Chang was Dongsun (1886 -1973), the formerly thousand fields, the word East-Sun, who used the pen name "Sacred Heart", old age since the number "alone should be elderly." December 9, 1886, Zhejiang Hangzhou County (now Hangzhou). Modern philosopher, political activist, political commentator, journalist. Worked Studies, National Socialist Party, one of China Democratic Socialist Party leader and former Democratic League of China Central Committee, Secretary-General. Graduated from Tokyo Imperial University in Japan. After returning home, he was appointed the Ministry of Public School University President and Professor of Science, National Chengchi University, Private University Guanghua School, Peking University, Yenching University. After the Revolution, had attended the Queen Yuan political parties - the Progressive Party. May Fourth Movement attachment northern warlords, a key member of the study, edited the official newspaper "Daily News, current affairs." 1921, Communism had participated in the Shanghai group meeting soon to introduce a new culture in the name of new ideas, and Liang and others to promote the Guild Socialism, provoked a debate about socialism. After the Great Revolution, National Socialist Party Zhang Jun Li organizations to publish the "regeneration" magazine, National Socialist propaganda, edit the "free comments", in Chiang Kai-shek Culture "siege." 1941 to participate in China Democratic Political League (Sept. 1944 was renamed the China Democratic League) has been the head of North China Branch of the members chairman. September 1944 was _select_ed as the Central Executive Committee of China Democratic League, January 1946, as the representative of the NLD to attend the Chongqing Political Consultative Conference. August 1946, the National Socialist Party and the People Constitutional Party merged to form the China Democratic Socialist Party, one of the main leaders. Before and after, the text against the dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek, to promote to the "middle way." 1948 has been involved in the activities of the peaceful liberation of Peking. After the founding of the Central People's Government, a former member of the CPPCC National Committee member, Culture and Education Administration Council, member of Standing Committee of the NLD and other staff. Later, after its war of liberation as the U.S. secret service intelligence officers, in June 1951 was uncovered after the NLD withdrew all his posts inside and outside, and in May 1953 was expelled from the NLD. June 2, 1973 death and Beijing "Qincheng" prison.
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_Set_ slightly past
● studying in Japan seek new knowledge Young Chang was coming of age in a Western ideas such as Gok Wan Quan era, coupled with implementation of the New Deal Empress Dowager Cixi old age, to encourage students to go abroad, to go abroad to see the world the world has become disaffected young people worry long, the inevitable choice. Chang was no exception, he obtained in 1904 qualified group of students to the philosophy department of Tokyo Imperial University study. Chang was the period in Japan, while accepting the natural sciences and philosophy of Western influence, to begin a preliminary study of philosophy, on the other hand, in the face of deep national crisis, a serious situation, there's also a strong entry into the WTO, the heart of salvation. In 1907, he met in Japan to give lectures for Liang, accepted the constitutionalists improved ideas. This time, Chang was also armed with the students, who founded Blue public a "educational" magazine, which advocated education, save the nation. "Education" magazine although the only published twice a number, but it was introduced for the introduction of advanced Western ideology and culture has played a positive role, later called the "political commentators," said the country's cry Chang was pointing first test. 1911, Chang was returning from Japan, according to the relevant provisions of the Qing government, and other students together to see the emperor in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the successful candidates, by the Qing government granted Gezhi Division Scholars. ● hovering between politics and culture October 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out. Now reside in Beijing's Chang was writing political commentary articles are enthusiastic, hurried to the scene to buy the boat south, participated in the Sun Yat-sen's provisional government, as Interior Secretary. In 1912, the north and south peace, Yuan Shikai became provisional president, the interim government along moved north, but did not participate in the government Chang was, chose another path: newspaper government. This is his society at that time, their understanding especially understand the political realities related to the breeding of three months of political experience of his dissatisfaction with the political reality that the country needed at this time was to be guided in political theory, and he feel that their interests and can not make a specific administrative work in the "dry and political", but inspired wisdom of the people supervise the government, namely, "On the political." He believes that "dry Politics" and "On the political" is different, "the former as a political commentator for political, the latter was only for political speech and not shop and go," and that "does not know that democracy is not all needed Stem political talent, that is, sitting pontificating critics have it not state a need. ... ... Some people blame the critics, thought it was gloating, his office may not do good, these are the most unreasonable arguments. that is in a foreign country such as George Bernard Shaw also did not make political commentary, but the people do not require him up; been to China to Russell also like to talk about political reform, but no one to blame why he did not participate in practice 政治 activities. "by George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell The Great Western Philosophy as a reference and shows the Chang was determined to do political commentator, "the letter made it", he said: "If only the political but not limited to comments of shop and go, then of course it should be made by letter (not in favor of tyranny against, not in favor of bloodshed criticism , do not need tricks.) about whether the attack from, do not count on, he incurs pincer attack, would also be conducted fame or fortune. " In modern history, Chang was playing a multi-faceted roles: scholar, journalist and political commentator. As a scholar, he was the researchers called the "input of Western philosophy, the most extensive and influential people"; as a journalist, co-founded the "Daily News, current affairs," the "learning light supplement", hosted the "Emancipation and Reconstruction", etc. a variety