivorous (such as Coelurosauria). According to the contours and shape of dinosaur footprints can also distinguish between Ornithomimus class, sauropod, poultry dragon, duck-billed dinosaur class, sword dragon, dragons and other angles. There may wish to illustrate it. Large carnivorous dinosaurs are usually three-toed front foot, but in some progressive types, degradation of the lateral toe, front foot only two toes. Such as the Tyrannosaurus Rex of the front foot to only two toes. Front foot of these dinosaurs is much smaller than the rear foot, and some types of front foot toe are all parallel to each other. The toes of their hind legs are relatively thick, generally three forward out of the big toe (ie, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ toe). Can also be seen in many types Ⅰ toe in, but not much, but corresponds with the other three toes. From the footprint point of view, a large carnivorous dinosaur tracks have three or four toes toe footprints are longer than the width of the shape and Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ toe spread outward, symmetrical, conical form. Small carnivorous dinosaurs, such as former Coelurosauria hind foot shorter than the previous length of only hind foot half. They are generally two-legged walking, complex step and foot length ratio of 7:1 to 8:1. Three-toed hind foot footprint is type-or four toes, and large theropod footprints similar, except that the length of the generally shorter, usually not exceeding 20 cm, the shortest only 2 cm, length greater than the width of the footprint. The angle between the three main small toe. Ornithomimus class rear half of the front foot length is generally equal to the length of the three main toe, with only a fork, or nearly parallel. Curved claw feet from the front than the rear foot a large extent. They are thin and long hind legs, much like today's ostriches in the foot. Ornithomimus class is two-legged animals, found footprints less. In the footprints have been found in a single, Ⅲ toe toe much longer than the other two. Most striking is the sauropod dinosaur footprints. Want to know the shape of this type of dinosaur footprints, they must be familiar with the structure of the foot bones. Front foot sauropod columnar five metacarpal close together, such as the dragon spit Arp metacarpal short and thick, made of columnar carpus was higher, in general, tilted sharply metacarpal. Each metacarpal bone by one or two stubby toe to support. The inside of these dinosaur toe on the front foot, often have a forward curved claws inward. The rear foot sauropod on very different in structure, generally there are five toes, metatarsal stubby than metacarpal. Rear of the phalanx no major degradation, it appears large and prominent. In different species of sauropods, the latter is not the same number of claw feet, such as Arp spit dragon in Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ claws on the toes, heavy long only in the Ⅰ, Ⅱ toes have claws. In short, the feet of sauropods like the elephant's feet, curved footprints relatively easy to identify. Sauropod dinosaur footprints as a single basin so big, so deep, surrounded by a sediment ridge forming the prominent edge. Some sauropod narrow-line track in particular, by deeds left rear foot maximum width is often the width of the rear foot footprint of 2.5 to 3 times. Save a bad front foot single step, usually oval or semicircular, like a little pit. Save a good rear tracks are oval in appearance, and footprints left front paw a series of V-shaped by the imprinting. All tracks are from the left rear foot slightly larger than the width of the length. Sauropod dinosaur footprints and the rear foot step front foot very different, the former often has a semicircular or horseshoe shape, size, only the latter half of the toe can not see a clear track, but also see great toe claw tracks. Some sauropods blotting before and after the depth of the foot almost, but some seem lighter imprinted front foot. Front foot footprint complex step is the length of the front foot 8 to 15 times. Footprints on the relative position of front and rear legs, in general, rear foot footprint, the footprint of the former front foot, but sometimes may also be parallel or completely overlap. In the sauropod dinosaur footprints, which may be due to sauropods walking up the tail lift, then they may also walk in the water, tail floating in the water. Sauropod dinosaurs of the original front foot toe, rear toe is, but the rear features only four toes. Front foot than the rear foot so deep footprints. Far as we know, the world Peng County, Sichuan Province in China found that only two consecutive original sauropod footprints, that is, Peng county footprint. Small ornithopod front foot for the fingers, the rear foot is also a toe, but the footprint shows only four features on the toe. Well preserved footprints can be seen "L" type or a wide "V"-type claw tracks. Such general bipedal dinosaurs, but sometimes the discovery of walking on four feet. In 1983, I and Li Jianjun, Zhen Baiming study found China's Sichuan Province, thirty-eight Yuechi Yuechi Jialing footprint. Of these, one is the front foot footprint, it is clear to see that there are four fingers. In this group there are footprints of dinosaurs found in China for the first time wake. Iguanodon is a large ornithopod, such as the fingers of dinosaurs forefoot, rear foot for the four-toed or three-toed, Ⅰ toe biggest changes. Their footprints are relatively narrow, slightly larger than the width of the footprint length, and sometimes equal. Hadrosaur class front foot for four fingers, not Ⅰ refers to three-toed hind feet. Their morphology and Iguanodon footprint similar. However, their survival time later than the Iguanodon, which lived in the Late Cretaceous. Some of the book have been made in the past, webbed fingers, duck-billed dinosaurs, after all these years of careful study, they would understand this is actually the skin covering the front feet, as if linked with the means, and current students ducks webbed different. Stegosaurus's front foot four fingers, three-toed hind feet, with four-legged walking. Has not yet really discovered the footprints of the dragon sword. Some of the news media in Australia have discovered that Stegosaurus footprints, and later had been stolen, but without the scientists confirmed. A dragon and the angle of the front foot dragon fingers, four toes back foot, front foot less than the hind. Dragon has not yet been discovered footprints of the exact angle of material. Australia's Tony? Suer Bang in the study on several types of dinosaur tracks have made great achievements. Facts indicate that the dinosaur footprints of dinosaurs has become an important part of the study. Interesting dinosaur footprints In 2004, the Spanish found a bunch of killer dinosaurs walking in the water, fossil footprints left behind. At that time (125 million years ago), they walk in the shoulder of the lake, water urgent, but they still smooth along the line ford 【due to walk in deeper water, their toes in the forefront only footprints 】 Gansu Province in China in 2001 unearthed the fossil of a dinosaur footprint is the world's largest footprints - it is 1.5 meters long, 1.2 meters wide, with half of the table tennis so much. It is a lizard in the 160 million -1 billion years ago (Late Jurassic, Early Cretaceous Chile) left. Experts estimate that the dinosaur's advocate more than 30 meters.