The first confirmed that the Arctic is a marine explorer - Nansen
Fried, a Norwegian who Qiaofunansen Arctic explorer, zoologist and statesman. Since 1888 he traveled on the Greenland ice sheet and by 1893-1896, "Frame" was sailing across the Arctic Ocean, known in the scientific community. Nansen also because from Siberia, China and other parts of the world the work of the repatriation of 500,000 prisoners of war and direct rescue of people suffering from hunger in Russia (1921-1923) won the Nobel Peace Prize (1921-1922).
Nansen was the son of a lawyer. He was October 10, 1861 Born in Oslo, Norway (Christiania) in the vicinity of a wealthy family. 1880 Nansen entered Christiania University to study zoology. In 1882, he sailed to Greenland waters to conduct investigation and study. The marine survey of the Arctic Ocean stimulated his fascination. Returned to Norway, he became responsible for Zoology in Bergen Museum collection and management personnel. In 1888 he received his Ph.D. University of Christiania.
Nansen returned to Norway after the University of Virginia in any Christian professor of zoology. However, his interest has turned to physical oceanography. Later, in 1908 he became Professor of Oceanography. From 1896 to 1917, Nansen is committed to scientific research. He was involved in the creation of ICES work and participated in the "Michael SARS" was the investigation into the Norwegian Sea (1900), "holding Geoff Freed" was investigated through the central North Atlantic (1910) "维斯列莫伊" No to the Spitsbergen waters of the survey (1912) and "Alma Ulrich Hansen" No to the Azores and b. Hollander - Hansen Area Survey (1914). In 1893 (where the original was in 1939, apparently in error. According to the analysis may be 1893. - Annotation), Nansen had also passed the Barents and Kara seas to reach Yenisei River, and later returned by the Siberian. The results of these studies, the last published many papers. Many publications have personally made a graphic description of Nansen. In addition, the Nansen also oceanographic instrument design, the interpretation of wind currents and the northern waters of the formation of water layer and other aspects of the way to make a contribution.
Nansen
Bold attempt
Nansen was born in 1861 near Oslo in Norway, he was studious young man, the outstanding, when he was 27 in 1888, received his Ph.D., also serves as Curator of Zoology in Bergen Museum.
In 1888, in order not yet well known to survey the interior of Greenland, he suggested that ski across Greenland. However, the proposal is not he understand the world, many people think that this is fame's reckless behavior. Bergen, a humor newspaper also spared the ridicule of the wiles of his satire: "Well a show! Museum, go to the Greenland Nansen do a long ski shows, ice cracks some good seat, do not need to buy return tickets. "contempt for the world's confidence in him more firmly, the Norwegian Government refused to fund him, he went to Denmark to raise funds. May that year, he and five assistants take a seal hunting vessel boarded the desolate east coast of Greenland. This year in July they reached the west coast of Greenland Hong Kong Good Hope, the way they overcame all kinds of unexpected difficulties, one after another over the covered most of the inland Greenland ice cap bare in this " Green Land "(" Greenland "means" green land ") to find each piece of new mysterious place. After more than 400 miles of the long journey, they finally arrived at the destination exhausted, the second in the spring, he returned to Norway, a sudden change in the attitude of people, because he did something his predecessors never too much, he is a hero.
Nansen's expedition has not only changed the attitude of his countrymen to win support and trust, more importantly, this is an excellent training exercise. Back in November 1884, one day, when he was a young scientist, he read a newspaper the day of an interesting article; article reported that: The recent discovery in the southwest coast of Greenland three years ago, a boat sunk in the Siberian Arctic expedition ship offshore
"No Jenny," the wreckage. What is the strength of these remains miles away from the far North Pole in 2000 that a drift to come here for? The authors then made a daring idea, that this is caused by a not yet identified the currents caused by the Nansen very interested in this assumption, which found a large amount of data to be proved, one of the more persuasive force is also found in Greenland coastal waters collected from the Siberian forest, wood and drift over the northern Alaska Eskimo create a wooden weapon, in order to field-proven, so he decided to conduct a North Pole expedition, decided to use the ocean currents from the line of drift, to verify whether there will be and the "No Jenny" the same results.
"No progress" towards the North Pole
The captain of the new design only 128 feet, three Wei Fan, can accommodate 13 people and enough fuel for 5 years and with food, shipborne also equipped with a steam engine as a supplement power, the ship can be equipped with a turbine, hand or windmill-driven generator for use in the Arctic winter, the ship named "Fram" expedition ship on October 26, 1892 into the water, when tens of thousands of people to the ceremony, people have found Arctic hopes on its body.
Second step is to choose a suitable expedition members, these members should be senior seamen and scientists, there are hundreds of applicants who were finally identified 13 people, ready supplies and equipment; seek the opinion of the experts, to develop detailed exploration program; in Siberia some of the island, _set_ up emergency food supply station, in a collection point ready for 34 sled dogs to prepare for any eventuality, 9 months later, these preparations was completely ready, because this is a million people on the big things, prepare more fully as possible.
