Source:文汇出版社 Music teacher always speaks very softly, remarks that she has made it very lightly. First, although she seems to have hope, but if you actually still did not get the first, that she would not feel how frustrated. It seems, it is purely a school teacher asked each leader must say to the students, otherwise she might not say. For nearly two months, the music teacher's haggard face every day. Each student can see, music teacher certainly fell seriously ill, she was holding on to the students in class every day. Even the most mischievous boys in the class, since the past two months have discipline.
The growth of trees in one year produced a layer, it appears like a cross section (or several) round, surrounded by the past produced some of the same round
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No. 4
Woody stem cross section of concentric rings. Due within one year of weather and different activities by the proliferation of cambial xylem structure is also different. Strong spring and summer growth, cell larger than the pine wood; autumn and winter slow growth, cells small, wooden tight. This two concentric rings of xylem formation, according to ring lines, we suggest that the age of trees, so that ring. Hu, "On the Short Story": "For example, tree trunk to saw off the people who understand botany saw the tree cross section, the number of tree rings, he will know the age of the tree."
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No. 5
① woody stem cross section of the concentric ring pattern. Each ring is a ring, including the color of spring grown pale and loose long autumn of early wood and the color deep into the dense latewood. Common in temperate trees and shrubs. Throughout the year due to the growth of tropical trees, rings and more obvious. Can be speculated that the age of trees. ② bone fish scales and opercular surface and the otolith section on density-and-white concentric ring pattern. Can infer fish age.
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No. 6
1 tree rings has become an important area of scientific research. By rings, people can not only dating a lot of things happened, happened in the past detect earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and climate change, but also can infer the future. American Indian village in New Mexico, 17th century painting, medieval streets of Russian cities ...... between them seem unrelated, but now they are being linked to a new field of scientific research. This field is the study of tree rings. Note that rings true in the past, only the production of wood carving and crafts people, but human talent, advanced analysis, and the fate of God's favor, so the ring to become the object of many disciplines such as anthropology and even environmental science research.
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Origins ring studies
Carpenter from ancient times onwards, we know there are trunk rings, with the rings, only appeared on the wood texture. To our knowledge, Aristotle's colleague had mentioned the ring, but the first time when Leonardo was increased around the annual growth rings. Today is already known: spring, Vientiane update, next to the bark inside the cell division; cell division after a large wall thickness, color, fresh, scientists called early wood; subsequent cell growth slowed, the thicker wall , smaller in size, darker, this is called late wood, tree trunks in the dark ring is formed by the late wood. After that, the tree and into the winter dormant period, cycle, cycle endless. In this way, the backbone of many trees will generate around and around in shades of white rings, each ring is a growing segment of the year. Such rings in conifers most significant, is not obvious in most temperate deciduous trees, whereas many tropical trees are not at all. Trees are living archive, the trunk in the ring is recorded. It shows not only the age of the trees themselves, but also to explain the annual precipitation and temperature changes. Rings may also be recorded on forest fires, as well as lessons learned from an early frost in the chemical composition of the surrounding environment. Therefore, if we know how to reveal the secret of the tree, it will tell us From its birth, a lot of things happening around. Trees have written records can tell us what happened before, you can also tell us something about the future. Tree records of weather can help us to understand the natural forces that contributed to the weather, which in turn can help us predict the future.
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Reasons for the formation of rings
"Ring stem transverse section refers to the year saw growth in terms of layers of wood and bark." This is the 1957 International Association of Wood Anatomists published "wood anatomy terminology", the relevant "in Wheel "definition of the term. As to how the ring is formed, first and foremost from the vascular cambium layer structure and activity patterns of talk. Vascular cambium (or cambium) is a former secondary cambium evolved an ability to have unlimited meristem meristem. In the plant's life, it continues to produce secondary phloem outwards, inwards produce secondary xylem. Forming a layer of spindle-shaped cells and primitive ray blasts formed. Axially elongated spindle-shaped blasts ends wedge, and more rectangular in transverse section, cut to large radial width, length several times larger than the width of the cell. Spindle-shaped cells derived from the original axial system of secondary xylem and secondary phloem. Ray blasts smaller volume, almost as equal diameter or longer. Such primitive cells derived radial system secondary xylem and phloem. Although these two types of primitive cells in the external morphology vary greatly, but the ultrastructural basically the same. Active layer during the formation of the intermediate 1-2 with the original cell vacuole, cytoplasm rich surrounding ribosomal Golgi, and a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum. Cambium blasts dormant period, the vacuole becomes smaller, increase in the number of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum vesicles corresponding reduction cells also appeared more protein bodies and oil droplets, these substances are often stored in the growing season next year to be used at the start. Roots or stems of woody plants radial thickening, mainly the result of the original spindle-shaped cells by week split, this slow process of mitosis, such as conifers, each split time take four one six days (stem The apical meristem cells only 8-18 hours). When a spindle-shaped flat peripheral blast cells divide into two daughter cells when a derivative xylem mother cell (or the original xylem cells), or derivatized phloem mother cells (or phloem blasts). Another original spindle-shaped cells remain meristematic state. During the formation of the active layer, or some dividing cells have been split, and some still in the meristem state so that it would form a layer of a relatively wide area and undifferentiated cells. In this area, there is formed a layer of genuine original cell layer, and further comprising undifferentiated cells derived. Since the cell morphology indistinguishable from the cell types described above, for convenience, it will be collectively referred to as the cells forming the layer region (or the band-forming layer). See the section cut from the layer region is formed to form the layer arrangement of the original cell can be divided into two types: one is formed in layer linden (tilia) and Robinia (robinia) and other plants, the spindle-shaped are arranged in almost the original cell the same horizontal layer, called storeyed cambium. First, spindle-shaped cells in the original invasive growth, the cells are interleaved with