Heart contains reasonable; thoughts and feelings. Southern Liang Xie, "Wen Xin Diao Long QingCai": "speech is a statement taken together, would want reasonable; adopt indiscriminate speech cunning, the more shade is psychological." Shu "off Wild Goose" Chapter XII: "mental world and if so, An Debu in decline yeah!" Yang Mo "flower": "flower, flower and listening to music, which are inseparable from the psychological and beauty."
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No. 3
Terms of philosophy in ancient China. That the heart and reason. Ming Wang Shou-ren, "Chuan Xi Lu" Volume: "The mere psychological unity of body, knowing hand of power, so different from the later generations who are so."
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◎ Mental xīnlǐ
Psychological terms. Feeling, perception, memory, thinking, emotional heart of the activity call. Is an objective reflection of things in mind.
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No. 5
Reflection of objective things in mind. Is feeling, perception, representation, attention, memory, imagination, thought, emotion, volition, and the general term. Mental process and mental state is divided into two parts. Human psychology is the highest stage of mental development, is in labor and under the influence of language and developed, and the animals have had their essential differences.
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◆ Psychology Subject classification
Experimental Psychology: is the first branch of psychology developed, it is through scientific experiments to study the early development of scientific psychology to those of traditional topics. Such as sensation, perception, learning, motivation and emotions. Cognitive Psychology: a senior person working on mental processes, such as memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision-making and creative activities. The creation of a scientific method of mental activity within the law. Personality Psychology: The individual's unique psychological characteristics and the stability characteristics of individual behavior, but also the psychological factor of Personality and personality measurement, evaluation and training. Social Psychology: The main interpersonal behavior and social forces of control and influence behavior. Physiological Psychology: The neural mechanisms of physiological phenomena. Developmental Psychology: The Psychology of the occurrence and development of law. Ordinary course of man's whole life as a research object in different stages of development of different psychological characteristics, but broadly speaking, it also includes animal psychology. Educational Psychology: Research and learning process as long as the psychological laws in order to improve education, teaching standards, improved teacher training and school examinations, and to promote individualized. Students a sound personality and creativity. School Psychology: usually in the primary and secondary work on the school learning difficulties, adjustment problems or have some vibration problem behaviors and counseling students and to help parents and teachers to solve school-related issues.
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◆ History of Psychology
* Thinking * Chinese Psychological History of Modern Psychology * History of Western Psychology Soviet Union History of Psychology * Japan * History of Psychology * Important system and school psychology: psychology association, construction Psychology, Würzburg school, conative psychology, functional psychology, psychoanalysis, a new spirit of analysis, Freudian, Gestalt psychology, Gestalt psychology, Pavlov theory, association psychology, behavioral psychology, the new behavioral impetus psychology, dynamic psychology, social and cultural historical school, topological psychology, Geneva, schools, school Piaget, cognitive heart science, humanistic psychology, phrenology and so on. * Organization: International Union of Psychological Science, International Applied Psychology, International Cross-Cultural Psychology, Chinese Psychological Society, China Social Psychology, the International Psychological Association, the International Federation of psychological counseling
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◆ psychology books
"Learning", "Music", "Figures", "off of God", "Off Yin Zi," "Outline of psychophysics", "Physiological Psychology Program", "Principles of Psychology," "Dream Interpretation "," psychology textbook "," Animal Wisdom "," Introduction to Psychoanalysis, "" Outline of Psychology "," appears in behaviorist psychology, "" Psychological Types "," human behavior " "Children's language and thought," "child psychology research," "the two hemispheres of the brain function of notes", "human capabilities", "History of Experimental Psychology," "Gestalt Psychology", "Animal and human purpose behavior "," Principles of Gestalt Psychology "," literary psychology "," second revised Binet - Simon test specification "," Experimental Psychology "," the behavior of organisms "," new ways of Psychoanalysis, "" escape the freedom, "" General Principles of Psychology "," From action to thought "," Principles of Behavior: An Introduction to Behavior Theory, "" Chinese problem "," Principles of Genetic Epistemology, "" Handbook of Experimental Psychology "," Science and human behavior, "" interpersonal theory of psychiatry, "" the development of higher mental functions, "" personality patterns and growth, "" On Human Growth: a treatment of Psychotherapy, "" General Psychology, "" Scientific Psychology, "" Cognitive Psychology "," Identity: Youth and Crisis "," Human problem solving "," Neuropsychologia principle "," active awareness of personality "," Color Science "," Educational Psychology "" Outline of the History of Western Psychology "," History of modern Western psychology, "" psychological methods and theoretical issues "," Chinese History of Psychology "," History of Child Psychology "," new developments in Western psychology " "The practice of group counseling will be," and so on.
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◆ Psychology Research Methods
Observation: In the natural scenario of human behavior in a purposeful and planned systematic observation and recording, and then do analysis of the records and found that the laws of mental activity and the development of the method. Experiment: the controlled conditions of a certain behavior or psychological phenomenon of observation methods. Divided, the natural experiment (field test) and laboratory experiment. * Experimental Design: Laboratory experiment * Psychophysical law: natural experiment * Observation: self-observation method * Introspection * records * questionnaire * Oral semantic differential method * interview * Archives Act: Biography Law * Simulation * Psychological Statistics: multivariate analysis, factor analysis. * Psychological Measurement Reliability and validity ** ** ** Ability to test individual personality test test test groups *** IQ tests: IQ, intellectual age, Binet - Simon Scale, Stanford - Binet Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children of school age, Wechsler Preschool Intelligence Scale, Gesell Infant Development Inventory, Bailey Scales of Infant Development, Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, the Denver Developmental Screening Test, Mexico Postscript scale, the painter Test, Leiter International Performance Scale, Bender Visual Gestalt Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ping Pei-scale operation, the military group intelligence test, a special aptitude test, Seashore music to measurement, such as Meyer Art Judgement Test. ** Personality Test: Children Personality Inventory, the California Personality Inventory, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Edwards personal preference scale, significant phase Anxiety Scale, Thematic Apperception Test, Rorschach ink blot test of character education tests. Halstead - Leitan neuropsychological test battery Measurement * Case Studies * Social Studies * * cross-cultural research development * Psychological instruments: speed displays, stereoscopic, color wheel, flash fusion, bar box regulator, depth perception apparatus, hearing test, pain measurement instrument, the memory drum, polygraph, Skinner box, maze, Lashley jumping and so on.