June 24, 1893, the "Fram" Arctic started to sail the boat when they go north along the Norwegian coast, the shore by passing ships and the people for the warm welcome from all around them had gun or flag vessels to pay tribute to him. Full deck ship carrying passengers, singing their welcome, shore fishermen at sea to their farmers and cheering, waving off, "No progress" is carrying the hopes of the people towards the Norwegian Arctic.
It took almost a month ahead of Norway's far north from No. Xiao Guo, onto the Arctic waters, along the way fighting against the wind, splitting storms, constantly sailed east, in the ice group a few weeks after the roundabout, drive the northern coast of Russia, finished 3 / 4 distance, then turn north as planned, brave to the Arctic sea. Soon after, in the distance through the fog on the sea level show a vaguely periglacial slender and compact. Nansen group from the ice to find a gap, ordered the bow of the ship sailed toward the heap of ice, turn off the engine, like static and dynamic concept, which is the test of the "Fram" in the moment.
September 24, forward number has been surrounded by thick ice, ice frozen quickly sandwiched between the melting ice slurry, Nansen wrote in his diary: "We are getting to be frozen quickly in middle, and now winter is coming. "disclosed in a kind of joy of words, but this is also a critical moment, the four do not see the sea, I saw endless, rugged ice fields. These are some of the slow drift of the huge floating ice, but they never know when the collision occurs, a slide into another piece of the above, piled up to a pressure of 15 to 25 feet of the huge ice ridges. In the meantime the "Forward Number" at any time pushed the risk of breaking. October 9, this really happened, so Nansen diary recorded: "... ... a deafening sound, the ship shook like an earthquake, ice up and down the stack, forward extrusion No. over. ... ... but the ship was not crushed, ice is just the boat lift; ... ... when the pressure relief when the ship slowly fall down. "Floating ice almost every day in this way to visit forward number. Volume of the ice barrier stack boat almost touched the masthead, the course number is like an ice road in the gorge.
"No progress" in the slow and difficult to travel, and sometimes do not even know whether there is any movement, expedition members have only to wait their drift to the Arctic ocean currents, and they had to _set_tle down to reading, singing, playing cards; the weather is fine when the ice is to hunt, capture polar bears. They do not like adventure, and more like tourism, the road is a beautiful place to have each of them marvel, especially the spectacular Northern Lights, but also fascinated them endless, and now, scientists have to figure out, is the Northern Lights upper atmosphere by bombardment of charged particles from the sun arise, the northern lights can be seen almost every night, but the most beautiful in the spring and autumn, the color of the decision rendered by the bombardment of molecules in the atmosphere are different. For example, the most common solar particles and the yellow-green light is the result of oxygen, is found in red during storms. Northern lights change and diverse, there arc, beam shape, veil-like and sheet etc, but most common is a long wavy ruffled straps, in the sky on a high by the upward extension of 70 miles to 500 miles altitude, magic and beauty of the northern lights that Nansen Xinzhe, he had carved a wood block to describe it.
During the ship was frozen, the main crew for the work or to inspect the project seriously. Once every 4 hours to record weather data, astronomical observations once every other day. They also measure ocean temperature, salinity, depth, and ocean currents, samples from the seabed digging, carefully mapping Forward No routes.
Ground forward
With the number moving slowly forward, day by day in the last days of winter came last summer, more than a year has passed, and in the second winter came, the Nansen to the crew to make such an idea, he took an assistant by the No left forward, clog with ice, snow shoes, dog sledding and skins ship straight from the Arctic ice, and then go south from the North Pole, as is also the purpose and forward the same number, but no longer passively rely on currents, but by the people themselves take the initiative, he explained the reasons for the crew: He has put more than 1,000 British-lines, but failed to reach the Arctic Ocean seabed, this is the case, than the estimates of the deep Arctic Ocean will more, that the actual currents are much weaker than originally hoped for, but the wind effect is greater, and he wondered more forward speed numbers, although the ship had been heading toward the northwest, but when the fast moving ship slow, stop-time continued, and even go back south, so that the original estimate of 2 to 5 years to 7 years is likely to prolong or 8 years, and the ship finally may deviate from the North Pole. Nansen uneasy end, he revealed in his diary: "This carefree life, passive existence, made me feel gas hold back, alas! Edge will freeze the soul, and I prefer to struggle and to take risks, even if only Give me a moment one day. "and he had such a bold plan.
His plan was endorsed by everyone, Nansen, accompanied by several people who wanted to move forward, Nansen last only a reserve naval officer _select_ed Johnson as assistants. 2,3 month Nansen decided to proceed because he had observed the previous year, when the flat ice surface, the most suitable for walking dog sledding, and to 5 months, ice will start to melt a block of ice, the course will will be blocked.
March 14, 1895, Nansen and Johnson left the forward number, embark on the journey, before leaving, Nansen made careful preparations for their first on the ice trying to live a while, tried a variety of shoes, clothes, food, tents and sleeping bags, checked the sled and the sled dogs, try to make it foolproof. No advance when they leave, only 350 miles from the North Pole, which was a record in history, never before had a boat so close to the North Pole it.