the ends of the longitudinal elongation, and not arranged in the same horizontal level, so called non-storeyed forming layer as Castanea (castanea) and Juglans (juglans) other plants. Spindle-shaped stem or progenitor cells to adapt to the root of the radial thickening, cell division itself, in order to increase the number of primitive cells, this special division called proliferation division. In different plants, proliferation and division are not the same way as in a stack of plants forming layer, multi-radial anticlinal division mainly in conifers non-storeyed cambium and some dicotyledonous plants, common false transverse division, also known as oblique anticlinal division. From the spindle-shaped cells were split to form the original ray primitive cells, which are a common phenomenon. Ray blasts itself laterally or anticlinal division, the final form single or multiple columns rays. Woody plants grown in temperate regions, with seasonal climate changes, but also clearly reflected in the cycle activity cambium. Winter blasts cambium stopped dividing, the following spring began restoration activities, to the summer and gradually weakened, then stop the activity. Again and again, year after year. When the cambium blasts recovery activities can be divided into two phases: (1) forming a radial layer blasts stretch, radial wall becomes thin, then susceptible to frost damage. (2) the original cells begin to divide, this stage is often compared to the previous stage nights a few weeks. The species grows in the Beijing region, layer formation time to start activities, generally in April each year, mid. In most species, when the cambium begin to differentiate, phloem differentiation often the first child for a month or longer in the xylem, or both almost simultaneously differentiation. Cambium differentiation stop time, have a great change in different habitats and species, the growth of trees in northern temperate regions, mostly concentrated in September. Spring, when the cambium recovery activities, spindle-shaped primitive cells divide rapidly inward xylem differentiation into a large number of molecules, the larger this time differentiated tracheids or molecular diameter of the catheter, the number of multiple, thin walls, a small number of wood fiber Therefore the material was relatively loose, this part of the timber is called early wood (or Jiaochun material). In the same year to the summer season, the cambium activity gradually weakened blasts week split accordingly slow down the speed, the smaller the diameter of differentiated cells, a small number, and a corresponding increase in the number of wood fiber, which is part of the relatively dense material, called late wood (also known as summer wood). In ring-porous dicotyledonous plants (such as oak and ash trees), the molecular diameter catheter significantly increased early part of the timber, while the latewood vessel elements is quite small. Gymnosperms diffuse porous wood and wood from earlywood to latewood changes, usually gradual, that no significant boundaries. However, in a growing season between late wood and early wood next growing season, but there is a clear line. From the roots and stems of the timber cross-section view, these boundaries become a circle concentric rings, each of which includes early wood and late wood ring in two parts, known as growth rings (or growth layer). Woody plants grown in temperate regions, usually within a year to form a growth ring, said ring special. It represents the number of formed within a year of secondary xylem. In a tree, the number of rings up gradually decreased from the trunk base. Sometimes there are two or more growth rings in one growing season, the two-wheeled or re-round. Such as citrus (citrus) stems cambium peak activity three times a year, so the year can produce three rings. Some plants due to sudden changes in climate, such as the effects of cold or heat transfer, or long-term drought or pests, as well as the invasion of strong typhoons and other natural disasters in particular, there will be years of round phenomenon. Someone will be formed within a year of several growth rings in the final round, called the real ring, the rest of the round collectively rings false or pseudo-rings. In the case of some of the growing season with frost, especially late frosts, easy to form a layer of the original cells are damaged, resulting in a tape containing parenchyma irregular, i.e., said ring or frost wounds wheel. And some trees, because abnormal climate, so do not differentiate cambium until growth environment for the activities only began to form a ring, so that will be missing in transverse section wood growth rings corresponding phenomenon occurs. Such as trees in semi-arid forest edges, or often missing in some cases grown round the base of the old tree trunk wood. Grown in tropical or subtropical regions of woody plants, such as eucalyptus, etc., due within one year without apparent seasons, cambium activity is almost non-stop throughout the year, so it is difficult to see the wood growth ring or partial ring boundaries. However, some species of timber, by means of microscopic chemical methods to identify the boundaries of the growth wheel. In the same growing season, in addition to the original cells form layers inward produce large secondary xylem elements outside, but also outward division and differentiation of secondary phloem child, these molecules are arranged according to a certain schema proceed. Especially in the vicinity of the secondary phloem layer region is formed in accordance secondary phloem phloem parenchyma or thick tissue, since the expansion of the volume of certain cells, some cells are squeezed or deformed and periderm formation and other reasons, resulting in this part of the growth ring boundaries blurred. About the situation of secondary phloem, or outside layer of bark forming part of the growth ring or rings. In the formation of the wood rings, many internal and external factors affecting its great. For example, in loose porous species dicots, when the buds sprout before forming a layer over the entire plant blasts no endogenous hormones exist only after the buds produce auxin, then began activities in the cambium Moe sprouting underside. As auxin moves downward, forming a layer of activity gradually extended to the stem base. In general the size of half the length of the blades when ripe, stem base portion forming layer just waking, but annual branches, the new molecule has long xylem differentiation out, or even a cell wall lignification also. From the top to the base of the trunk, cambium activity intervals sometimes up to 8-10 weeks. In contrast, in the ring porous wood, forming a layer almost simultaneously started its activities in various parts of the whole plant, it can be speculated that auxin precursor layer may be formed throughout the early primitive cells, once the swelling buds, auxin precursor That change was prompted cambium primitive cell division auxin. In most species, the time for the new xylem differentiation molecules, both in the first 3-18 days after the leaves unfold. In addition gibberellin and cytokinin in plants such as endogenous hormones, for splitting the original cambium cells, differentiation, cell wall thickening in xylem elements, and earlywood to latewood transition so closely related. In addition to endogenous hormones, the products of photosynthesis carbohydrates also one of the factors affecting the formation of rings. For example, in the late wood walls significantly thicker, then an increase in the supply of carbohydrates have a close relationship. External factors affecting the formation of rings, there are light, temperature, rainfall and mineral nutrition supply and other factors. Such as growth in long-day (photoperiod of 18 hours) of acacia, whether high or low temperatures, are generating a lot of early wood molecules. If the short day (8 hours photoperiod) conditions, only a small amount without a small diameter catheter or catheter. In conifers, the change in the diameter of Traeheid often concerned with day length. And also has a direct relationship between the high and low temperatures. During the growing season, if you encounter little rainfall or dry heat outside factor, not only affects the growth of trees, but also limits the cambium activity, resulting in a narrow wood growth rings. Some people compare the two trees grow in different habitats of Sitka spruce (picea sitchensis), which grow in arid barren tree rock crevices, and its age was 86 years, while the trunk diameter of only 1.8 cm, with an average width of the ring is 0.1 mm. The other tree growing in natural conditions are better places, with an average width of several rings of up to about 12 mm, discrepancy was a hundred times. As we all know, woody plants grown in temperate regions, the number of rings the base of the stem, often as a basis for determination of the age of a tree. The width of the ring reflects not only the growth rate of trees, timber volume growth and wood properties in the pros and cons, etc., but also an important indicator of changes in the external environment factors. As in the abundant rainfall and warm climate conditions, the trees grow rapidly, from rings are also wider; conversely in cold and dry conditions, trees grow slowly, the ring becomes narrower. The width of tree rings true account of the weather conditions each year, so by analyzing the rings, get a few hundred or even a thousand years of climate evolution, which predict future climate change, the development of ultra-long-term weather forecasts, etc. is also a more reliable method. If people on the Tibetan plateau tree ring analysis, preliminary learned only twice this century have large cooling, temperatures in the region are currently rebounded; around the 1920s, rainfall has reached a peak, after a significant decline , and the current increases slightly. Through the analysis of annual rings of climate change can also draw a general rule, a period of about two hundred years, then there is 110 years, 92 years, 72 years and 33 years a small cycle. The width of tree rings also appears to be affected by the activities of the sunspot cycle, which is due to increase when the sunspots, intense solar activity increased, the emitted light and heat is more, thereby contributing to accelerate the growth of trees, rings corresponding distance widened. By analyzing the rings can also be found that the average sunspot activity cycle is about 11 years. In analyzing the rings, often using cross-dating method, that is to take the trees at the tree ring sequences to be compared, and some special extra wide or narrow rings as markers to analyze several _set_s of rings synchronization sequence, This would rule out false rings, or up into the missing ring, and finally get the right of each generation's rings. Tree rings or atmospheric pollution data repository. For example, flying from the mining of metal deposits, or metal smelting and processing of heavy metals out of the dust, gradually _set_tling into the soil near the trees in the growth process, and constantly inhaling from a large number of heavy metals in the soil, through the results of spectral analysis, can be measured in round "record" down the absorption of heavy metals in each of the years. When hydrogen fluoride gas contaminated only against pine weeks from the ring to exhibit poor growth to trace. Thus, in recent years, the use of tree rings to understand the situation of air pollution are also beginning to receive attention. From the rings on a tree stump cross-section can often help identify the direction. Because in the process of tree growth. South side of the trunk are more affected by sunlight, forming a layer of the original cell division are more rapid, radial growth accelerated, the result is wider rings stems south. In the shady north side of the stem, the ring is significant stenosis.
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The use of rings
The use of ring research began in the beginning of this century, the scholar Douglas, he was born in Vermont in 1867, and later to Arizona to establish a new weather station. In 1901 he began to several logging camps near Flagstaff, where a new study tree rings cutting patterns, trying to find evidence that these rings are recorded in 11-year cycle of sunspot activity. He did not immediately find evidence, but he noticed a ring type region and another region seems one goes for. For example, a new cutting trees in logging camps, which are two thin rings, the outside is three thick rings, new cutting trees other camps as well. One can infer that this type of show that two years is bad weather, good weather for three years. Douglas noted that this type of ring he found everywhere seem Jie in northern Arizona. In the first 20 years of this century, the Douglas continue to study ring type. In fact, the old building was measured by identifying the ring's Douglas initiative. The ruins of the American Southwest Indian village for a long time interest to archaeologists. Those village craftsmen meticulously originally built many houses which apparently has spent a lot of centuries, but then somehow, those villages are abandoned. It is estimated that the village as early as 2000 BC existed. Douglas from 1916 onwards visit the ruins of the Indian village of residual wood, to study the growth rings to determine its annualized. To 1929, he finally made a "floating" chronology. There are traditional local culture, in terms of using rings may surprise, surprise. For example, in medieval Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, muddy streets, people go out into the road paved logs. Stuck in the mud holes and a layer on layer, until now at least 28 street has filled with layer after layer of logs, these logs dating from 953 AD onwards until 1462, really rings Expo. Again, like Rembrandt and Rubens and other masters of painting, analyze its oak tree ring patterns seen painting on canvas board era. Application of the above mentioned rings, rings generally are within the scope of science. Now this is a subject of hot topics from the ring in major changes in the past measured weather and meteorology. This work is much more complicated than dating because it's different depending on the width of the growth rings in between. Because between the trees and the variation between the rings has its inherent nature, we can say that this tree to another tree older than 5 years, but it is difficult to determine the exact number of different widths between the rings. Modern science can talk about rings from the 1960s Fritz research biologist at the University of Arizona. Fritz and his colleagues carefully studied the growth process Tucson near some trees, branches and even whole trees they have to put on a plastic film, a tree to determine exactly how much the uptake and release of a variety of gases. After 10 summers of work, they finally detailed understanding of the whole process of a ring-ring growth. Growth ring is not as easy as it looks at first glance. For example, if last year was a great year of tree growth, then the roots stretch more than in previous years, the scope of this year's growth will be more than in previous years, the entire tree. Similarly, the growth rate slows down after a few years will make a bad year, but after a few years regardless of the climate. The analysis of the various effects of the tree being out is a daunting task, but once the task is completed, the results of the same chronology as a wide range of uses.
