Ostreatus of sweet, warm. Herd cold, Shujin vibrant effect. Kanji lumbar and leg pain, numbness, veins blocked illnesses. The proteoglycans in the oyster mushroom has a strong inhibitory effect on cancer cells, enhance immune function. Vegetables ostreatus not only can improve the body's metabolism play a role in regulating autonomic and reduce human serum cholesterol, lower blood pressure, and prevention and treatment of hepatitis, gastric ulcer. Duodenal ulcer, high blood pressure had a significant effect. Cancer prevention, regulating menopausal syndrome, improve human metabolism, enhance physical fitness has benefits.
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Variety
Despite the wide variety of mushroom, mycelium and fruiting body growth and development in addition to the required temperature differences, the other growth conditions and cultivation processes are basically the same. Therefore, cultivation techniques described in this article apply to commercial cultivation of these varieties. Generally speaking, China's current mushroom varieties, mushroom variety, but also the most confusing, homonyms, synonyms many, difficult to distinguish, inconvenience for scientific research and production, the author only on traits Some species clear to the reader, due to the many varieties currently in use were not rigorous identification and validation, this article can only authorize the collection and preservation of bacteria from the relevant departments of the State of bacteria-based library to introduce the reader to the number of varieties. Due to differences in the different mushroom species and cultivars, producers focus only on commercial properties, and therefore divided mushroom varieties and species sometimes related, sometimes it seems irrelevant. This article only introduces the reader to the producer and easy to use and the type of mushroom species. Divided by color varieties People in different parts of different mushroom color preferences, so growers _select_ varieties of fruiting body color is often the first place. By fruiting body color, can be divided into a dark mushroom species (black seed), light-colored species, milky white seed species and four varieties of types. ① dark colors (black seed). Such multi-color varieties of species and wide temperature is low species belonging P.ostreatus and delicious ear. And the degree of color shades change with temperature change. The lower the temperature the darker the color Zeze general, the higher the temperature the more pale color. In addition, insufficient light color is also lighter. Such species as accc50822, accc50823, accc50596, accc50272, accc50249, accc50149, accc50151 so on. The species is good quality dark, showing flesh, fresh, smooth, rich, well organized and good taste. ② colored species (light gray). Such color varieties are mostly low-temperature species, the most suitable temperature slightly dark fruiting species, mostly delicious ear species. The color is rather shallow with increasing temperature, with enhanced light and deepened. Such species as accc50618, accc50484, accc50544, accc50545 so on. ③ milky kind. Such a variety of color temperature in a wide variety, species belonging to Florida ear.
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Biological characteristics
Morphology Since many types of mushroom cultivation, as producers look from simple to distinguish common species, in order to avoid sales wrong way. Therefore, this article briefly describes the main from the appearance of several commonly cultivated mushroom species morphology. ① mycelium. Various kinds of cultivated mycelia are white, white on agar medium, thick, ranging from the amount of aerial hyphae. P.ostreatus and delicious ear: aerial hyphae bushy, culture late in the aerial hyphae often appear yellow secretions, which appeared "yellow tip" phenomenon. Does not form a skin fungus. Florida ear: Front aerial hyphae less than two, appear more orderly and bushy flat, no "yellow tip" phenomenon, covered a few days old and prone to skin bacteria, fungus skin tight and hard. White yellow ear etc. eurythermic species: aerial hyphae than the first three, growth flat, no "yellow tip." After easily form a slope covered with skin bacteria, fungus skin soft, flexible, hard to split. ② fruiting bodies. Pleurotus various entities under common seed morphological characteristics are: Gill Nobu, Stipe lateral. The main basis for identification of different species from the taxonomy is the host, cap color, seasonal occurrence, structure and spores Hymenium within. P.ostreatus and delicious ear: cap diameter of 5 to 21 cm, gray, light gray, slate gray, gray, gray to dark gray, rounded cap over the edge. Stipe short, 1 to 3 cm long, thick 1 to 2 cm, base often fluff. Cap and stipe are softer. Spore print white, some varieties slightly purple color. Fruiting bodies often fir students even storeyed. Florida ear: cap diameter of 5 to 23 cm, white, white to tan. And the color varies with different light. Heat and light is weak or milky white, low temperatures and strong light brown color. Fir or scattered. Stipe longer, thin, often smaller base, the upper thicker than the real internal and fiber-rich surface, spore print white. White yellow ear and other eurythermic varieties: the fruiting bodies of 3 to 25 cm, and more than 10 cm, pale, higher light gray, Slate Gray, gray, temperature, color