of current affairs publications. Dongsun and others in the effort, "study light supplement" known as the May Fourth period one of three published in the newspapers; as a political commentator, stirring wind and thunder in the context of modern China, he is always trying to stick to their position, to make their sound, such as the Northern Government and the Kuomintang in the confrontation, he violated the one hand, the legal system undermine Yuan sternly criticized the behavior of the Republican, on the other hand accused the KMT launched the "Second Revolution" is the "faction of the crime"; the one hand, the introduction of socialist thought, what the other said, "I know that extremism does not come to China already, it certainly can not save the drugs to carry"; on the one hand that "to take the Northern Warlords and Kuomintang replaced entirely new name" , on the other hand the two factions have expressed disappointment, hope, "reinvent the wheel, creating a new force", as if determined to please both sides do not like. Although Chang was once determined to abandon politics to culture movement, but with the modern history of the rich intellectual passion to save the world, he still can not, and political isolation, has remained at between politics and culture. To resist the Chiang Kai-shek government one-party dictatorship, he and Chang formed the National Socialist Party, has drafted the National Socialist Party's political manifesto, "We have to say," and that "amendments to the democratic politics," claims, requiring the KMT government to end political tutelage, government to the people. War broke out in Yenching University's Chang was once taught by the Japanese military police to arrest, prison, suicide, said Zeng Yi will never yield to the attitude. Chang was with her grandson Zhang Heci Square in 37 cities ● anti-Japanese patriotic to die Professor Words and deeds of Zhang, as early as the Japanese military police attention. December 8, 1941, Japan declared war against the United States, Japan, military police surrounded and seized the Yenching University, Yan Chang was with 10 other professors were arrested. He was first sent to the Xiyuan Japanese military police, escorted to the beach near the old Red Peking University (Peking headquarters of the Japanese military police), along with Zhao Zichen kept in cell No. 16. Dongsun was a famous Chinese philosopher and scholar, but also have been studied in Japan, the Japanese military police work for the Japanese attempt to draw him. Chang was the grandson of Zhang Heci letters to the small fishing information is disclosed, the Japanese Minister of Education please Chang was doing, the mayor of Beijing. However, with a strong sense of patriotism in all sorts of excuses Chang was defeated by the Japanese conspiracy. He recalled: the Japanese "I hope I agreed with Wang governments, the attitude I have to deal with the cunning. I said: I have always been a opponent of the KMT, the KMT Wang Ching-wei, the Kuomintang Government, must not cooperate with . "then the Japanese," asked me to the Chinese Communist Party members in detention to be persuasive, to probation, to confess. " Chang was said: "The Communist Party is not a catch, hit, kill can fight for." Detention two months later, in February 1942, he was transferred to the Japanese Military Iron Lion alley, alley Army artillery office and then escorted to prison. Has attempted suicide four times while Chang was, and tussle with the guards, do not succumb to the mercy of the Japanese. June 18, 1942, Chang was sentenced to one and a half years in prison by the Japanese army, suspended for three years. Wrote a paper in the "not to leave Peking after his release," the guarantee, he was released on bail. Over the next three years, his actions from time to time for the Japanese military police surveillance. "Anderson will be average daily military police came to my house again. Every time tried to persuade me out of the mountains" is actually a monitor Dongsun. Although Chang was once produced "immediately after the escape on the Western Hills was released from prison," the idea, but finally did not make the trip due to illness. Chang was young love, but also to die for the motherland at the expense of anti-Japanese patriotic actions are consistent with cultural beliefs that run through his moral spirit. ● resist the bogus National, and Chang Dear John After the war, to fight for China to move toward a bright future, the CPC led the majority of the people with the KMT ruling clique launched a complex and intense struggle. Chinese Communist Party's coalition government through democratic means, the establishment of an independent, free, united and prosperous new China's position in the national response has been widely. After war, the Chinese people had a great deal of exercise, an unprecedented level of political consciousness and organization to improve, the country's democratic forces in the Region have also been great development. Is one of China Democratic League, a major force, which is composed of an intellectual nature of the associations with political parties. Chang was the Central Committee was elected NLD. Chang Chang was the National Socialist Party and leader, on behalf of the NLD to attend the CPPCC session, proposed for the current situation is urgently needed in China to achieve "political democracy" and the "nationalization of the military." However, the five conferences have reached agreement and did not play a role in binding the hands and feet of those in power, the KMT strongly undermine the implementation of the Agreement, a massive attack on the liberated areas. In the civil war has already started, there is no way the implementation of the CPPCC resolution case, the KMT and the media campaign has not completely abandoned, still decided to convene the National Assembly as scheduled. Of course the KMT suffered a major non-French boycott of the Chinese Communists, and other parties whether to participate in the middle has become a major focus, if only China does not participate, while other parties are scheduled participants, the KMT party obviously gained the moral advantage, so the KMT person in charge of all political parties to win over his best as possible and in an attempt to isolate the Chinese Communists. As the NLD and the Democratic Socialist Party (National Socialist Party now has been renamed the Democratic Socialist Party) leader of the Chang was experiencing a severe test. The intersection for years, and Chang was leader of the Democratic Socialist Party Chang can not stand the pressure within the party, has decided to rate the Democratic Socialist Party participated in the National Assembly and sent to Chang was lobbying. Chang was on this principle is not compromise on the issue. When the Democratic Socialist Party from the Democratic League officially announced