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Relationship rings and geography
We ring around the southwestern United States data collected, with 100 years of weather records to compare, you will see how the rings reflect climate. Therefore, there is no meteorological records for the period, from the case of a ring formed rings can be inferred that the climate. Fritz so the weather map of the western United States and northern Pacific preparing to about AD 1600. Experts also examined the effects of growth rings of acid rain on forests in the eastern United States. Gordon Jacoby of Columbia University explained that, with the trees become old, rings are becoming increasingly thin. This is a normal aging process. Thus it can be concluded: acid rain on erecting the opposite effect. We must also compare weather data to rule out other possible causes of tree growth slowed. To confirm the impact of acid rain, must find stunted than normal conditions. Jacoby saw three regions affected by acid rain in 12 delineated areas around New England states, and the remaining nine regions affected by acid rain did not. However, in some cases, the ring can also be used to influence the very surprisingly proved environmental pollution. For example, a research team found that the University of Arizona, British Columbia, Canada Etoile a smelter in Galena, Washington, United States occurred affect tree growth. When the plant started growing trees than normal lot of difference. But the factory closed a few years later, the trees growth back to normal. Rings also recorded volcanic eruptions. When Mount St. Helens erupted like a lot of dust and gases into the stratosphere, covering large areas of the sun. This causes the temperature drops below freezing, the trees left to mark a special cream called round. University of Arizona homes 瓦摩尔 Rama and his colleagues recently studied the frost on the loose wheel thorn fruit, many of which are found in line with the case of large volcanic eruptions. East Indies Tan Bola eruption had made in 1816 became the "year without a summer", that not only gives a volcanic eruption left a thorn fruit cream loose wheel, but the trees are also found in South Africa have this cream round . BC 1626 appeared particularly prominent cream wheels, wheel Rama homes that these creams may be caused by a volcanic eruption, volcanic eruptions that make the Aegean island of Santorini once disappeared. Mysterious sea sinking Atlantis story may have originated in that eruption. Lamasheti out of the era, although some archaeologists still controversial, but it is by far the most precise age. Carbon 14 method covers the determination of the outbreak of the crafts that volcanic era, the era of the Lamasheti unanimously. Another blip ring scientists began to seriously study the earthquake. Earthquake can cause damage to the tree, so that the tree produces a thin ring in some future year. Columbia University, Gordon Jacoby heart I saw a tree cross-section of pine tree, it grows thin irregular rings, and huddled together, but before it has grown very well. In 1857 a major earthquake rocked the southern California desert, where the tree just long. In this way, the tree can tell us what time period the fault is active period. Another big problem is that people care about: As the centuries continued burning of coal and oil, large accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, causing the Earth's future temperature increases. Meteorological data rings international relations program will be extended to the year 1700, this age is much higher than the industrial revolution began burning coal and oil even earlier. Rama homes, said: "There is no such data base, atmospheric scientists want to know exactly getting warmer trend, I am afraid that with 10 to 20 years of time to observe the temperature and carbon dioxide until then, I am afraid it is too late. . " Trees do not know nothing, omniscient. If we are not stupid, we can let the memory of trees to provide us with a variety of useful knowledge so that we can proficient in the past, but also foretell the future.
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Liang Xiaosheng "ring"
"Ring" is a book authored by Liang Xiaosheng
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Biology nouns
Brief introduction Tree rings has become an important area of scientific research. By rings, people can not only dating a lot of things happened, happened in the past detect earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and climate change, but also can infer the future. American Indian village in New Mexico, 17th century painting, medieval streets of Russian cities ...... between them seem unrelated, but now they are being linked to a new field of scientific research. This field is the study of tree rings. Note that rings true in the past, only the production of wood carving and crafts people, but human talent, advanced analysis, and the fate of God's favor, so the ring to become the object of many disciplines such as anthropology and even environmental science research. Origins ring studies Carpenter from ancient times onwards, we know there are trunk rings, with the rings, only appeared on the wood texture. To our knowledge, Aristotle's colleague had mentioned the ring, but the first time when Leonardo was increased around the annual growth rings. Today is already known: spring, Vientiane update, next to the bark inside the cell division; cell division after a large wall thickness, color, fresh, scientists called early wood; subsequent cell growth slowed, the thicker wall , smaller in size, darker, this is called late wood, tree trunks in the dark ring is formed by the late wood. After that, the tree and into the winter dormant period, cycle, cycle endless. In this way, the backbone of many trees will generate around and around in shades of white rings, each ring is a growing segment of the year. Such rings in conifers most significant, is not obvious in most temperate deciduous trees, whereas many tropical trees are not at all. Trees are living archive, the trunk in the ring is recorded. It shows not only the age of the trees themselves, but also to explain the annual precipitation and temperature changes. Rings may also be recorded on forest fires, as well as lessons learned from an early frost in the chemical composition of the surrounding environment. Therefore, if we know how to reveal the secret of the tree, it will tell us From its birth, a lot of things happening around. Trees have written records can tell us what happened before, you can also tell us something about the future. Tree records of weather can help us to understand the natural forces that contributed to the weather, which in turn can help us predict the future. Reasons for the formation of rings "Ring stem transverse section refers to the year saw growth in terms of layers of wood and bark." This is the 1957 International Association of Wood Anatomists published "wood anatomy terminology", the relevant "in Wheel "definition of the term. As to how the ring is formed, first and foremost from the vascular cambium layer structure and activity patterns of talk. Vascular cambium (or cambium) is a former secondary cambium evolved an ability to have unlimited meristem meristem. In the plant's life, it continues to produce secondary phloem outwards, inwards produce secondary xylem. Forming a layer of spindle-shaped cells and primitive ray blasts formed. Axially elongated spindle-shaped blasts ends wedge, and more rectangular in transverse section, cut to large radial width, length several times larger than the width of the cell. Spindle-shaped cells derived from the original axial system of secondary xylem and secondary phloem. Ray blasts smaller volume, almost as equal diameter or longer. Such primitive cells derived radial system secondary xylem and phloem. Although these two types of primitive cells in the external morphology vary greatly, but the ultrastructural basically the same. Active layer during the formation of the intermediate 1-2 with the original cell vacuole, cytoplasm rich surrounding ribosomal Golgi, and a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum. Cambium blasts dormant period, the vacuole becomes smaller, increase in the number