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◆ theoretical psychology
* Psychological: psychological areas of activity * Awareness: origin of consciousness, stream of consciousness, the unconscious, physical and psychological relations, psychosomatic equivalent of, heart-shaped on the same matter, mind and body parallel to the theory of mind and body interaction theory, epiphenomenalism, etc.. * Theory Genre: empiricism, reflecting the theory, reductionism, anthropomorphism, reflexology, the reaction study, given the potential theory, psychological doctrine, only the mental concept of biological, sociological, black box theory, form and spirit, people on your , knowing theory, habit in and so on. * Behavioral Science
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◆ General Psychology
* Feel ** ** Sensory threshold sensory ** Mental laws of physics: Weber's law ** ** Neural signals awareness of the special theory of energy ** Vision: Ming vision and dark vision, visual acuity, Mach band, lateral inhibition, characteristic aware devices, spatial frequency, critical flicker frequency, color vision, color vision, color vision theory, natural color system, Munsell color system. ** Hearing: auditory theory, auditory space positioning. ** ** Taste smell ** Skin Sense: touch, two thresholds and so on. Vibration sense of pain ** ** ** ** kinesthetic body feel balanced feel ** * Note: The involuntary attention, involuntary attention, attention span, attention allocation, attention stability, distraction and so on. * Perception: _select_ive perception, perceptual constancy, perceptual graphics, graphics, masking, graphics aftereffect (tilt aftereffect, McCollough aftereffect, kinesthetic aftereffect), spatial perception (depth perception - random dot stereograms, size perception) , ecological optics, motion perception (like moving), time perception, speech perception, intelligibility, perceptual learning, illusion, apperception, intuition and so on. * Representation: Representation, eidetic image and so on. * Memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, working memory, episodic memory, semantic memory, sense memory, emotional memory, motor memory, memorizing (nonsense syllables), keeping, recognition, representation, memory, recall , forgetting (to maintain curve, forgetting curve), memory recovery, a series of memory effect (first effect, recency effect), Cai Ge Nike effects, such as mnemonics. * Lenovo: free association, the control association, close to the association, association by contrast, similar to Lenovo. * Learning * Imagine: Ji to * Thinking: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, concrete thinking, abstract thinking, creative thinking, thinking, and so no images. * Problem Solving: Problem space, heuristics, trial and error, insight and so on. * Decision * Concept: concept formation, artificial concepts. * Understanding * Information Processing Psychology: A physical symbol system hypothesis, ACT models, parallel distributed processing. * Artificial Intelligence: ** Image Recognition: Template matching model, prototype matching model, "Pan-magic" recognition model. ** GPS program ** EPAM program * Mood and emotion: Theory of Emotion, emotional polarity, sentiment, expression, mood, enthusiasm, passion, boredom, fear, anger, stress and so on. * Will * intention * interest * Motivation: Motivation Theories * Requires: Hierarchy of Needs * Behavior: stimulus, response, incentives, inner driving force, _set_, instinct, movement (motor coordination), action (reaction time, cognitive action), habits, actions, operations, operation, skills, activities. * Language * Speech: inner speech and external speech, speech communication and so on. * Read * good * Personality * Personality: quality, ability (intelligence, intelligent - intelligence structure theory), cognitive style, metacognition, internalization and externalization, a genius and so on. * Temperament: * Personality: extraversion, introversion, inferiority complex, thinking type, Artistic, eidetic type. * Mind Science: extrasensory perception (remote viewing), psychological and other actuators.
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◆ Physiological Psychology
Functional systems theory, the potential that the cerebral cortex functions, functional localization cerebral cortex, the brain functional asymmetry of the two hemispheres, the cerebral cortex association areas, thalamus - cortical projection system, the thalamus - cortex of non-specific projection system, basal ganglia, cerebellum , reticular activating system, limbic system, neurotransmitters, loop response, spontaneous potential, evoked potential, receptive field, split brain, self-stimulation, circadian rhythm, circadian rhythm, handedness, Pavlovian theory (conditioned reflex theory, analyzer theory of higher nervous activity, two signaling systems theory, theory of higher nervous activity type, power _set_ting), regulation of food intake, water regulation, the physiological basis of behavior, learning and memory, brain mechanisms, the physiological mechanisms of emotion, movement the physiological mechanism of sleep, awakening, genetics and behavior, hormones and behavior.
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◆ psychological principle study
Psychological principle is a new theory of mind system, mainly on two aspects, one describes the function of the brain, including the thalamus, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum; second is from the perspective of biology, consciousness, mental rule generation mechanism and activities. Theory from the neurons, neural population nuclei, multiple levels to the brain to explain all kinds of consciousness, mental activities and the activities of the biological principle of law. The theory of interlocking, high degree of simplicity, is the author is the psychological effort to complete the theory. Psychological principles, including upper and lower parts, the upper including dissemination of principles, separation principles, interaction theory, exchange theory, the five principles of association principles. Principle also known as light distribution principle, users said Xie Jianqing conclusion, the main function of the brain and consciousness to determine generation mechanism; separation principle described the separation of the brain function and awareness of the separation mechanism. Brain nuclei according to functional areas or functional characteristics of the separation of the various functional systems has been divided; interaction theory, also known as the separation principle, the main features of each system was divided to determine the mental generation mechanism; exchange principle discussed at all levels the function of neural structures, like the brain through the exchange of output samples, to achieve a variety of information analysis; link theory describes the sample, light path, the formation mechanism of functional systems. From a psychological point of view the lower part of the specific discussion of various principles of consciousness, mental activity, involving psychological characteristics, mental processes, and psychological and spiritual aspects of illness, such as feeling, perception, thinking, memory, dreams, emotions, desires, motivation, determination , character, temperament, hobbies, and understanding, intelligence, skills, abilities, etc., a reasonable explanation from a scientific point of sleepwalking, hypnosis, addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, autism, suspicious disease, schizophrenia, patients lost and other psychological problems and mental illness. Theory from 1987 to 1997 the main points established in 2007 to determine the overall point of view, these views so far verified repeatedly in practice. Although proven for over 20 years, almost a perfect interpretation of a variety of related awareness, mental, spiritual common phenomenon, difficult problems, the diagnosis of brain diseases, correcting medical errors, and other aspects of show unparalleled accuracy, accurate sex. But the authors also do not want to be finalized, and strive in a scientific, systematic, complete and rigorous theoretical basis to the mutual convergence, majestic atmosphere, simple and refined, easy to understand. "Psychological Principles" has not yet finalized, but said part of the web's theory has aroused great interest and controversy readers.