the news in the National Assembly when Chang was said angrily: "It is nonsense, like an official, to an official of everything!" Including Chang was decided, including the NLD Central Democratic Socialist Party expelled from the League , Zhang Dongsun, Chang same two political views, hobbies like-minded old friends from Dear John, and then not see each other. Peace talks break down, so people still dream Chang was an impartial third-party position, to reconcile the conflict Kuomintang, the Chinese took to the road of peace and democracy. Chiang Kai-shek, Soong has special dinner Chang was, to persuade them to participate in government, Zhang said, "better to retain a capacity to participate in peace talks," Jiang was very angry, according to Zhang himself recalls, "Jiang face livid, angry and kicked the dogs under the table" . However, the last glimmer of hope for peace was finally shattered. Full-blown civil war so that Chang was the pain of thinking: what China really should take the road? And a time when many elite, he argues that China should take a is different from Europe, America, and different from the Soviet Union's "third way." May 1946, he was entitled "A middle of the political line," the lecture will be made public their ideas, and subsequently published a series of articles explained their point of view, there are three main points: first, to reconcile capitalism and communism two systems, the establishment of the "middle of the political system"; the second is to change the nature of Communist Party two, the establishment of a coalition government, take the road to democracy; third is raised and the Soviet Union in international relations, seeking world peace and stability and China. Lectures and articles of Zhang attracted many intellectuals of the response and resonance, _set_ off a wave of public opinion at the time advocated the "middle line" of political thought, international and domestic Chang I became the focus of media attention. Chang was promoted from the practice of the "third way" in the reality of China is bound to be a dead end. October 1947, the KMT ordered the dissolution of the NLD, and gradually formed after the war forces the collapse of the third aspect, the so-called "middle line" bankrupt. ● "treason" As a member of the Central People's Government, but my dream is to rely on personal power and prestige to get through Sino-US relations, Chang was the bookish Zhuoran visible. Did he not realize he was some of the information provided to Wang Zhiqi will likely be used? The logistics for private affairs is absolutely not allowed? Wang Zhiqi later arrested by public security organs and acknowledge that they are American agents, Confessions insist Chang was provided state secrets to themselves. Is "thought reform" movement in the focus of criticism Chang was accepted treason became a sinner. Although Chang was the United States refused to recognize their own agents, but do not admit that they are traitors and traitors, that's subjective motive or for their own country from fighting hard, but he was in "the world Jieyue kill" the atmosphere was the problem the seriousness of repeated suicidal apology. October 1952, Chang was expelled from the NLD will be, and suggested that his arrest was brought to justice, but Mao instructions: Press the handle contradictions among the people, and raised up. In this way, Chang was the resigned members and the Administration Council of the Central People's Government, Culture and Education Committee, its colorful political life for decades came to an end. Although nominally still a professor at the Philosophy Department of Peking University, but an "American spy" How can a school qualifications? Chang was from hanging around the home for Poetry and Lyrics Ziqian, Confessions of bitterness in the poem: straight worthy of the scholar to seek the country laugh.
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Academic concepts
The late 40s, who reported good friend of Zhang Yu Songhua for "On the Chang was" a text, praised Zhang is a pacifist. Zhang himself has also repeatedly said, "As I already knew that life is not suitable for party people." ("Yu Songhua Collected Works" 1991 Business Edition). Yu Songhua said Chang was in the text, "He is currently participate in political activities, published political commentator, he is completely out of a sense of China to the world. As I see it, his personality, life really is not suitable for parties, and in politics he does without the slightest ambition and any attempt. " Yu Songhua is Dongsun old friends, his 40 years of Zhang's personality and deep man, is credible. He said: "In short, he is an out-scholar, not a partisan, not a politician. If anyone expected him to be a partisan or a party leader, meritorious service in the political arena, it not his friend. we can only hope he has been Leader and Achieving contribution. people are not a panacea, have their own weaknesses and strengths. he can Lide Li-yen, and in this regard has already been achieved, so he always be able to forward the times for the beloved mentor of young students. As for his participation in the political, at best, only in terms of Leader of the demonstration, subject the to him politically, especially in today's political establishment of China's illustrious power, it is not possible. "(" Yu Songhua Collected Works ") Yu Songhua about his old friend, after all. Chang was later destiny and that he and politics, especially in China's politics is strange. Chang was the event it is difficult to elaborate, and Mr. Wu Xiaowu in his lengthy paper, "Chang was with the democratic trend," A Note on the experiences detailed in the sheets (see the "Chinese Culture" section 10 210), but Wu did not Mr. Qian Jiaju that "seven years of experience," a book. Train a book, "Chang was the case in mind," describes in great detail. Mr. Qian Jiaju said, "I who have been commissioned by the China Democratic League Central, finishing materials of Zhang treason, and the drafting of the report of his expulsion from the NLD, was able to see all the archival material and personal letter of Zhang pieces, so the case after that is the well. "(book 214 pages, the Hong Kong Cultural Enterprises Limited Edition Mirror) Chang was very depressed old age, this depression, the late 40s, Yu Songhua to say, and later on even. Ye in 1960 when the meaning of written pledge allegiance to the Party of Zhang material on this depression was also revealed, ye are the time Chang was taught at Yenching University students. He said: "In the same year in July the party's 30 anniversary, when we all rejoiced in the celebration of the newspaper article published some memories. Dongsun liberation has never published an article, I urged him to write in this opportunity. He is not writing, he said he would keep his 'silence freedom'. ... ... I have repeatedly