of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum vesicles corresponding reduction cells also appeared more protein bodies and oil droplets, these substances are often stored in the growing season next year to be used at the start. Roots or stems of woody plants radial thickening, mainly the result of the original spindle-shaped cells by week split, this slow process of mitosis, such as conifers, each split time take four one six days (stem The apical meristem cells only 8-18 hours). When a spindle-shaped flat peripheral blast cells divide into two daughter cells when a derivative xylem mother cell (or the original xylem cells), or derivatized phloem mother cells (or phloem blasts). Another original spindle-shaped cells remain meristematic state. During the formation of the active layer, or some dividing cells have been split, and some still in the meristem state so that it would form a layer of a relatively wide area and undifferentiated cells. In this area, there is formed a layer of genuine original cell layer, and further comprising undifferentiated cells derived. Since the cell morphology indistinguishable from the cell types described above, for convenience, it will be collectively referred to as the cells forming the layer region (or the band-forming layer). See the section cut from the layer region is formed to form the layer arrangement of the original cell can be divided into two types: one is formed in layer linden (Tilia) and Robinia (Robinia) and other plants, the spindle-shaped are arranged in almost the original cell the same level layer, called storeyed cambium. First, spindle-shaped cells in the original invasive growth, the cells are interleaved with the ends of the longitudinal elongation, and not arranged in the same horizontal level, so called non-storeyed forming layer as Castanea (Castanea), and Juglans (Juglans) other plants. Spindle-shaped stem or progenitor cells to adapt to the root of the radial thickening, cell division itself, in order to increase the number of primitive cells, this special division called proliferation division. In different plants, proliferation and division are not the same way as in a stack of plants forming layer, multi-radial anticlinal division mainly in conifers non-storeyed cambium and some dicotyledonous plants, common false transverse division, also known as oblique anticlinal division. From the spindle-shaped cells were split to form the original ray primitive cells, which are a common phenomenon. Ray blasts itself laterally or anticlinal division, the final form single or multiple columns rays. Woody plants grown in temperate regions, with seasonal climate changes, but also clearly reflected in the cycle activity cambium. Winter blasts cambium stopped dividing, the following spring began restoration activities, to the summer and gradually weakened, then stop the activity. Again and again, year after year. When the cambium blasts recovery activities can be divided into two phases: (1) forming a radial layer blasts stretch, radial wall becomes thin, then susceptible to frost damage. (2) the original cells begin to divide, this stage is often compared to the previous stage nights a few weeks. The species grows in the Beijing region, layer formation time to start activities, generally in April each year, mid. In most species, when the cambium begin to differentiate, phloem differentiation often the first child for a month or longer in the xylem, or both almost simultaneously differentiation. Cambium differentiation stop time, have a great change in different habitats and species, the growth of trees in northern temperate regions, mostly concentrated in September. Spring, when the cambium recovery activities, spindle-shaped primitive cells divide rapidly inward xylem differentiation into a large number of molecules, the larger this time differentiated tracheids or molecular diameter of the catheter, the number of multiple, thin walls, a small number of wood fiber Therefore the material was relatively loose, this part of the timber is called early wood (or Jiaochun material). In the same year to the summer season, the cambium activity gradually weakened blasts week split accordingly slow down the speed, the smaller the diameter of differentiated cells, a small number, and a corresponding increase in the number of wood fiber, which is part of the relatively dense material, called late wood (also known as summer wood). In ring-porous dicotyledonous plants (such as oak and ash trees), the molecular diameter catheter significantly increased early part of the timber, while the latewood vessel elements is quite small. Gymnosperms diffuse porous wood and wood from earlywood to latewood changes, usually gradual, that no significant boundaries. However, in a growing season between late wood and early wood next growing season, but there is a clear line. From the roots and stems of the timber cross-section view, these boundaries become a circle concentric rings, each of which includes early wood and late wood ring in two parts, known as growth rings (or growth layer). Woody plants grown in temperate regions, usually within a year to form a growth ring, said ring special. It represents the number of formed within a year of secondary xylem. In a tree, the number of rings up gradually decreased from the trunk base. Sometimes there are two or more growth rings in one growing season, the two-wheeled or re-round. Such as citrus (Citrus) stems cambium peak activity three times a year, so the year can produce three rings. Some plants due to sudden changes in climate, such as the effects of cold or heat transfer, or long-term drought or pests, as well as the invasion of strong typhoons and other natural disasters in particular, there will be years of round phenomenon. Someone will be formed within a year of several growth rings in the final round, called the real ring, the rest of the round collectively rings false or pseudo-rings. In the case of some of the growing season with frost, especially late frosts, easy to form a layer of the original cells are damaged, resulting in an irregular band the parenchyma, that is called wound round the ring, or cream. And some trees, because abnormal climate, so do not differentiate cambium until growth environment for the activities only began to form a ring, so that will be missing in transverse section wood growth rings corresponding phenomenon occurs. Such as trees in semi-arid forest edges, or often missing in some cases grown round the base of the old tree trunk wood. Grown in tropical or subtropical regions of woody plants, such as eucalyptus, etc., due within one year without apparent seasons, cambium activity is almost non-stop throughout the year, so it is difficult to see the wood growth ring or partial ring boundaries. However, some species of timber, by means of microscopic chemical methods to identify the boundaries of the growth wheel. In the same growing season, in addition to the original cells form layers inward produce large secondary xylem elements outside, but also outward division and differentiation of secondary phloem child, these molecules are arranged according to a certain schema proceed. Especially in the vicinity of the secondary phloem layer region is formed in accordance secondary phloem phloem parenchyma or thick tissue, since the expansion of the volume of certain cells, some cells are squeezed or deformed and periderm formation and other reasons, resulting in this part of the growth ring boundaries blurred. About the situation of secondary phloem, or outside layer of bark forming part of the growth ring or rings. In the formation of the wood rings, many internal and external factors affecting its great. For example, in loose porous species dicots, when the buds sprout before forming a layer over the entire plant blasts no endogenous hormones exist only after the buds produce auxin, then began activities in the cambium Moe sprouting underside. As auxin moves downward, forming a layer of activity gradually extended to the stem base. In general the size of half the length of the blades when ripe, stem base portion forming layer just waking, but annual branches, the new molecule has long xylem differentiation out, or even a cell wall lignification also. From the