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◆ Animal Psychology
* Ethology (fixed action pattern, inscribed), behavioral ontogeny, social biology, animal communication, animal intelligence and so on.
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◆ Developmental Psychology
* Research and theory of psychological development: genetic, environmental and psychological development, maturity, learning and mental development, mental development power, education and development, cognitive development stage theory, the occurrence of epistemology, representation model development theory, stage theory of personality development, moral stage of development theory, theory of complex speech, children learn, play, imitation, imprinting, critical period, self-centered, early experience, parent-child relationship. * Individual development stages: fetal, neonatal period, infancy, childhood, childhood, adolescence, adolescence, adulthood, old age and so on. * Child Psychology: ** Motor development: sucking reflex, rooting reflex, Zhuanie reflex, Babinski reflex and so on. ** Cognitive development: attention to the development, the development of a sense of perception, memory development, intellectual development, language development, intellectual development and so on. Personality Development ** ** ** children born alone ** subnormal children, gifted children problem children ** ** ** wolf-cub impaired children * Junior Youth Psychology * Psychology * Psychology * old adult lifelong developmental psychology Psychology *
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◆ Social Psychology
* Experimental Social Psychology Applied Social Psychology Social Psychology of Education * Business Psychology: consumer psychology, advertising psychology. * Forensic Psychology ** Criminal Psychology: Psychology of juvenile delinquency ** ** Trial testimony psychological psychological * Cross-Cultural Psychology Counseling Psychology * * * National Psychology Psychology of Religion Social Psychology, the former Soviet Union * Theories ** Role theory: sex roles, gender differences. ** Attribution theory: attribution bias ** Field Theory Consistent with theories of cognitive ** ** ** coherence theory of cognitive dissonance theory ** On the interaction: the interaction of symbols ** Social Learning Theory ** Social exchange theory: equity theory ** ** Equilibrium theory agency theory and interpersonal activities * The concept and process: social adaptation, socialization (internalized), social perception, interpersonal perception, interpersonal relationships (interpersonal attraction - theories of interpersonal attraction, social, and loneliness), social facilitation and social inhibition, self (self-perception), attitude ( attitude theory, attitude formation and change of attitude measurement), beliefs, values, stereotypes, propaganda, communication, communication (interpersonal communication, mass communication, communication networks), competition and cooperation, altruism, compliance, violations, bystander intervention and indifference , alternative experience, imitation, infection, fashion, implied, prejudice, rumors and so on. * Mass Psychology: Group theory, group thinking, group cohesion, group dynamics, social and psychological atmosphere, a small group consciousness, mass behavior, intergroup relations, reference group, collective, collective members of the self-determination, consistent with the value orientation of public opinion, polls , leadership, leadership style, personality disappeared.
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◆ Educational Psychology
* Psychology of Learning ** Learning Theory: Lenovo reflection theory, linking theory, cognitive theory, the link - cognitive theory, theory and other learning activities. Information processing model of learning ** ** Theory of learning classification model of learning ** ** ** motivation to learn for learning-_set_ ** ** ** enhanced learning measurement and evaluation of learning ** Transfer of Learning: Experience generalization that the analysis of general said that the same elements and so on. ** Ways of learning: discovery learning, learning, supervised learning, mastery learning, meaningful learning and rote learning, learning and part of the overall study, focused on learning and distributed learning, learning contest, latent learning, over-learning. Different learning ** ** ** Rosenthal Pygmalion effect study of mental health ** * Subject Teaching Psychology: Language teaching psychology, psychology of mathematics teaching, foreign language teaching psychology, psychology of teaching natural sciences, social psychology teaching. * Education and technology: audio-visual teaching, programmed instruction, teaching machines, computer assisted instruction, self-counseling. * Intellectual psychology: knowledge control, intellectual skills, operational skills and ability differences. * Moral Psychology: integrity, character structure, character formation, moral development theory, moral differences. * Sport Psychology * Psychology * aesthetic psychology teachers
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◆ Medical Psychology
* Consciousness * Sleep disorders * * sensory disturbances sleepwalking * Perceived barriers: delusions, hallucinations and so on. * Attention disorder * Memory impairment: amnesia, the wrong configuration disease and fictional disease, the old familiar things such as new disease and psychosis. * Mental Retardation: mental retardation, dementia. * Affective disorder: anxiety * Will obstacle * Thought disorder: negativism disorder, paranoia and so on. * To force the state * Speech and language disorders: stuttering, mutism, aphasia and so on. * Personality disorders: psychosis * Abnormal sexual behavior: homosexuality * * Tense psychological defense mechanism * Psychological treatment: suggestion therapy, psychoanalysis, therapy, Gestalt therapy, behavior therapy, systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, token rewards, biofeedback, hypnosis, qigong therapy. * Rehabilitation Psychology * Mental Health: psychological counseling, childhood mental health, adolescent mental health, adult mental health, old age, mental health, community mental health. * Health Psychology * Abnormal Psychology * Psychology * psychological and physiological pathology Psychosomatic Medicine * Medicine * Nursing * Psychology * Clinical Neuropsychology Psychological Research on acupuncture analgesia * Defect of Psychology: Psychology blind, deaf psychology. Medical Psychology is the study of mental activity and pathological process of mutual influence how the branch of psychology, it is the combination of psychology and medicine, the subject of joint research and developed the process of forming the edge of disciplines. Including basic theory, practical application of experimental research techniques and objective content. Medical psychology and medical psychology, the characteristics of both, it is to study and solve human health or illness, and two in the process of mutual transformation of all psychological problems. Its mission is to psychological knowledge and methods used in medical practice, explore and solve medical problems in the field of psychology, and through the practical issues of medical psychology to promote basic research. Medical Medical Psychology is an important part of the basic theory, the theory for medical research, clinical practice, human resources training and the development of health care, suggesting that closely related to physical and mental point of view, to provide reasonable methods of treatment and health measures.