persuaded, he was barely in the "Guangming Daily" published a four Seven limericks to stall. "(" historical data _select_ions, "Supplement Episode 65, 1987, Chinese History Edition) Chang was among peers in school, such as Fung Yu-lan, Mr. Jin had tried to give his views to suit the new environment, and they are compared, Chang was a stubborn. Zhang is able to write in the last article, "observation" period, is 60 years of age, but the article was written in highly motivated. "Observed" in the late 40's there had been a conference on "where to go liberal" argument. In this debate, Chang was written many articles, his idea is unique. First Photo view that political liberalism in the 20th century, has become the past. Chang was the reason why this conclusion, and his evaluation of the entire history of capitalism about. In 40 years, Chang was the evaluation of Western capitalism saw its first decline side, he believes that "the capitalist world was about to hit the wall when the cart," Chang was then too much emphasis on domestic inequality of capitalism , become more external aggression. His freedom and equality, the introduction of the concept of production, which may Dongsun early understanding of Marxism relevant. In the article, Chang was particularly praised the Soviet planned economy, and said: "The socialist planned economy is the life-saving soup." "With the planned socialist economy to increase production of tension, stand firm, but the Soviet Union for which a non-human on the contribution. "may be realizing the economic backwardness, and 40 years among liberals, many people in the economy of the Soviet Union respected, at least certain of its economic success. This illusion may be largely responsible for some of their socialist fantasies. Chang was in his article in the liberal political and cultural isolation from the liberal tendency, and he may have a vague feeling of "social state planning and some dull, we still stay active in the field, an absolute In the next. " This is definitely a field that is lively and Zhang proposed "cultural liberalism", he said: "The society planned only for the production, there is always time-sensitive; a plan is completed must be increased. So fixed the temporary community is a matter of last resort, but also not absolutely terrible. but it must be left fixed in the vitality of a changing room can occur. This is the culture of absolute freedom. I advocate in this regard to develop good tradition of freedom to fully develop good habits of individualism, namely, my high school homework tutorial is also called. have been the bedrock of Western liberalism is this is the culture. culture is not liberalism, political liberalism must not be created. China's future cultural spirit of freedom still have to hold the big system. cultural freedom exists, that is not broken seeds, germination will always be. " Liberal in this regard the discussion of where to go, Chang was able to sensitive to the spirit of the liberal emphasis on values in politics extended to the culture up there is really very insightful. Freedom in the cultural side, Dongsun seem idealized. He thought the program free society and culture can co-exist and without prejudice to each other, which is a bit naive, the Chinese history since 1949 shows that the social programs in addition to other leading cultural tyranny, it is impossible to make the spirit of freedom to develop. At that time there is a considerable number of university professors worry, they fear, will change the future of academic freedom and freedom of thought completely lost. Chang was that this is a misunderstanding, a kind of Qi worry. Chang was that some academic intellectuals as the only means of livelihood, "and did not mix his own soul and academic." Specific to the time the reality is that Chang was aware of tendency of intellectuals to divide, they have no cohesion during the war and the CPPCC the. So Chang was special emphasis on cultural liberalism, namely, to maintain academic and intellectual freedom. Chang was of Chinese intellectuals in the form under the influence of Western culture have a deep understanding of the spirit, and his understanding of the role of today is still instructive. He said, "Although China is only a short period of Western culture for nearly 50 years, but it has actually develop in a so-called intellectual in the cultural sector: LIBERALMIND. This word can be translated as 'freedom of mind of edification', but an attitude or style, that is, scholarship, observing things, and on the attitude, or temperament, a spirit can be said. "Chang was not just that this spirit can be, is the product only after a number of school support to achieve. He felt that there was this Chinese cultural manners, skepticism and critical attitude, at the time the people of Western culture has been burgeoning. "Although not very long too, but fortunately for the spirit of the already planted some roots. Although more remains to be carried forward in the future, but it can not be said to have been sprouting. For the future development of science, in order to contribute to China in world culture, This is the need to preserve some of the bud go, do not destroy the. "Chang was an idealistic person with, he said:" I personally for the future of academic freedom in China is not pessimistic. because I have always believed that human knowledge upon opening , can not return to fool the state. China is already the past few years to develop this culture of freedom of thought, no one can be overwhelming down. so our task is how to put it to flourish, always more liberal than it is now more. can not preserve the atmosphere of freedom, but do not have to worry about. my personal life, although willing to make a society in the planning scheme members in line, but is still addicted to freedom of thought in nothing less than life. "In this discussion, Chang was The view is very interesting, as intellectuals, as their education, social programs have his ideal color, but this belief did not prevent his academic freedom, pursuit of freedom of thought, though he Many liberals have differences, but in the pursuit of cultural freedom, he is spared. In 1973, Chang was left this world. Prior to that, because by its implicated, his second son, CAS academician, the famous physicist Zhang Sui, the third son of the sociologist Zhang dagger fire page, it has already committed suicide. After 1949, Zhang did not write anything, grandson of Zhang Chi Zhang in a note to Chengchao Fu-yee, said the letter, he wrote his autobiography and many poems, but in the "Cultural Revolution" had burned before the raid, leaving only the first Old Style 70 , generation of philosophers to finish this journey of his life, he was in 1886 Born in 1973, the 87-year-old, the natural age of longevity, but Chang was as a philosopher died in 1949, when he was nothing but 63.