top to the base of the trunk, cambium activity intervals sometimes up to 8-10 weeks. In contrast, in the ring porous wood, forming a layer almost simultaneously started its activities in various parts of the whole plant, it can be speculated that auxin precursor layer may be formed throughout the early primitive cells, once the swelling buds, auxin precursor That change was prompted cambium primitive cell division auxin. In most species, the time for the new xylem differentiation molecules, both in the first 3-18 days after the leaves unfold. In addition gibberellin and cytokinin in plants such as endogenous hormones, for splitting the original cambium cells, differentiation, cell wall thickening in xylem elements, and earlywood to latewood transition so closely related. In addition to endogenous hormones, the products of photosynthesis carbohydrates also one of the factors affecting the formation of rings. For example, in the late wood walls significantly thicker, then an increase in the supply of carbohydrates have a close relationship. External factors affecting the formation of rings, there are light, temperature, rainfall and mineral nutrition supply and other factors. Such as growth in long-day (photoperiod of 18 hours) of acacia, whether high or low temperatures, are generating a lot of early wood molecules. If the short day (8 hours photoperiod) conditions, only a small amount without a small diameter catheter or catheter. In conifers, the change in the diameter of Traeheid often concerned with day length. And also has a direct relationship between the high and low temperatures. During the growing season, if you encounter little rainfall or dry heat outside factor, not only affects the growth of trees, but also limits the cambium activity, resulting in a narrow wood growth rings. Some people compare the two trees grow in different habitats of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), which grow in arid barren tree rock crevices, and its age was 86 years, while the trunk diameter of only 1.8 cm, with an average width of the ring is 0.1 mm. The other tree growing in natural conditions are better places, with an average width of several rings of up to about 12 mm, discrepancy was a hundred times. As we all know, woody plants grown in temperate regions, the number of rings the base of the stem, often as a basis for determination of the age of a tree. The width of the ring reflects not only the growth rate of trees, timber volume growth and wood properties in the pros and cons, etc., but also an important indicator of changes in the external environment factors. As in the abundant rainfall and warm climate conditions, the trees grow rapidly, from rings are also wider; conversely in cold and dry conditions, trees grow slowly, the ring becomes narrower. The width of tree rings true account of the weather conditions each year, so by analyzing the rings, get a few hundred or even a thousand years of climate evolution, which predict future climate change, the development of ultra-long-term weather forecasts, etc. is also a more reliable method. If people on the Tibetan plateau tree ring analysis, preliminary learned only twice this century have large cooling, temperatures in the region are currently rebounded; around the 1920s, rainfall has reached a peak, after a significant decline , and the current increases slightly. Through the analysis of annual rings of climate change can also draw a general rule, a period of about two hundred years, then there is 110 years, 92 years, 72 years and 33 years a small cycle. The width of tree rings also appears to be affected by the activities of the sunspot cycle, which is due to increase when the sunspots, intense solar activity increased, the emitted light and heat is more, thereby contributing to accelerate the growth of trees, rings corresponding distance widened. By analyzing the rings can also be found that the average sunspot activity cycle is about 11 years. In analyzing the rings, often using cross-dating method, that is to take the trees at the tree ring sequences to be compared, and some special extra wide or narrow rings as markers to analyze several _set_s of rings synchronization sequence, This would rule out false rings, or up into the missing ring, and finally get the right of each generation's rings. Tree rings or atmospheric pollution data repository. For example, flying from the mining of metal deposits, or metal smelting and processing of heavy metals out of the dust, gradually _set_tling into the soil near the trees in the growth process, and constantly inhaling from a large number of heavy metals in the soil, through the results of spectral analysis, can be measured in round "record" down the absorption of heavy metals in each of the years. When hydrogen fluoride gas contaminated only against pine weeks from the ring to exhibit poor growth to trace. Thus, in recent years, the use of tree rings to understand the situation of air pollution are also beginning to receive attention. From the rings on a tree stump cross-section can often help identify the direction. Because in the process of tree growth. South side of the trunk are more affected by sunlight, forming a layer of the original cell division are more rapid, radial growth accelerated, the result is wider rings stems south. In the shady north side of the stem, the ring is significant stenosis. The use of rings The use of ring research began in the beginning of this century, the scholar Douglas, he was born in Vermont in 1867, and later to Arizona to establish a new weather station. In 1901 he began to several logging camps near Flagstaff, where a new study tree rings cutting patterns, trying to find evidence that these rings are recorded in 11-year cycle of sunspot activity. He did not immediately find evidence, but he noticed a ring type region and another region seems one goes for. For example, a new cutting trees in logging camps, which are two thin rings, the outside is three thick rings, new cutting trees other camps as well. One can infer that this type of show that two years is bad weather, good weather for three years. Douglas noted that this type of ring he found everywhere seem Jie in northern Arizona. In the first 20 years of this century, the Douglas continue to study ring type. In fact, the old building was measured by identifying the ring's Douglas initiative. The ruins of the American Southwest Indian village for a long time interest to archaeologists. Those village craftsmen meticulously originally built many houses which apparently has spent a lot of centuries, but then somehow, those villages are abandoned. It is estimated that the village as early as 2000 BC existed. Douglas from 1916 onwards visit the ruins of the Indian village of residual wood, to study the growth rings to determine its annualized. To 1929, he finally made a "floating" chronology. There are traditional local culture, in terms of using rings may surprise, surprise. For example, in medieval Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, muddy streets, people go out into the road paved logs. Stuck in the mud holes and a layer on layer, until now at least 28 street has filled with layer after layer of logs, these logs dating from 953 AD onwards until 1462, really rings Expo. Again, like Rembrandt and Rubens and other masters of painting, analyze its oak tree ring patterns seen painting on canvas board era. 1890s, American scientists Douglas created a new field of science - Dendrochronology. Dendrochronology is a type of the ring as a standard scale meteorological past to study science. From the stump, wood and live trees can be seen rings of width. The annual growth of trees is largely dependent on soil moisture: moisture more fully, more wide rings. By comparing the tree rings of the same area, you can distinguish each circle's growth rings. Then, can be divided into the ring on behalf of each lap The exact date of the table, such as a forest fire, a date landslide events. Application of the above mentioned rings, rings generally are within the scope of science. Now this is a subject of hot topics from the ring in major changes in the past measured weather and meteorology. This work is much more complicated than dating because it's different depending on