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◆ Industrial Psychology
* Management of psychology: Quality of work life, human nature in organizational behavior theory, goal _set_ting, layer peak structure, personnel psychology (job analysis, personnel _select_ion, vocational guidance), organizational development, organizational change, action research, leadership, participation management, contingency theory, Hawthorne experiments, tissue levels of decision-making, prospect theory, two-factor theory, equity theory. * Labor psychology, engineering psychology * * Ergonomics: simulation, work system, work load, mental load, tracking, performance evaluation, action and time to study, lighting effects, noise effects, temperature effects, vibration effects and so on. * Man-machine system: monitor, controller, visual display terminals, human - computer interactions. * Safety Psychology: Fatigue * Aviation and Space Psychology
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◆ literary psychology
* Aesthetic psychology * experimental aesthetics * Aesthetics: artistic intuition, synesthesia and so on. * Psychology of Music: Music Imagination, pitch discrimination, auditory sense of rhythm, music and psychology. * Art can * Literary and artistic creation: inspiration, imagery and so on. * Art Appreciation
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◆ Sports Psychology
* Psychological: the perception of athletes, athletes of the special feeling of psychological _select_ion of athletes, athletes mental training. * * Contest judging mental psychology * psychology of audience
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Psychologist
In 1879, Wundt at Leipzig University to establish the world's first psychological laboratory. The emergence of the laboratory, can be said that a milestone in the history of psychology, marking the birth of the new psychological science. William James (William James) is an American philosopher and physician, is one of the founders of contemporary psychology. In 1890 he gave the definition of psychology is that "spiritual life science." He's the definition, as we understand the psychology off to a good start, even to today, so to speak. We have a spiritual life, so what is the meaning of psychology, how many also know that, despite the psychology of learning, either through research mice and monkeys, who can also research, psychology this concept is still difficult to understand. James and the majority of psychologists, as particularly interested in human psychology. He believes that some of the basic elements of human psychology by the composition: thoughts and feelings, exist in space in the material world and the ways to understand these things. Each of us to say, first of all this knowledge is personal and private. This knowledge comes from our own thoughts, feelings and experiences in the world, may be affected by the impact of scientific facts, but also the impact may not be scientific fact. For this reason, we treat our own experience as a touchstone, it is easy to judge the psychological thing. We like amateur psychologists like to complex views on the psychological phenomenon, such as brainwashing, no matter what tube to use, or when we treat our own why others behave (think they are being humiliated, unhappy, or suddenly give up their work) as fact, when the view. However, the two people understand things differently, the problem arises. Psychology would like to provide formal methods, to determine which explanation is most likely correct, or apply various methods to determine the specific conditions. Psychologists to help us distinguish between two things: one is internal information, it is subjective, and may be biased and unreliable, the second is a fact. That is, to our preconceptions and the scientific sense, "really" something separate. Defined by James, psychology is about the heart and brain, but, although psychologists study the brain does, and we know the brain has too little work, can not understand the experience and express our hopes, fears and aspirations the role of it, or understanding in our children to watch the football from the complex behavior as the role of it. In fact, to directly study the brain is almost impossible. Thus, psychologists study our behavior, found more stuff, and the use of their findings, derived from our internal situation on the various assumptions. Difficulties inherent in psychological research and scientific fact should be objective and verifiable, but can not see the way the engine operation point of view the operation of the mind. In daily life, the operation of the mind perceived only indirectly, and, have what can be observed from (the behavior) inferred. The energy consumption of psychology, and play very similar to crossword puzzles. It includes an assessment and understanding of existing leads, with already know what to fill in the blank. In addition, the trail itself must come from careful observation, must be based on precise measurements, we must use as much as possible to the scientific rigor of the analysis, must be logical and rational arguments to be explained by these arguments to be able to afford the public the test. We want to know most of what psychology - how we perceived, how to learn, how memory, how to think, how to solve the problem, how to feel, how developed, how different and how interconnected with each other - have had an indirect to measure, and that all activities are multi-determined (multiply determined): meaning that they are affected by many factors rather than a factors. For example, imagine that you face a situation (in a strange town, lost his way), to respond, how many things may affect you. In order to identify important factors, other factors have to eliminate confusion. In psychology, the complex interaction of so much as it is normally the exception, to understand these interactions depend on the complex technical and theoretical development. Psychology and other disciplines goal is the same: describe, understand, predict, and learn how to control or adjust the psychology of the program. Once you reach these goals, psychology will help us understand the nature of our experience, psychology, and will have practical value. Psychological findings are useful in some areas, for example, the development of an effective way to teach children to read, the machine's control panel designed to reduce the risk of accidents and mitigate the human suffering mood swings. Contemporary Psychology Today, is in an exciting phase, in part because in some places, the boundaries between branches of psychology are crumbling. How can we know what we can not be directly observed, not only to run into the problem of psychology, other disciplines also have this problem in physics and biochemistry ─ ─ Think of it. Technical and theoretical advances have helped the process, this development has changed the psychology as a science of nature, and will continue to lead to change. Psychologists now use complex measuring instruments, electronic equipment and improved statistical methods, and computer and information technology to analyze all the equipment in a variety of variables and large amounts of data. The mind as the information processing system to study, has enabled psychologists to find out more things that can not be directly observed, as well as between stimulus and response between the various variables, such as the note thinking and decision-making variables involved . Psychologists now they can not build these things, including save to assume that the assumptions in theory, as early as analysts, or based on observation of behavior, such as the early behaviorist, but establishment of combination of these things on the basis that the more reliable and more effective method of observation and measurement. These developments as a "spiritual science" of psychology, created a revolution, sustainable development means that there are many things yet to be discovered.