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Cultural Debate
Chang was never out of philosophy, he has been the scene of that time the main characters of Chinese philosophy, because it is his belief that culture is closely related to the cause of national salvation. The end of 1918, Liang decided to go to the European study, via Shanghai, and Zhang Dongsun, Huang Chao first talked about all night, Chang was said, then "vow to the political nature of the movement" to "education, books, translated the book" of his life for China to do its ideological and cultural. In the May Fourth period, Chang was felt that "to the ills of China from non-Western cultures can not completely enter the so-called Western culture entered the natural science is concerned, however, enter the scientific attitude in life Quefei first change is not successful. So, the input for the sake of science their complete, non-to fully enter the non-scientific ancestors. science was not his ancestors, is that Western philosophy. ... ... We do not seek a thorough science already introduced, such as to complete the non-philosophy can not be fully described. "from the 20th century, 20 's, Chang was started on the various schools of modern Western philosophy was introduced, and in particular focus on the founding of the theory of Bergson, Russell's new realism, a new record of Mu Geng theory of relativity and Kantian philosophy theory of knowledge, gradually formed in the process of his "Western is the body, secondary schools for the use of" cultural knowledge. Chinese scholars were either completely worship of Western science; either stick to the argument that China's cultural superiority. And these people are different, but Chang was done on the mastery of Western thought, he saw the pure worship of the Save China's useless science, scientific ideas must be combined with traditional Chinese emphasis on the human mind, which is thought to date are very advanced. Zhang Qing Yuan Chang was when the person accomplished the evaluation philosophy is: "Mr. Zhang Ke-chin, purely because of his style of study in China; he thought, although steeped in Europe, but never blindly followed European ideas, he is not been to Europe and America, but he read the Western classics, as far as I know, students are more than any one. "Dongsun this academic skill fully demonstrated in the two he was involved in the culture of China to great discussions. The first time was "Science and Metaphysics of the debate", also known as "life debate." That time, numerous people with lofty ideals have sought to change the status of poor and weak country, those who have overseas study experience an advanced level of knowledge easily found China to prosperity, we must accept the lack of Chinese culture, the scientific spirit. This idea is popular, which shows the reason is that when people understand that the Western powers really rely on their use of scientific invention gunboats completed the humiliation of modern China, China's position to get rid of oppression, must rely on science strong itself. This understanding of the 1919 Masters of American pragmatism of John Dewey's philosophy lectures in China have been strengthened. Dewey lectured in China, pointed out that "science" of social alienation from the main culture, It is the weaknesses of the Chinese culture lies. In view of this, Dewey advocated so strongly into the Chinese intelligentsia to transplant the concept of Western modern science expanded into a whole culture in the field of ideological revolution, from personal ethics, philosophy of life until the state and national spirit. Dewey thought a large number of followers in China, encouraged by this. Dewey and Russell's attitude reflects the function of trust in science and skepticism are two different attitudes, because it is not directly concerning a complete modernization of China's future and direction, thus causing a profound reflection of the Chinese scholars. February 14, 1923, Zhang Jun of Tsinghua as a "life" speech. He advocated that science can not solve the problem of life, the boundaries of science has its own, very strongly the difference between life and science, and stressed that, only that they have this distinction, "In any case it is well-developed science, and life problems to solve, must non-scientific best to force all of humanity itself depends on CD only. "Zhang Jun's speech aroused strong advocates of science, geologist Ding Wenjiang fierce counterattack. Ting Wen-chiang firmly believe that China lies in rational methods of scientific research on China, "the aim of science is to exclude subjective bias - the biggest obstacles of life - people can ask for a consensus of truth. The scientific method, is to identify the fact the authenticity of the true facts taken out of the detailed classification of the order and then find their relationship, like a simple and clear words to sum him. Therefore, the universal science, science in general, through science, not his material in his method. "from the core theory, Wenjiang that: science can be applied to life; European culture," bankruptcy "is not responsible for science and, in some" scientific statesman and educator. " "Scientism" is launched by the, Chang was standing on the side of the metaphysicians. June 9, 1923 Chang was issued a "futile," a text, against the scientific outlook on life. Since then he wrote "Science and Philosophy," a book to further explain their point of view. He said: "I made in the book Jin Jin who is a little nature in science, followed by the nature of philosophy, that the banner of science today are Yang, who travel between downtown, real knowledge of science why the real thing a bad idea." He that the philosophy of science is not a true philosophy. Here we do not comment on Science and Metaphysics in the evaluation of the merits, just that this time the Chinese intellectual debate, although certainly had a huge impact, but no one was unable to persuade the other parties. In 1929 he would own more than ten years of research in philosophy papers compiled in book "New Philosophy Essays" published, initially built a _set_ of his "new philosophy" system: "Pan-architecture-ism" and "layer created evolution" view of the universe, "the main intellectual creation of the" life and "interaction" theory of knowledge. This ideology is his weapon, convection cloth in various trends of thought at the time launched a criticism. Marxist Philosophy in China face widespread dissemination, September 18, 1931, Chang was in the "Ta Kung Pao" Supplement "Modern Thought" published "I also talk about the dialectic materialism", provoking a debate 30 years of materialist dialectics ( also known as "philosophical debate"). The debate lasted more than two years, during which Chang was writing a series of articles refuting the materialist dialectics, in October 1934, he was all kinds of opposition and criticism of articles compiled dialectics "debate dialectical materialism," a book. In the book "Preamble", he declared: "This book is designed as opposed to criticism of materialist dialectics, is confined to the so-called Red philosophy, and not the whole purpose of communism." Publication of this book, the dialectical materialism debate to a climax, Chang was also became the commanding general debate dialectical materialism. In 1935, Ye imitation of this style, the collection compiled to refute the article of Zhang "philosophical debate", which formed confront the armed forces, the debate intensified. Marxist Workers Ai, Yun Deng special (Deng Tuo), Lee, also took part in the debate, the views of Dongsun and Yeh were refuted. Similarly, here we do not comment on the pros and cons of this debate, but no doubt that the debate is the idea of Chang was to understand the Chinese Communist Party and, ultimately, acceptance and cooperation in preparing the thought of her condition.