the width of the growth rings in between. Because between the trees and the variation between the rings has its inherent nature, we can say that this tree to another tree older than 5 years, but it is difficult to determine the exact number of different widths between the rings. Modern science can talk about rings from the 1960s Fritz research biologist at the University of Arizona. Fritz and his colleagues carefully studied the growth process Tucson near some trees, branches and even whole trees they have to put on a plastic film, a tree to determine exactly how much the uptake and release of a variety of gases. After 10 summers of work, they finally detailed understanding of the whole process of a ring-ring growth. Growth ring is not as easy as it looks at first glance. For example, if last year was a great year of tree growth, then the roots stretch more than in previous years, the scope of this year's growth will be more than in previous years, the entire tree. Similarly, the growth rate slows down after a few years will make a bad year, but after a few years regardless of the climate. The analysis of the various effects of the tree being out is a daunting task, but once the task is completed, the results of the same chronology as a wide range of uses. Relationship rings and geography We ring around the southwestern United States data collected, with 100 years of weather records to compare, you will see how the rings reflect climate. Therefore, there is no meteorological records for the period, from the case of a ring formed rings can be inferred that the climate. Fritz so the weather map of the western United States and northern Pacific preparing to about AD 1600. Experts also examined the effects of growth rings of acid rain on forests in the eastern United States. Gordon Jacoby of Columbia University explained that, with the trees become old, rings are becoming increasingly thin. This is a normal aging process. Thus it can be concluded: acid rain on erecting the opposite effect. We must also compare weather data to rule out other possible causes of tree growth slowed. To confirm the impact of acid rain, must find stunted than normal conditions. Jacoby saw three regions affected by acid rain in 12 delineated areas around New England states, and the remaining nine regions affected by acid rain did not. However, in some cases, the ring can also be used to influence the very surprisingly proved environmental pollution. For example, a research team found that the University of Arizona, British Columbia, Canada Etoile a smelter in Galena, Washington, United States occurred affect tree growth. When the plant started growing trees than normal lot of difference. But the factory closed a few years later, the trees growth back to normal. Rings also recorded volcanic eruptions. When Mount St. Helens erupted like a lot of dust and gases into the stratosphere, covering large areas of the sun. This causes the temperature drops below freezing, the trees left to mark a special cream called round. University of Arizona homes 瓦摩尔 Rama and his colleagues recently studied the frost on the loose wheel thorn fruit, many of which are found in line with the case of large volcanic eruptions. East Indies Tan Bola eruption had made in 1816 became the "year without a summer", that not only gives a volcanic eruption left a thorn fruit cream loose wheel, but the trees are also found in South Africa have this cream round . BC 1626 appeared particularly prominent cream wheels, wheel Rama homes that these creams may be caused by a volcanic eruption, volcanic eruptions that make the Aegean island of Santorini once disappeared. Mysterious sea sinking Atlantis story may have originated in that eruption. Lamasheti out of the era, although some archaeologists still controversial, but it is by far the most precise age. Carbon 14 method covers the determination of the outbreak of the crafts that volcanic era, the era of the Lamasheti unanimously. Another blip ring scientists began to seriously study the earthquake. Earthquake can cause damage to the tree, so that the tree produces a thin ring in some future year. Columbia University, Gordon Jacoby heart I saw a tree cross-section of pine tree, it grows thin irregular rings, and huddled together, but before it has grown very well. In 1857 a major earthquake rocked the southern California desert, where the tree just long. In this way, the tree can tell us what time period the fault is active period. Another big problem is that people care about: As the centuries continued burning of coal and oil, large accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, causing the Earth's future temperature increases. Meteorological data rings international relations program will be extended to the year 1700, this age is much higher than the industrial revolution began burning coal and oil even earlier. Rama homes, said: "There is no such data base, atmospheric scientists want to know exactly getting warmer trend, I am afraid that with 10 to 20 years of time to observe the temperature and carbon dioxide until then, I am afraid it is too late. . " Trees do not know nothing, omniscient. If we are not stupid, we can let the memory of trees to provide us with a variety of useful knowledge so that we can proficient in the past, but also foretell the future.
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Liang Xiaosheng novel "ring"
Author: Liang Xiaosheng the Publisher: Wenhui Press Published: 2007-2-1 Words: 600000 Pages: 553 Folio: 32 Paper: off_set_ paper ISBN: 9787807411420 Packaging: Paperback Price: ¥ 46.00 Introduction The book of the Republic of peers through the course together with the motherland as a backdrop, was in the Great Northern Wilderness rustication of six male and female youth's life on the road as the main line, showing the Chinese society in recent decades have experienced ups and downs and ups and downs , outlined the ring Republic. The book's protagonist experienced a natural disaster of the 1960s, prematurely tasted the hardships of life; vigorous "Cultural Revolution", so that they too have lost too boosting; magical Wilderness had to make them excited, too make them confused frustration. They have a traditional Chinese family affection, but also higher than the family, for friends obligatory friendship, there accidentally, full of tragic love. When the tide of reform swept the earth, the best time of their lives has gone. However, they are relying indomitable will, tenacious struggle with fate, with their wisdom, their own blood to write a generation sublime life, portraying the Republic of peers rings. About the Author Liang Xiaosheng - famous contemporary writers. Native of Shandong Rongcheng, born in Harbin, now lives in Beijing, taught at Beijing Language and Culture University College of Humanities department. Former Beijing Film Studio editor, screenwriter, deputy director of the China Children's Film Studio Arts Council, China Film Review Committee member of China's imports of movies and Review Committee. Since the eighties of the twentieth century, to the educated youth literature masterpiece "This is a magical land," "Tonight blizzard" and "Syracuse", "ring", "dead Javert," "fear" and other renowned literature. Twenty years of creative strength diminished, fruitful, works more than ten million words. Since 1984, the name has been _set_ out in the United States, Britain, Australia and the three countries, "Who in the World." How publishing works in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and was translated into English, French, Russian, Japan and other countries of text. Extremely wide creative range, in addition to novels, also includes prose, essays, literary criticism, essays and commentaries on current affairs and many other sports community of Chinese literature has a long and important impact. Directory This situation can no longer (preface) Chapter one Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter Book Excerpt Blackboard, three teenagers were in the bend socks. They are fifth grade students, all the left or right edge of the foot on the podium ...... Sri Lanka when the classroom was silent, only three teenagers. In the north of the northernmost capital city in which one September morning sun is still