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A famous psychologist
Lev (1908 ~ 1991), Jiangsu Ganyu people. He was professor of Beijing Normal University, China Education Association Vice President, People's Education Press deputy editor and so on. Lev's main treatise: "Child Psychology" (1962,1979) (book by domestic and international attention, that is the first implementation of Marxist-Leninist view of foreign scientific achievements, reflect China's current academic level of child psychology textbooks .), "Psychological Issues in Child Development" (1982), "Child Psychology Teaching Resources" (1982), "Developmental Psychology of Thinking" (1986), "Dictionary of Psychology" (editor, 1990) and other books. Zhou Xiangeng (1903 ~ 1996), Quanjiao County in Anhui Province, the Chinese experimental psychologists. Beijing Tsinghua University in 1916 admitted to the school of science and engineering, graduating in 1924. Study in the United States from 1925 to 1930, Stanford University, bachelor's, master's and PhD. After returning home served as Tsinghua University, Southwest Associated University, Professor of Psychology at Peking University. He was professor of psychology at Peking University. Zhou Xiangeng in 1980 to 1985, has translated and published in cooperation with others, "Outlines of Psychology", "social psychology" and other monographs
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20 Dictionary of Psychology
1, What is mental? Psychological function of the human brain is the brain of the subjective and objective reflection of the physical world. Human psychology, including psychological processes and psychological characteristics of personality. 2, What is the psychological process? Person's mental activity has a place. Development. Disappeared process. People in activities they usually know the external world of things all the senses, the activities of the mind and thinking through the causal relationship between things, along with hi. Anger. Sad. Music and other emotional experience and so on. This reflects a series of mental phenomena is the psychological process of the whole process. By their nature can be divided into three areas, namely recognition process. Emotional process and will process, referred to as the knowledge, feelings, Italy. 3 What is the cognitive process? Awareness of external things that people always by feeling, perception, memory, imagination and thinking, and other psychological processes to complete, the process technology is the recognition process. 4 What is the emotional process? People in understanding the process of objective things, not as the silent, indifferent, and will show some attitude and subjective experience. If happy, happy, satisfied, or anger, disgust, resentment and other emotions, feelings of psychological phenomena, this is the emotional process. 5, what is the will of the process? People awareness of external things is not only going to produce all kinds of emotions, and back to the light of practical needs, develop plans, develop programs, and its own purpose and plan for transformation, innovation activities. People that consciously _set_ goals, control and regulate their activities, to overcome difficulties to achieve the intended purpose of the mental activity, is the will process. 6 What is the relationship between knowledge of meaning? Understanding between emotions and the will is closely linked to the process. Understanding of the process is caused by human emotion and define their own goals based on deep feelings play a dynamic role. Who will inspire action and awareness. The strong-willed person's knowledge or turn on the goals and emotions and plays a huge role. Human knowledge, emotion, will and other psychological processes are always driven by a motive conducted. Similarly, people's needs and motivations of the production and development depends on various human mental process. 7, what is the motive? Motivation is aroused people to act or inhibit the desire and intent of this action is a kind of human behavior to promote the activities of the underlying reasons. Motivation and interest in people, ideals, beliefs, and the world are closely linked. Different motives, attitudes and awareness of reality are not the same behavior accordingly. 8, what is needed? People's physical needs and requirements of society reflected in the human brain. People's needs vary. Generally speaking, can be divided into physical and social needs two categories. Such as food, water, air, temperature, exercise, rest and other needs are physiological needs; and labor, communication, art, and cultural knowledge of the needs of the social needs are. Necessary to point the object can be divided into the material needs and spiritual needs. Person's mood and emotion is nothing more than the physical and social, or spiritual and material needs of a reflection of the relationship between. Is whether these needs be met while generating an experience. 9, What is temperament? Temperament and psychology said the daily has been said is not exactly the same temperament. Ordinary people often say that a person's temperament style, grace, or a remarkable career that has the characteristics and psychology of temperament refers to a life typical for a stable and dynamic characteristics of mental activity, is a person mental activity and behavior in the performance of strength, speed, stability and flexibility of the dynamic aspects such as psychological characteristics. 10, what is the psychological characteristics of personality? Objective in understanding things and things in the process of transforming the objective, not only understanding, emotion, various psychological processes, but also demonstrate the unique psychological characteristics of each of these different characteristics to form the psychological differences between people. People in their daily lives to form a solid and often those psychological characteristics, called the psychological characteristics of personality. Individual psychological characteristics, including temperament, ability and character. 11, often said that what the four temperament types, and its main characteristics are what? People often say the four temperament types of typical psychological characteristics are: Choleric: frank enthusiasm, energetic, brash, impulsive, quick response, quick thinking, but the accuracy is poor, strong emotion, exposed, but the duration often. Sanguine: lively and enthusiastic, energetic, agile, resourceful, good at communication, adaptability. Phlegmatic: sedate, slow response, quiet, emotional, introverted, easily agitated, and difficult to shift attention to stability, calm and firm, good self. Melancholic: Behavior withdrawn, slow to react to things agile, good at observing other people easily neglect the details, emotions happen slowly, but the duration of long-term. With a tilt of the profound experience. 12, temperament can not determine the social value? Temperament is the dynamic characteristics of mental activity, it can not determine the social value of a person what to do, what to do, by the motives, desires, beliefs, decisions. Any kind of temperament has a positive side and negative side, we can not solely to evaluate the temperament of the social value of people's behavior, any kind of temperament type of people who may be of high moral character, may also become harmful to society people. 