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Political experience
Chang was in January 1968 was "arrested" and it was already 82 years old. He was arrested after five years his family did not know where he was kept. Until 1973, the family is notified, Chang was dead in "Qincheng" prison. When Chang was arrested and put into a "Qincheng" at the same time, his eldest son, Department of Biology, Peking University professor Zhang Zongbing were also arrested, was also shut, "Qincheng" prison. But Zhangzong Bing and his father did not know each other they are being held in the same prison. Zhangzong Bing Professor of Biology Department of Peking University, Ph.D. in the United States. His insanity in prison. After 7 years in secret detention in 1975 was released. After his release, the spirit gradually returned to normal. "Qincheng" Prison is located in the outskirts of Beijing. This is a special prison, is not an ordinary prison inmates, the prison authority devoted to this high position or fame held a large number of non-criminal "criminals", that is, it is a prison outside the law. Built and opened in the prison before the Cultural Revolution, during the Cultural Revolution is of much help. Especially in 1968, the prison off into a number of senior Communist Party cadres, including the prison during the Cultural Revolution of the Ministry of Public Security before construction in the head. At the same time, "Qincheng" also detained and Zhangzong Bing Chang was such a person, the so-called "intellectuals." Dongsun and family in North Long Run Park I heard the former Deputy Minister of Civil Affairs and author Ming Liu Jingfan description "Qincheng" prison scene. They have long been held there. Where the implementation of the person detained physical and psychological torture, being held in prisons and ordinary people are different, but the degree is the same evil. In the "Qincheng" one by one the detainees in solitary confinement, a few years can not be talking to people, not to family communication, is a characteristic. Liu Zhuo, such as the wife of Zhang, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Zoology of the Library. Chang was arrested, his wife in her unit and therefore was "critical struggle" and was "seized and turned over" to the Haidian Public Security Bureau, where she was imprisoned for nearly a year. ("Public Security Bureau seized and turned over by the revolutionary masses" was a popular saying, is a unit through the "revolutionary mass organizations" went out to catch people's approach is widely used.) Dongsun has three sons. Was locked with him, "Qincheng" prison Zhangzong Bing is the eldest son. Zhang Sui second child his doctorate in the United Kingdom, engaged in theoretical physics, during the Cultural Revolution is a senior fellow at the Institute of Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Youngest Zhang Zongying sociology, cultural goods company in Tianjin. After the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, third son of Zhang Lu Zhang Zongying and his wife is the Park was the "struggle" after a suicide. In 1969, the "clean up the class ranks", the second son, Sui Zhang, Chinese Academy of quarters in Beijing's Zhongguancun suicide. Zhang Zongbing son Zhanghe Ci, 1963, Beijing Normal University students. His association with several high school students write poetry and talk politics. Their activities by the public security department found that they were arrested. After a trial detention, the Zhanghe Ci was sent to a labor camp Chadian "reeducation through labor" for three years. Three-year period coincides with the "Cultural Revolution", he was heavier treatment: "wear the hat of counter-revolutionaries." In his "labor camp" spent a total of 16 years. Zhang Zongying son Zhang Youci, a worker in Tianjin during the Cultural Revolution, his parents committed suicide in 1966, he was "attempting to avenge their parents" and "counter-revolutionary crimes", was sentenced to 15 years. 1978 Zhang Youci was "vindication" was released, has been in prison more than 10 years in jail. In this way, during the Cultural Revolution, Chang was that he was shut in prison, Zhang's three sons and two committed suicide, after the prolonged detention of a mental disorder. His two grandchildren given heavy sentences, long prison terms. Another difference is that, in the horror novel, is a terrorist or a few bad guys, is a personal action, are generally personal grudge. In Chang's story, each of which is the death of an individual, including personal enmity of the factors may not be completely ruled out, but to make this experience we shared so many people they encountered, only the "Cultural Revolution": the Cultural Revolution objectives and means, and the Cultural Revolution to have one of the system. The Cultural Revolution to combat so-called "bourgeois intellectuals" (in accordance with Mao's view, because the bourgeois intellectuals of the world, so they are bourgeois.), So Dongsun and his son had been hit. Cultural Revolution, against all opposition to the idea, so the grandson of Zhang been severely punished. Closed during the Cultural Revolution in China, door locked, so many victims run away, only one by one by regulation, without a fight. "Cultural Revolution" against anti-human total lack of records and reports, but are not allowed to read the archives, is difficult to conduct a statistical average person. But understand that the local situation from, say, a family, we can see to combat anti-density, which may also make some estimates of the total and for the Cultural Revolution, the basic assessment of the big picture.
