Zhang Zixin Qinghe (now Hebei Qinghe) people. Birth and death is unknown, the main activities in the six 1920s to the 1960s. Astronomy.
About Zhang Zixin life, few historical records, only know that he went through the Northern Wei, Northern Qi dynasties, the "Arts Bertone, especially fine enumerate" ("Sui astronomical Chi") is famous for. He Qi had to "bachelor." AD 526-528 years, occurred in the northern area at once to repair the ceremony and fresh Gerong led peasant uprising, the intifada massive, shock ruling and opposition parties, in order to avoid the impact of the peasant uprising this time, Zhang Zixin ran a clandestine island . On the island, he was making up an armillary sphere, dedicated to the measurement date, month, five-star sports, explore the laws of its movement. In this relatively stable environment, he worked tirelessly for over 30 years. In a lot of first-hand observations made on the basis of 张子信 also combine the results of previous observations he can get, a comprehensive analysis and study. After about AD 565 years ago, he quickly discovered the phenomenon of movement of the sun on the impact of heterogeneity, star and moon motion parallax inhomogeneity of the solar eclipse, while the corresponding calculation method, which is in the history of Chinese ancient astronomy epochal event. Via 张子信 students Zhangmeng Bin, Liu Hsiao-Sun and others efforts, these three found its calculation method has been applied 孟宾 about Hyo Sun calendar and calendar (AD 576 years), the calendar had been lost since the Second, by the knowledge we have no its details. Lau Cheuk imperial pole calendar (AD 604) and Zhang Xuan's helmet cause calendar (AD 607), the discovery of these three specific applications are clearly documented, and thereafter comply with all of the various calendars, and there have been The improvement. Three 张子信 findings such as calendar home quickly recognized and applied, showing his work was excellent and convincing.
(1) found that non-uniformity due to the movement of the sun in ancient China armillary sphere mainly to measure the celestial equator coordinates based, when observing the sun with the armillary sphere, the small changes in the line of the day the sun is often between the equator and the ecliptic coordinates transform relationship exists overshadowed, which is the ancient Chinese discovered the phenomenon of uneven movement of the sun in ancient Greece much later than the main reason. Although the Eastern Han Dynasty Liu's research on the eclipse, the sun has actually created a discovery motion uneven unique way, but Liu did not realize the important implications of his work, and his successor is not solution of the mysteries that gradually been forgotten in the subsequent 300 years. Zhang Zixin It is in this historical context, the first to establish the concept of uneven movement of the sun, and gives roughly correct description.
Zhang Zixin is about discovery via two different pathways uneven movement of the sun. First, we know from the winter solstice to the flat from the summer solstice to the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox were flat last more than 91 days, and from the winter solstice to the true equinox (the ascending node) lasted more than 88 days from the summer solstice to the true equinox (descending node) which lasted 93 days much, so 张子信 use the sphere can measure known: peace autumnal equinox vernal equinox when flat, sun went extremely smaller than a quadrant than once. Thus it is not difficult to infer, from flat to flat vernal equinox (the time after six months) depending on the degree of the ecliptic places traversed by the sun, should be less than from flat to flat vernal equinox (also when after six months), as the sun traversed the ecliptic places degree; That movement speed from level to level vernal equinox as the sun is less than the speed of movement from flat to flat vernal equinox as the sun, namely Zhang Zixin said, "After a day in the late spring equinox, the speed after the autumnal equinox" ( "Sui astronomical records").
Second, in observation, research eclipse occurred moments in the process, Zhang Zixin found that if only considering the impact of non-uniformity of the Moon movement, the projected delivery time is often not accurate enough food, another correction value must be added in order to make Pre-push results obtained by the actual eclipse observation time better fit. After careful research and analysis, he further found that positive and negative, Solar eclipse occurs as the size and value of the correction values sooner or later have a close, stable relationship, and throttle sooner or later and the sun is located between specific locations associated with the star Therefore, Zhang Zixin actually found a correction value and delivery of food which is closely related to the background of stars. In fact, Liu has been over these two important conclusions, unfortunately, Liu did not provide the necessary astronomical explanation for this. Liu Zhang Zixin maybe affected, but is more likely that his independent rediscovery. More importantly, Zhang Zixin annual apparent motion of the sun has delayed a disease, these two important conclusions made by the theoretical explanation, which sublimate out of the sun's apparent motion inhomogeneity new astronomical concepts.
Not only that, 张子信 also apparent motion of the sun in the Chiji situation made a return to a quantitative description of the year, he gives the difference between the actual velocity of the sun and the average velocity of twenty four integrity, the so-called date line "into the air gap ", which is actually a sun in ancient China's first sports inhomogeneity corrections numerical form (day follow precedent table). However, according to Tang Dynasty astronomers line said Zhang Zixin measured at the line "into the air gap", "profit and loss without his being" ("New Tang Li Zhi three times"), this says about credibility. Even so, Zhang Zixin prepared on the movement of the sun and the discovery of inhomogeneity day follow precedent table calendar for future generations has been calculated on the movement of the sun inhomogeneity corrections, laid the classic form, his contribution is enormous.
It is also noted that, as early as the 2nd century BC, the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus (hipparchus) by two points is not the fact that two-to-point in the middle, it has been found that the apparent motion of the sun uneven phenomenon. The first way 张子信 made similar findings about the facts relied upon with the same, but the specific means to reveal this fact is not the same, not to mention the second way is more important to be made and described similar way 张子信 found . Therefore, Zhang Zixin found on the movement of the sun and quantitative description of inhomogeneities undoubtedly is independent of the rediscovery of ancient Greece.