13, what is the capacity? Ability to directly affect the activities of the efficiency of activities to be successful is psychological characteristics of personality. For example, keen observation, attention stability, good memory, deep thinking, and so, capacity is a genetic basis, through the environment and the role of education in the practice gradually formed and developed. At the same time with a person's subjective efforts have very close ties. 14, what is the character? Character is a person's attitude and the stability of reality corresponding behavior patterns used to the personality characteristics of how often a person who, on the matter and the basic characteristics of his own performance. It is the essence of a person's mental outlook of a unique combination of properties is the difference between the main aspects of people. A person's character, once formed, will be stable in all his actions throughout the campaign, so we can a person's character, he predicted the performance in some situations. Character of a person's quality of performance, ethical behavior and world view, his personality is central. Although the temperament and ability are personality characteristics, but a person's movement and speed, ability level, does not reflect the essence of a person's personality. The character is a man of objective things, the stability shown by the attitude and behavior. How to deal with objective things, and how to deal with objective things, has shown from the nature of the personality. It has direct social significance. Such as loyalty, steadfast, hard-working and courageous personality, etc., have positive effects on society; and hypocritical, treacherous, lazy and selfish character, etc., have negative effects on society. The reason why that character is central in personality, but also because other aspects of personality such as temperament, abilities and performance, and performance levels, all the character of the transfer. 15, the relationship between personality and temperament? 16, the relationship between personality and ability? 17, structure and characteristics of personality are what? Character is composed of many elements or features. Structure is very complicated. Usually the character of the structure is divided into four areas, namely: the attitude of the character traits of reality, personality will feature the emotional characteristics of personality, character, intellectual characteristics. 18, what is the attitude of the character traits of reality? On society and the collective, to others, to work, work and the attitude shown by their own is the attitude of the character traits of reality. If no compassion, diligence or laziness, self-discipline, or let myself and so on. 19, what is the will of personality characteristics? Performance of the human will acts on the regulation and control of their own people's will with the corresponding character is called the will of the character features include following aspects: (1) consciousness. On the purpose and significance of their actions have a clear understanding of, and subject their actions to determine the purpose and perceived. In contrast to the personality traits, then, for the impulsivity, blindness, behavior such as reckless and arbitrariness. (2) decisiveness. In an emergency situation, to fix the situation, make the right decisions. In contrast to the personality traits, was arbitrary or indecisive and so on. (3) hardiness. Adhere to the intended purpose. Dauntlessly to overcome the difficulties and obstacles, not afraid of _set_backs and failures, until the goal is not reached. In contrast to the personality traits, often engendered swing action, unable to withstand _set_backs and difficulties, in the face of difficulties, frustration, helplessness. Thus the cause of nothing. (4) self-control. This is reflected in the domination and control their operations in character. If calm, cool, etc., in contrast to the performance of self-willed character, but, weak and easy to impulsivity. 20, what is the character of the emotional characteristics? Personality and emotional characteristics of four aspects, in particular: (1) showed emotion on the activities of the infection of human behavior, and how will the degree of control emotionally, if the person mood, energetic, full of passion. And some people experience relatively weak emotional, emotional tranquility, apathy. (2) emotional stability, personality characteristics: the performance of a change in sentiment caused by the external conditions, the degree of fluctuation and volatility. If a major event in front of more stable mood, emotional and easy control; and some people easily agitated, emotional control is weak, emotional ups and downs in. (3) emotional aspects of a lasting character. The time for emotional expression and physical activities, work and live a long impact of temporary nature; as also face sad event, some of short duration, on the body, the impact of work and life is shorter. (4)-led state of mind's character traits. Different state of mind means a person who led the performance level of stability, if people are often happy happy, some depressed people often low, and some people often feel quiet, some people are often uneasy and excited. Clearly different reflected in the dominant state of mind different character. ◆ Classic psychology books I. History of Psychology "History of Psychology" / Lihei 1. Psychology has a long past, a short history and an uncertain future. If the psychologist can give different definition of the object of study, and study required by this way alone to study it - not exaggerated idea that it will eventually be able to explain every thing - then psychology can stop. 2. The authors suggest that psychological adaptation is taken by the leader of the ideological line of the latter. Species linked with the object in question. If the species vary greatly, so research on the needs of different species to adapt to different individual psychology. Conversely, if the species difference is small, the same species, regardless of individual learning differences of law can be adapted to all individuals. 3. Sigmund Freud Psychotherapy - Psychoanalysis - gave birth to a variant of many contemporary psychotherapy. At some of Freud's unconscious psychology is added Wundt psychology, but psychology, the unconscious is much greater than the impact of Wundt's psychology, life expectancy is much longer. "History of Modern Psychology" / Schultz 1. The history of great men do exist, their existence can not be questioned. The growth of great men and the times in their areas, he is a symbol of historical events and products, but also representatives of the history and sound; If there is no response to a request for a new scene, and his ideas will be out of date and can not be implemented. But there is also a great event, the two are intertwined with each other influence each other. 2. Spirit of the times seem to play a major role, because no matter how great people, and if he and his climate of the era in which the difference in incomes, so he and his views will be unknown. 3.17 century, the basic idea, to cultivate a new philosophy of psychology, is the mechanistic spirit, that spirit to imagine a "huge machine." And we are talking about the 17th century to the 19th century spirit of the times, this spirit of the times to provide the knowledge to cultivate the soil of psychology. 4. Humanistic Psychology is opposed to the people imagine a machine and allowing the subjective experience (consciousness) as a legitimate part of the study of psychology, and this is no completely consistent objective, subjects such as machinery and to allow subjectivity into science. Second, the contents psychology school "Psychology of humans and animals" / William. Wundt 1. From Lenovo to strict doubt the wisdom of this step is the psychological evolution takes the longest time. Any less than people of higher animals because of their general biophysical properties of tissue and could not cross this extremely important step. 2. Muscle movement Power reflection is this: every strong enough in intensity, and no off_set_ for the opposite feeling of muscle movement has a trailing. 