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Concept of class
Chang was the first accused the Marxist theory of class struggle, the basic concepts of fuzzy, "class" of the word, "is a very unclear concept," "according to Mark Spikes for the class, in fact, not that thing." "We Spirax usually blinded for Mark. "Zhang believes that only a sociological concept of class" social differentiation (Social differentiation) ", it is not limited to economic aspects, but rather as" social functioning (Social function) "the differentiation occurs formation, it is, "Sociology of the class is broad, and Mark Spirax class in a narrow sense." sociology class variety, and Marxian class can only be "on-point (dichotomous)". For Marx, "a part of human history but the history of class struggle," the judge, Chang was refuted: "The war between nations, ethnic and inter-ethnic slaughter, if all of the class struggle, the meaning of the class will be unclear. Marxist faction name used to playing only in the speech technology: to ensure the meaning of a name here, such a speech. to get there if their meaning. a group of Christians do not learn then its muddle of ignorance. "" He has always been for a speech would not have a strict Definition. We would help if its not allowed to take the title, then we can see how long suffered from a human history is the history of class struggle, too! "according to Zhang's discussion of Marx deliberately do not give a clear definition of the class, so there conducive to "steal off with the tax take the title of the law to make the article," so, "Marx's argument can not stand the fine analysis of small studies." Second, Chang was that Marx's "Social Formation" (referring to the original, slavery, feudalism, capital, communist "social history"), the fundamental truth of history substandard, "the history of this program into a certain formula , insist on a nation to a head _insert_ to go, it is a clumsy thing to the extreme. "for the" Communist Manifesto "in on the community will be reduced to bourgeoisie and the proletariat's thesis, Old Zhang said:" In this complex society, to confront the two forces to form is inevitable in the very ideals. "So he concludes that the Marxist theory of class," but first have a purpose, and then forced to explain to prove it. "" He's class, said his life meaning lies stand in a class on this class as a force to seize power. "" Mark Spirax history is destined to on is not really seen in history is a fixed course, is just to the confidence of the proletariat from the sake that so hard. "" Mark Spirax most of all the strategic theory designed. give way strategies can only be theoretical and will never be sacrificed for truth, making operation. also said that in their theory and the strategy is a truth and strategy is one. "Even if the theory of this class is" the situation in view of democratic politics in Europe and America ", it is more substandard conditions of China. He believes that the CCP leadership's "Red Army", which is based not farmers nor workers, but the "warlords and bandits scattered embodiment of shares," because Chinese farmers have no class consciousness, and so workers can not form a political power, so , the Revolution was not a "proletarian revolution", "still only China's rise up the history of the old-fashioned child." Finally, Chang was that the class consciousness completely different class interests, class interests is a common and shared interests of class, class consciousness is more complex, class interests is by no means have to be a class consciousness or class consciousness: "I admit China interests of all classes have class, because it is a fact. But the fact I can not recognize China's force has been the class consciousness of the class. So we can say: China, any class, the bourgeoisie worth mentioning, no matter whether the petty bourgeoisie, the proletariat worth mentioning, have yet to result in the degree of class consciousness, as I said remnant from the war who is man of the believers, not as a class, still less class conscious! "he concluded:" We do not advocate for political on the establishment of any class. This is the first point of the mean. there is a second point: we must focus on all of the class. That is the meaning of this sentence: we will not be built on the so-called left who (rogue) of on. "Without," to the implementation of production plans, will feel a great difficulty. because he can rob these people, led by food, but can not create industry. "Left Yuhe commented:" This is clearly the CCP leadership the revolutionary movement of the misunderstanding and slander. " We also take Dongsun and class theory on the text, he published in 1931 by Shanghai Zhonghua "moral philosophy", a book of philosophical discourse criticizing the Marxist historical materialism, there is also involves the theory of class and class struggle criticism, Chang was said: "The moral of Marxist overthrown only be described as a moral theory, I _set_ the book not only moral claims, the potential can not be the slap in the face of such destruction." his analysis of Marx to the class bias of human bias to people for a variety of status and personality factors have changed because of the prejudice caused by the relations of production bias. "Marx is so changed channeling the fact that purely to meet its labor monism purposes. For from the point to include the overall situation, the solid German thinker of the norm. But Marx ambitions are higher than others, particularly great. The pity by the wrist when compared with other people more Zhuo. He he channeling the person to change it without _set_ting up a room by the analysis also. "Chang was concluded that:" I said that every soul prejudice, but not limited to class. that is in the same class because of personality differences and Customs may also have different Instead of insight. "However, the student was a scholar, after all, all," Instead of the insightful "are labeled as" entering into our party the Khrushchev-like figure "theory of class and class struggle, and can justify the. This is Chang was like a dream could not think of the approach.
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Writing Directory
"The new philosophy JOURNAL" The Commercial Press in August 1929 edition. The same below. "Reading" Eastern and Western culture and its philosophy> "," Current News "supplement" Learning Light "in March 1922 "Birth of Western thought and philosophy", "Oriental Medicine" Vol 22, No. 18, September 25, 1925. "Reason and Democracy," Commercial Press, 1946 edition. "Eat the ice room collection album between Two", Zhonghua Book Company, 1989 edition "China's future: Germany Down? Russia Down? "" Emancipation and Reconstruction, "Volume 2 No. 14, July 15, 1920. "Philosophy of beginner reference", "Oriental Medicine" Volume 23 No. 1, January 10, 1926. "Science and Philosophy", "Oriental Medicine" Vol 22, No. 2, January 25, 1925. "Science and Philosophy - A view from my criticism of Science and Metaphysics", Commercial Press, 1924 edition, p. 72. "Thought and Society," introduction, the Commercial Press 1946 edition, p. 3. "Epistemology", Shanghai World Books 1934 edition, p. 46. "Value of Philosophy" sequence, the Shanghai World Books 1934 edition. "Life in prison is simply mind," "observation" of Volume 2, 13-17, May 24, 1947 -6 21. The same below. "Political Consultative Conference, the new case, and defense", "democratic life" (Chongqing Edition) No. 2, January 16, 1946. "A middle of the political line", "renewable" magazine No. 118. June 22, 1946. "Economic equality and abolition of exploitation", "observation" Volume 4, No. 2, March 6, 1948.