(2) found that five-star sports star sports inhomogeneity on uneven phenomenon, Zhang Zixin also discovered through a unique way. In the Warring States period from the traditional five-star location reckoning, the five-star and five-star rendezvous cycle dynamics in a rendezvous cycle, is the most basic data and tables, the former refers to two consecutive five-star morning to see that by the time the East, then have pointed star in the period anterograde stay, such as retrograde duration and the corresponding number of different lines of the movement by the state. Zhang Zixin found that there is a deviation between the actual observations of star positions and positions according to traditional methods often pre-push. A possible explanation for this deviation is that the cycle of star join their dynamic table is not accurate enough. We suspect, 张子信 is trying to improve the accuracy and dynamic star synodic period table, while the case is still not effectively eliminate the deviation, and led to his quest for a deeper reason.
After a long observation and careful analysis of the observational data research, Zhang Zixin finally found the size of the deviation amount, plus or minus five-star morning and see the value of the throttle East also has a close and stable relations. As mentioned earlier, the throttle is where the sun with a specific stellar background associated, but when you see the morning star and the angle of the sun between the East and from the presence of a particular value, respectively, so it is actually the deviation amount and the morning star which is closely related to the stellar background see Eastern time.张子信 further pointed out: When the value of a five-star Oriental Morning Feasts see when a certain amount of deviation is positive value; while in another solar terms, a negative deviation value, and so on. Morning star desire to see real time the East, to be calculated on the basis of the traditional methods on the resulting time, plus or minus the corresponding amount of deviation. These factors indicate that Zhang Zixin actually found a star on their orbit speed fast or slow phenomenon, that five-star sports inhomogeneity phenomenon, and gives a description of the method of calculating the unique five-star location "into the gas plus minus "method. These are on the later calendar position on traditional algorithms star had a huge impact, as the Northern Song Cong astronomers week, said:. "Where the star into the air and subtraction, Xing Yu 张子信 after alchemist, increasing their damage, in order to close" ("History of the Song Dynasty Li Zhi Seven")
Zhang Zixin has also tried to make a five-star sports inhomogeneity theoretical description of the phenomenon. He thought that there is a reciprocal relationship between the star appeal to different stars, all have likes and dislikes between the two, a good friend who met the star line late; meet with evil, the star line speed, different likes and dislikes degree star running Chi Su different. Of course, this is a very naive theory, but it fully reflects the 张子信 on the star's orbit on their understanding of the different velocities.
(3) found that the impact of solar eclipse of the moon disparity in 张子信 ago, people already know: Only when the new moon (or hope) occurred near the intersection when yellow will eclipse phenomenon. Liu Han late start on the "near" the uncertain quantifier, given the number of clear regulations, this is the limit of the concept and value of food. In the phenomenon of the eclipse expedition made a serious long-term future, Zhang Zixin found that for the solar eclipse, the moon is not the moon and aggregate limits will certainly eat into the phenomenon of solar eclipse occurs, the necessary conditions limiting food into eclipse just happen, but also not a sufficient condition. He noted that only when the moon is located in the north of the sun then only when the eclipse occurred; if this time the Moon is located in the southern sun, the eclipse will not occur, the so-called "co-hang the new moon solar eclipse in the day, if the day Road outside, though cross-no loss "(" Sui annals of astronomy "). We know that the observer on the ground, as the observed position of the moon, a total view is much lower in the geocentric position of the moon true, as the height difference between the moon, the true position of the moon is called parallax. Similarly, the height difference, as the sun, called the solar parallax true position, but it is much smaller than the moon parallax, almost to negligible. When New Moon, when the Moon is located in the north of the sun, the moon due to parallax, the apparent position of the moon's south, so that day, nearly each month depending on location; If the Moon is located in the southern sun, empathy, will make the day, month Depending on the relative position increases. These are the reasons for these phenomena 张子信 discovered lies. So 张子信 of these findings is actually on the parallax of the moon eclipses occur if the impact of the discovery. In fact, 张子信 on the basis of this finding, also invented the quantitative calculation of the parallax of the moon eclipse eclipse the impact of the method, as indicated by the line: "lunar eclipse depth examination, all from 张子信 preaching." ("New three times, "Tang Li Zhi) that 张子信 cornerstone has been laid on the calendar later eclipse eclipse calculation method.
张子信 discovery of these three, and given the three find specific, quantitative description of the method, the ancient China as well as for understanding the solar eclipse and the star movement to advance to a new stage, a series of groundbreaking calculated calendar problems Progress opened up the road.
Zhang Zixin secret of success, first of all his courage to practice the spirit, he recognized the possible importance of material wealth of objective knowledge acquisition, persevere in the 30 years of observations; secondly, 张子信 also good to explore, from his face It seems chaotic objective facts, the sort of things with regularity; Third, he also creative, boldly pursue with the regularity of the underlying causes of these phenomena, making a theoretical explanation, and gives quantitative Description. Three were found 张子信 better reflects his guiding ideas and methods on scientific research.
Literature
Original documents
(Don) Wei Zheng, Linghu Germany: Sui astronomical records, the Zhonghua Book Company, 1973.
(Song) Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi: New Book of Tang Li Zhi three, Zhonghua Book Company, 1975.
(Yuan) Tuotuo: Li Zhi Song Dynasty seven, eight, Zhonghua Book Company, 1977. Research literature
Chen Meidong: Early methods of ancient Chinese sports star inhomogeneity corrections, Natural History of Science, 9 (1990), 3, pp. 208-218. |
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