3. Dreams and sleep in the production of sensory stimuli related to the memory of the stimulation of activities of certain concepts, resulting in a dream. The mechanism of sleepwalking is true, but in the sleepwalking state, attacks not only caused the concept of activities, and activities will rise. Dream is a temporary psychological metamorphosis, but the dream is normal for the average person, everyone will have such temporary psychopathic. 4. Anthropomorphism is not an objective view point of view the mental process mental process as exhibited by their appearance, but to impose the views of observers of psychological process, the projection of the observer's imagination and motivation to the animals. This is the anthropomorphic view of one of the biggest drawbacks. 5. Feelings and will work closely intertwined, and both are closely linked with the concept. The distinction between these processes exists only in the abstract process of psychological research, and has no real foundation, feelings can be transformed into impulses, impulses into an act of will, but an act of will has become the object points to a source of ideas. Third, behavioral psychology school "Human learning" / RL Thorndike 1. Psychology is the human connection system. Learning is linked. The purpose of their very nature, like everything else, is mechanical. On adaptation, structure, integration, purpose, tension, and the like, I read the fact that psychologists reported to affect the thinking process of all these facts, or emotions, or an activity, it seems to me that they can restore the link . 2. Psychologically, at the internal reaction between the response to stress and inhibition of differentiation and response to contact, welcome and rejection reactions, guidance and cooperation of other reaction. From the physical, said thousands of neurons are also associative action with, they are also among themselves receive and impart information. They do not just stand idly by, or miserable from the sensory neurons to capture some information there, and then pass that information as soon as possible go to the motor neurons. 3. If a unit is not ready conduction of nerve conduction, and in conditions of forced forced to transfer, the learner will have a sense of disgust; if a nerve conduction unit prepared to make such such a transmission, followed by not so conduction, the learner will produce a sense of worry; if a nerve conduction unit prepared to make such such a transmission, followed by conduction is also true of this, learners will have a sense of satisfaction. "Psychological and Educational Measurement and Evaluation" / RL Thorndike, EP Hagen 1. Perhaps one could say that knowledge is necessary, but to make a wise decision, only knowledge is not enough. On measurement, information more suitable, more accurately, make decisions, the better. This idea to some extent depends on belief. This belief is worth more is known about the situation, people can better deal with it. It shows ignorance, but ignorance is not a blessing. Information of course can not be equated with the wise. Understand the situation more, understand more accurately, we can not guarantee that a person doing things smart. 2. Information users need to consolidate and merge the measurements and other sources have more information, he must also provide the value of the final decision was based. Policy-makers have the wisdom to be decisive. After all, the measure can provide useful information input, but users of the information still plays a key role. 3. Measuring tools and measurement procedures can enhance information to provide people with an important tool to facilitate decision-making. Many of the traditional decision-making based on evidence that can be said to be subjective, biased and unreliable. Although measurements of Educational Psychology Henbu complete, but well-designed and well-developed educational and psychological measurement tools, but they can greatly enhance the decision-making needed information credibility and effectiveness. "Science and Human Behavior" / Burr Hawes. Frederick. Skinner 1. Once a habit, way of life has emerged, the social system seems to be reasonably self-sustaining it. 2. Has lied German cultural practices tend to be the characteristics of groups, it survived and thus making these practices go on forever. Can influence the behavior of the results with other groups or organizations in the social environment of competition with non-success. Certain cultural practices can be said to have a genetic sense of the value of life, while others are lethal. In short, culture is a particular kind of behavior experiments. It is a series of special conditions, many people in such conditions, growth and life. These conditions produced a pattern of behavior that all aspects of cultural characteristics. 3. For the human individual, there is a small part on the emotional experiences such as happiness, effort, sorrow, fear, love, hate, etc. is secret. But people do not need to because the reason for assuming the private nature of the organism occurs within the unique nature of events. According to a secret event may be of limited accessibility and distinction, but is known, it does not have any unique structure and properties. Secret of the problem as technology advances will eventually be resolved. 4. The existence of such a situation, in these situations where a group if not happy, then it is more likely to survive; or if the majority of members of the group succumbed to slavery, then, groups are more likely to survive. "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" / Burr Hawes. Frederick. Skinner 1. Value judgments and ethics should be the scope of scientific research are. "You should tell the truth" phrase is actually a statement of value judgments the fact that if you tell the truth, you can be positive reinforcement; and "Do not steal" but the moral imperative: if you steal, you will be punishment. 2. A kind of behavior can easily be particularly enhanced if the subject was over-suppressed, then this may lead to suppressed punish those who have betrayed the group. Facts have proved that prohibition does not control the supply of alcohol was, and isolation may lead to unwanted sex gay. 3. The traditional humanities research but do not recognize this, thinking that people expressed in the language of good and evil are intrinsic values and moral feelings. Thus blindly with the subjective conscience, a sense of good and evil, etc. to explain the human and moral values, which inevitably into the "spiritual doctrine," the dead end. "Social Learning Theory" / Albert. Bandura 1. Psychology can not tell how people should live their lives, but it can provide them with personal change and social change impact of the means. And it can help them to evaluate alternative way of life and social management of the consequences, and then make a value choice. 2. A psychological theory of value, and ultimately to the methods and steps for its psychological changes in the functions of judge. And other scientific applications, which is based on their knowledge to predict and technological innovations in the evaluation of the contribution that may occur. 3. A complete action theory, must be able to explain how that behavior is obtained, how their performance is constantly being generated and self-interaction from the outside of the regulated. 4. Rooted in the ability of the sex symbol activities. The ability to use symbols, to human beings to deal with them together provide a useful tool environment. People and imagination through the language of symbols, in the representation form of processing and preservation of the experience gained to know the future behavior. Fourth, Gestalt psychology school "Feeling of" / Ernst. Mach 1. In my opinion, now that should be further investigated with the psychological process of voluntary movement. Because, for the movement of the main reflector, the voluntary movement is different from the characteristics of reflection lies in this campaign that the voluntary movement of the main decisive factor is the expected behavior of its natural appearance. 