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Poetry
Yong Chang was Although the special case of a source of all things, the same also from the water out of reusable He died before the end turn to the various lines, attracted more Ji Quan condemned. Infinite can only million into a hanging unresolved future generations disease Places such as cylindrical today who believe, who can sign for fish or Air cemented water vapor is the root of birth and death only if everything is. Same applies to any terms the ball early, who is the soul of light. All things are from the number of interpretations, four for just the second marriage together. Health wheel can turn off Xiang beans, commentators said suspected mass Tianzhu Fire is the root element changes endlessly, the formation of heaven and earth were moved to flow Made by the same number of good and evil, opposite and complementary follow suit Man Vector fixed license hard to fly with more than four non-figurative memory card. Two Truths really into anything for customs, monist phase for libraries. Heaven turned out from the medicine, as out of love destroyed by hate. Law can and even must, with or without an alternate four Arrangements for the ingenuity of the universe, everything is worthy of one look. Light poles, especially rotating weight, but it is doubt until today. Rhetoric leads to name Analysis, funded politicians can only sophistry. After the number of non-reversed, life questions will be reopened. Germany can be identified by the wisdom to teach, Yin Zhen Gan refused to escape jail Who consider themselves ignorant comparable, Ho Chi nine square Appreciating Gao. ; With reasons for the type of things die, Homo sapiens Su Shifang handle enforcement. Communist Hekan wife asked the public, yet to know the island Fu Zhi Jun Quality of delivery of pure form is satisfied knowing each other, why not learned Tai Ji teacher. Mentoring is not interested in learning phase, Mou, nature has two sub-transmission stream. However, I am confident that chasing phantoms, as the shadow of the hole requirements. Students should look for Lesi off to worry about moving the final poor Jingle excellent music. In addition to custom solutions can tie bitter legacy of Threatened residual Sapporo fortunate. However, virtue and the day should pass, were swept away empty home and country wealth. Differences before and after learning hard too strict, imperial slaves were open cases. Hanging constantly Quefei careless, and there are doubts not enlightenment. The number of non-non-non-parties, and the poor from the wind from the decadent. Not easy to guess the only BI and spiritual living soul on the anti-body harmonic. I do not know how many Xuanming sense, only for his year for textbooks. Poor relative to the total war special name, Dang contingent on numerous anti-Vatican. A family difficult to eat to the trivial, the cutting knife of a type worthy of pity alone. Ho Lo Five Card diffuse and so, God cares about silent suffering. Unexpectedly, this could be the new solution, from teaching people Cuishi Zus Kan Chi-cutting is the day notes, the end will change the nature of human New scholarship created by induction, the theater an icon to donate The wolf who seek to protect themselves, force the enemy to know each other so strong. Maintain the return conventions common lord, vertical and horizontal to stay too mad Genius Do not really know if worthy of doubt, not only I hereby suspected bullying. Self-evident truth, only fees debate, a person must, after all, chicken morning Talent to the embodiment of all, to the world is the God. The third volume of a towering intellectual, fun mirror grinding of Health funded the final widower. For example, thousand lights in a room the size of unit does not have windows. Fortunately, that can be pre-established harmony, the differential is hard to determine who is creating. Left heart, such as white prints, a production can only be free Statutory rights that talent, the West seems to pass Fengci Post. Not all phase centrifugal radius, while the status of flavor and color and sound Mo surprised God have to have been made, then the block is indeed hard to find foreign objects. Relative to total fresh from the Indian into a new, reborn from the unclear pictures Linked by cause and effect often found, especially in the sense I see no fine. Virtual-type space-time limit of the senses, a glance outside the source synonym General legislation into their own, school re-opened for a millennium. There I should not my part, I play not my three. But it can extend the public forum for gas, a type of cover is not greedy. Qi into a war contrary to the two words, not only the synonyms of pure animate Both positive and negative co-Long Dong, help good soldier who made the chest. Blind people always desire to drive, trafficking to quiescence Hinayana side. World-weary folk knowing violation of the West, turn that glimpse of arguably Ji-Kang. However, as for strong force is the right Lebanon worthless cowardly group. Chennai Super Superman can not fight, leaving his sick bed as long raving. Since most people can worship music, and to benefit others will be more widely to the public. Do not throw long because of short term profits interest, the prospective method of this Fangcheng Li Gong. Shows that the two unknown points, scholarship difficult Morrow group. Translation of the phrase heavy labor Yan Shi, Wan classes are from simple to complex I have nothing after this point, the argument of a rigid-flexible. Also said that knowing the original one, with different music than the work of Wang. Areas difficult to pass one by one say, the end of conflicts are classified. True sense of occasion with only a moment, if the value were Buddhist nearly empty. If students of graupel is not poor, Hancang total pediment over. Vertical and horizontal loading distractor rise, but the brain as a self-appointed authority Such as the million from the heart, such as the late-year-old flute's book re-explain. General solution of the phenomenon of a different speech, I alone careless with this faction. Logic should only be used to explore the heart made by a group of old fight off. Incubation stay too legacy in this land who is seen as enemies. Biological layers of time and space, the heart by fog steadily high. Organized by the end of the watery layer of sudden create a layer package Try that idea from the East, the expansion of the relative and temporal. Million from the edge of all-around, such as wave, old age and I Weng Chin down. On the mysterious language of almost a muddy, physics into a speech before sentence true. No intention that the metaphysical question, one way to spin colorful trend. Fictional universe thing precedence, Bang also had the ears. Trip to the North was really big eye, years of worship gentleman Yin. Comfortable and he could care about, turn to the existence of nothingness. For a cluster of cross, but only with Bi speech with the left.