Sweaty clothes in the evening they will be frozen armor cemented iron clothes, raise their hands even move, complete stripping for the sound; Nansen said that if the clothes off on the ice can certainly also do not stand quite straight down. His wrist cuffs and even cold hard grind a deep hole in the blood.
During that time, the day melt into a pool of icy water of a lake to night it freezes, and ice conditions there are more bad trend, Nansen began to doubt, and they do not seem close to the North Pole, but only in the original around on, although they run every day, a few miles ahead, but the sign of a control measure in the evening and found that the position is still at night that they had walked like a huge turn in the mill, they desperately north run, while the ice is to the south, both an off_set_, they had fixed in place, this has always been adept at using the forces of nature, scientists finally discovered the great forces of nature and human small.
So they change their plans once again decided to turn south to the Arctic retreat and give up the idea of advancing, this time, they have in the latitude 86 ° 14 ', from leaving the "Fram" within 26 days, they walked a total of 124 miles, 224 miles from the Arctic only a thin, which is never reached a previous record, with regret, they turn on April 9 about 400 miles south face Franz - Joseph in the starting islands, Nansen direction back to the North Pole affectionate glance, his mouth murmured to himself: "I do not know when can come visit." His desire was later a U.S. explorer Peary realized, but already ten A few years later things.
On the road in the back, they still have to deal with the same ice sheet, and every time they see a hotchpotch of ice in front of numerous ice ridges, ice Lane, boulders and giant ice maze of dead end, they the heart is cold, that many see is a sudden cold waves, it seems except wings before they can move forward, it is fortunate that the final total is still able to find a way.
Time into the 5,6 month, a short Arctic spring, and with the midnight sun rose higher and higher in the sky, higher and higher temperatures, but the trouble is more and more of new snow covering the ice as the temperature can be increased to translate into a knee-deep snow slurry, so that the road more difficult. Between the slow-moving ice, sometimes several miles long cracks, followed by another freeze into ice, it is not thick enough to support the weight of the sled, but can cut into fragments of animal skin boats, they just hope the disappointed , no choice but to take a detour.
Lack of food gradually, and dogs will start eating all the edible things to eat, Nansen had to kill some weak dogs, to eat the rest of the dog, until only the last three, and soon there were some good signs, sometimes on the ice polar bear tracks were found, and even killed a polar bear to supplement the food reserves.
After one summer, gulls and other waterfowl is often soar overhead, which Nansen and Johnson to bring the gospel - in far away land.
They had deserted island in the Arctic through their third winter. They sheltered on the island where the two built a small stone house, with moss plug Bifeng, with the impervious roof made of thick sealskin. They went hunting seals, made with sealskin clothing to shield against the cold, with the seal of the anointing oil as fuel, they have to hunt polar bears, solve a winter food and mattress of bearskin for their peace of mind here to spend several months, there was no wind, they went out hunting, walking in the snow, or enjoy the spectacular northern lights and meteor, and when the wind gusts, and snow, they are to stay in a small room, cuddle the oil furnace and sleep, because all day doing nothing, and eating is full of nutrient-rich broth and fried bears bear row, and they are fat, and Nansen found his body weight increased 23 pounds, Johnson is an increase of 13 pounds more slowly spring comes, 1896 February 25, they saw the first group of birds flying from the south, are ecstatic, after a long lonely wait, finally ushered in the "life the first hello. " They shouted: "auspicious bird ah, welcome to you!"
Same Goal
May 19, they began a new voyage, they ship supplies installed in the skins, then hides on the ship tied to the sled can walk on ice, but also walk on water, but unfortunately one day shipping animals torn by the sea side, they had boarded a nearby island, sleeping on the island, the Nansen walking on the island, when flocks of birds overhead swing, heard birds chirp, is so beautiful, and suddenly, several more distant dog barking, there must be people! Nansen once excited, this year, in addition to Johnson, but did not seen another person, then go back to the earth it! Then came the face of a stranger, he greeted miles to the Nansen, Nansen once shocked the world is as much a coincidence thing? It is his understanding came to the UK in the Arctic explorer Frederick Jackson Jester, he rushed forward, hugging the Triple Jackson, emotional tears in his eyes blinking, Jie been here in Jackson ready to go to reach the North Pole to explore a land-based channels. Nansen in here he met feel special surprise, so Nansen and Johnson moved into the luxurious Triple Jackson camp, where he was comfortable in a few weeks, and finally take a cargo ship from Norway home, domestic people thought they would have died in the Arctic Ocean on the.
Nansen returned a week later, the course numbers are safe return, as Nansen expected, the forward was to continue with the ocean currents shift number, although the final departure from the North Pole, but still safely through the Arctic Sea.
Norway is Nansen and the number of successful forward sensation. Warm celebrations everywhere. But Nansen was not interested in all this, he returned to his home one evening, Nansen stood alone on the beach home, listening to the waves slapping the foot, while this period of review their own experience. He recalled: "That's the polar ice sheets and how fascinating on moonlit night long, but now from another of the world like a distant dream - a fleeting dream. However, if there is no life, dream, and that What is life worth? " |
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