2. Innocent children, we feel good, and almost always caused us the impression of genius. But this impression is often quickly disappear, and we feel the same freedom of adults are accustomed to ascribe some of the performance, but also in children is characterized by its lack of fixity. In fact, if you got out of adolescence and the ability to adapt to the environment, access to the freedom of action to break the routine, the child can become a genius. 3. We learned from the self-observation, the appearance of a rich life is emerging in humans. Representation is different from the feeling that under normal circumstances, but the strength of the minimal representation, but mainly because it has no stability. This fully illustrates the idea of life in all parts of the organism relationship, it is also true that some of the beginning of the series exist in the lower stage of animal evolution. However, the parts of an organ will also through their mutual tensions, but such a relationship, a relationship with the relationship between the various parts of the whole organism is similar. "Understanding and fallacies" / Ernst. Mach 1. I am always willing to adjacent areas of my expertise, especially in the philosophy of roaming, because as a "weekend hunters," I am interested in these areas and their. In this process, if I was lucky to find the position of my scientific trends, such as the well-known scientists, Avenarius, Shupe. Ziehen and others stand with their younger colleagues, such as Cornelius, Petzoldt and Schubert.'s Position del Sol, as well as the position of some famous scientists, then this is the nature of contemporary philosophy, namely, led me to my point of view completely free of the other important philosophers. 2. I have explicitly stated, I am not a philosopher, but merely a scientist. So, anyway, if I was bold to some extent, often included in the list of philosophers, then the fault is not my fault. In my opinion, the transcendental field is closed. And frankly if I stress it's residents can not even caught my curiosity, then I, and the huge gap between the many philosophers become apparent. Clearly, however, to some extent I do not want to be blindly follows his own guidance entrusted to a single philosopher, scientist, and is perhaps the Molière described by doctors in such a way and asked for his patients. 3. The reason why I attach importance to our consistency, because Angdi completely independent to achieve the same results. For him, the proposed theories of physics and the history of science approach seems to happen is the only correct method, is also the most effective teaching method. These are what I advocate a full view of more than 30 years. "Principles of Gestalt Psychology" / Koffka 1. When people talked about when people always think of personality in this culture of self - that is, this social self-determined frame grid. It is known that the self "I am" part of their nature have to rely on its subsidiary's "people" is aligned our species. However, the product of culture - social frame grid for self-development is very important. 2. Is the difference between urban and rural groups, Gestalt obvious strength. Groups of different civilizations in the larger gestalt intensity discrimination. Stronger groups, which all of the various components of behavior and more to rely on other components of state relations. 3. An action may be relaxed in a kind of self-system stress, this stress and self-time are separated from the rest of the actors completely under the order, then the result of this action may make the entire life of this mediator reforms have taken place. Action may have a lot of very small effect. 4. Power is a very complicated scenario, in this dynamic context, the self - the object to control the implementation of those forces may play an important role. That the escape was derived from pre-existing nervous condition, derived from the previously existing combat aggressive state, it seems this is not an appropriate explanation. "Principles of Topological Psychology" / Kurt. Lewin 1. Because people within the organization's statements are based on the relationship between action based, so with the highest level of action is equivalent to the unity of the region as a corollary of the elements. Some of these areas is closely related to each part of the changes which can lead to other part of the changes. Therefore, these areas but moving units or gestalt. 2. Of modern mathematics, the mathematical nature of physical space, what is not important, only a relationship and the possibility of certain activities. So mathematics, the mathematical concept of space can be used to describe the psychological fact. To solve the mental or psychological impact of the fact whether the facts reveal the relationship between space, we must first discuss the mathematical concept of space back. 3. Personality within the region the edge of the layer or central layer and it can reach, and that the difficulty level, the relationship is not completely fixed. This relationship with the people at the state and the nature of the scene. 4. An organization of personality can often lasting and constant. However, a large change in the environment, such as love of others, by others, probation, or other important events, but also can cause tissue changes in long or short. Different parts of a dynamic personality in the personality of the degree of contact within the region is almost equal to, or, in some regions and other regions almost completely isolated and would be relatively independent of the development, which can be seen in normal subjects, like mental illness and for some cause.
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Interdisciplinary mental relationships and life
1, related to the direction of involving the community psychiatry psychology, counseling psychology, clinical psychology 2, Justice Studies, Criminal Law, Criminology related to: forensic psychology, legal psychology 3, Education related: school psychology, educational psychology, psychological research 4, management, business-related: consumer psychology, organizational psychology, industrial psychology 5, related to human interaction: engineering psychology 6, sociology and anthropology: Social and Personality Psychology 7, history-related: History of Psychology 8, the elderly and infants related to: the development of Psychology and Aging Psychology 9, statistics and computer-related classes: Application of psychological measurement and statistics 10, related to cognitive and brain science: cognitive psychology, 11, Biology Related: physiological psychology, comparative psychology 12, pharmacy-related: Psychological pharmacology 13, care and sports medicine related to: health psychology, sports psychology, rehabilitation psychology 14, neuroscience, psychology
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Encyclopedia
xinli Psychology mind Feeling, perception, memory, thinking, emotion, character, ability, etc. in general. Psychological phenomenon is the function of the brain is a reflection of objective things in mind.
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English Expression
n.: dissociated personality, psychological, mental, mental characteristics of a person or group, scalogram analysis, reinforcement therapy, law of recency, rapid eye movement, double [dual] personality, behaviour pattern, mental deficiency, a sense of inferiority, conditional reflex, cognitive dissonace, mental ballast, mind, screen, psychology, perversion, mentality, mask, conversion