warm. To meet the National Day, the classroom windows had obviously been rubbed shiny. If there is no frame, at first glance, like nonexistent. A few days ago, the music teacher at the class meeting the teacher said: "before the National Day, the school as usual, to conduct health assessments last year our class because the windows do not carefully polished, deducted two points, so I did not comment on the first year, we hope. Ban is the first. " Music teacher always speaks very softly, remarks that she has made it very lightly. First, although she seems to have hope, but if you actually still did not get the first, that she would not feel how frustrated. It seems, it is purely a school teacher asked each leader must say to the students, otherwise she might not say. For nearly two months, the music teacher's haggard face every day. Each student can see, music teacher certainly fell seriously ill, she was holding on to the students in class every day. Even the most mischievous boys in the class, since the past two months have discipline. It was a Chinese person most capable of Care of the era. Because the year is 1961. From 一九 六 ○ onwards, whether rural or urban, 99 per cent of people are starving in varying degrees. Some provinces are hundreds of thousands of people starved to death. Hunger has so little sympathetic actually make between Chinese people. Because the only way they will feel a little live fairly easy. Whether in primary, secondary or university, the teachers the students have less stringent requirements; in the eyes of the students, the teachers have also changed. In the past frequently pout big plus for students reprimanded teacher clearly has no Manner hungry as before it. Leaving the students feel kind of teacher, the students are naturally more intimate - and such music teacher. When she looked at the students standing in front of the blackboard, the eyes often filled with love and affection. Although she faced only a fifth grader, but they were all able to understand that a love and affection from her eyes. That generation of Chinese primary school students, both at home and at school, are all too eager to be the love and affection. What will want to get what is particularly sensitive. Even animals will, too. Day empty stomach, heart side not too ah! Music teacher, after all, is a teacher for the students of the stomach, she could not give anything; she can give, just the hearts of the students the edge needed. Although, given the kind of food can not be equal, but it can play a role in the stomach a little anesthesia. So a few words on the music teacher, the class of the girls became lunch is their sacred task. They used a Sunday afternoon in earnest in that task completed. Some girls even more transparent as glass and polished at the expense of their own small handkerchief. It is one of only a small number of primary school age girls have a handkerchief. Most of them go to school just before pocketing a roll of paper cut into the size of a handkerchief only. Because girls are so bright polished glass, the three boys are socks before putting the board also extremely clean and polished. Obviously both are hungry hungry, but there is a good feeling to do proctor's responsibilities, which in today's children is certainly difficult to understand - but that's exactly what year pupils characteristics. Learn nothing bad, but definitely not thinking than the "collective" required differential - this awareness has already printed on their minds up. Sanitary duties unrelated bad attitude and learning, but certainly with what others thought was linked to comment. Little age to them, there is always understood this. Sunlight through the window, the classroom shines warm. One of them, wiped his forehead with the back. He has been sweating. They went so far do not fasten your shoelaces - wait a minute! Huh? They are not in the original tie shoes, but shoes with chalk coated broken their feet. Yes. By doing so, they are attempting to break the shoes of their feet painted white. That year, a pair of white shoes than a pair of black or blue shoes expensive one yuan of money, called the Chinese Young Pioneers' team shoes. " As the special shoes, produced less, so expensive. Their feet are not wearing the team shoes. Their parents never willing to spend one yuan more than double the money to buy them, "team shoes." Previously they participate in the activities of the Young Pioneers, had said a few days in advance to make good things to have worn thin lips, "team shoes" of students to borrow. Generally people are poor; they are more poor people's children. ......
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TV series "ring"
Brief introduction In the 1990s, there is one called "ring" TV series, is written in the northeast city of several youth and everything a clutch of stories, the time span in the late sixties to the late eighties, exactly twenty years or so, a drama released immediately in contemporary youth in particular, has aroused strong repercussions among the educated youth, many youth in droves to the original decentralized rural or Production and Construction Corps, probing their growth dreams. "Twenty years after the encounter," the trend has become the contemporary youth. Cast Liu Zhenxing - Wangfeng Bin Hande treasure - Shao Bo Tsui Hark - Song Kai Youth Hao Mei - Qu Min Middle-aged Mei Hao - Wang Libo Young Meng - Li Wang Xiaosong - Zhang Hui Liu Zhenxing - Wang Yang Wang Xiaosong - possession Hung Steel Trailer: There is no heaven Wilderness Words: Xiao City Song: Wang Liguang Arranger: Zhang Hongguang Song: Han Lei Asked the father asked the mother asked the sun_set_ / heaven there is no Wilderness Children shout shout shout Sun Moon / Great Northern Wilderness in heaven there is no Ye not seen / caught fire in Red Sorghum Ye not seen / square cross-legged on the kang Tan Ye wine fragrance gone / snow Lane Ye not seen / Smokeless point where the sun haystack Ye wine fragrance gone / snow Lane Ye not seen / Smokeless point where the sun haystack Beautiful Songhua River / wave with wave to the front Steady stream flowing / nightly into dreamland Do not make me look back / Let me take a trip Do not make me look back / Let me take a trip Tall birch in / have my youth in homeless Tall birch in / have my youth in homeless Beautiful Songhua River / wave with wave to the front Steady stream flowing / nightly into dreamland Do not make me look back / Let me take a trip Do not make me look back / Let me take a trip Tall birch in / have my youth in homeless Tall birch in / have my youth in homeless Beautiful Songhua River / wave with wave to the front Steady stream flowing / nightly into dreamland Do not make me look back / Let me take a trip Do not make me look back / Let me take a trip Tall birch in / have my youth in homeless Tall birch in / have my youth in homeless Oh ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "Hold your hand" TV [ring] theme song - Original singer Xie Dong Cool dream story Really, really can not forget, Beneath the bitter snow village vague and clear, I know that the years thanks to you, Since then disappear in the birch Love Lane. Your gentleness has been close to my chest, Your smile I had to muster the courage to survive, At that moment, I silently told myself, Hold your hand, to get out of the winter. A multitude of things past, I do not know I do not know where to talk, Beneath the bitter snow village vague and clear, Cape rove day, not forgetting the only you, Memory patch of birch, Wiped away forever, Although autumn leaves falling heavily, Years of reincarnation again I drunkenly went looking, Because long after, I still feel myself, Let go of your hand only to find it hard to leave their homeland, They find it hard to leave their homeland. Modern fiction writer Hoda: "ring" Author: Hoda The first chapter go The second chapter search Chapter III Interview Chapter IV Hope Chapter V Do Chapter VI thinking
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English Expression
: treering
n.: ring, annual ring, an annual ring, year rings (indicating the age of a tree)
French Expression
n. cerne
Related Phrases
film and television
courtyard bairn
brave the journey to the Northeast(to ekeout an existence in the old society)