and more shallow. Fir or scattered, never storeyed. Some varieties of higher degree fibrous stalk. Fruiting body formation at low temperatures deep color dense and resistant to transportation. Pleurotus: fruiting bodies of large, 8 to 25 cm, and more than 10 cm, tan cap, often on radial lines, wavy curved edges when mature, white fungus flesh, soft and delicate, cap thick, often up to 1.8 cm or more. Fir or scattered, or solitary. Stipe short and thick and soft, usually 1.5 to 4.0 cm long, thick 1 to 1.8 cm. Environmental conditions required for the growth and development ① nutrition. Mushroom can take advantage of many nutrients, plant residues like wood and fibrous plant residues can be utilized. When cultivated, in order to waste cotton, cottonseed hulls, corn cobs, cotton stalks, large soybean straw yield is higher, other agricultural and forestry wastes can also be used, such as wood chips, straw, wheat straw, corn cob, etc. ② temperature. Mycelial growth of different kinds of mycelial growth temperature range and optimum temperature are not identical, the majority of species and varieties in 5 ~ 35 ℃ can grow, 20 ~ 30 ℃ in common is that they are suitable for the growth temperature range, low-temperature and low-temperature class Variety is the optimum growth temperature 24 ~ 26 ℃, the temperature class and the wide varieties of temperature optimum growth temperature is about 28 ℃, Pleurotus optimum growth temperature 25 ~ 27 ℃. Fruiting body formation and growth, as mentioned above, from the point of view of mushroom fruiting body formation temperature, species can be divided into several large temperate, which several temperate species, in addition to a special kind of high-temperature, most species at 10 ~ can fruiting within 20 ℃. Within the appropriate temperature range, the higher the temperature, the faster the growth of fruiting bodies, the thinner the cap, the color the more light. ③ humidity. Mycelial growth substrate moisture of 60% to 65% is the optimum, lack of substrate moisture, fat slow bacteria, fungus latecomer to postpone the completion of fruiting. Raw material cultivation, when the substrate water content is too high, poor ventilation, mycelial growth is slow, but easy to breed anaerobic bacteria or fungi. Fruiting period to 70% to 75% is the optimum, relative humidity at 85% to 95% fruiting bodies grow rapidly and thrive, while less than 80% cap is easy to dry edges or cracking, then a longer time than 95% prone to rotten mushrooms. In the raw material cultivation, often taken for dry hair fungus, fruiting period replenishment methods to ensure issuance of not mildew fungus infection, and to ensure sufficient moisture fruiting period for fruiting. ④ air. Mushroom is a good aerobic fungi mycelium can grow normally covered in plastic film, plastic film sealing the bottle bacteria can grow normally. And at a certain concentration of carbon dioxide in the air in nature mycelium growth better than the normal levels of carbon dioxide. That is, a certain concentration of carbon monoxide can stimulate the growth of mushroom mycelium, but fruiting body formation, differentiation and development need plenty of oxygen, carbon dioxide is harmful to their growth and development. In the lack of oxygen, carbon dioxide concentration is too high, not easy to form fruiting bodies, or fruiting body primordia do not differentiate, or appear second degree of differentiation, or Bigfoot small cap mushrooms and other deformities. ⑤ light. Mushroom mycelium does not need light, light but inhibited mycelial growth. Thus, during the spawn dark or low light conditions should be given. However, the occurrence of fruiting bodies or growth needs light, especially fruiting body primordia. In addition, the light intensity also affects the length of the fruiting bodies of color and pattern. In contrast, under strong light conditions, fruiting darker color, shank, short, good flesh quality; insufficient light, fruiting lighter color, handle length, flesh thin, poor quality. So, pay attention to the cultivation give proper illumination. ⑥ pH (ph value). Mushroom mycelium in the range of 3.5 to 9.0 ph value can grow inside, suitable ph value of 5.4 to 7.5. After the cultivation, cultivation of natural materials and natural water mix, multi-matrix pH 6.0 to 7.5, are advised to mushroom mycelium growth. However, the actual cultivation, often by adding lime to increase the pH value of 7.5 to 8.5 ph to inhibit mold and breeding to ensure the spawn. ⑦ other. Mushroom fruiting body growth and development in the air as carbon monoxide, sulfur, acetylene and other undesirable gases sensitive. When higher concentrations of these substances in the air, the fruiting bodies stagnant growth, deformity or even wither. In addition, dichlorvos allergy after using insecticide dichlorvos in mushroom house, rolled up fruiting bodies will form a "chicken mushroom."
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The mushroom cultivation
Many of the current methods of mushroom cultivation. Indoor bed planted corn or soybean intercropping with mushroom, plastic greenhouse cultivation and so on. Indoor bed planted 1, Gufang Construction: can the existing availability, basement, transformed into mushroom house. You can also create conditional mushroom house. Gufang should block south, located at high altitude, near water, drainage convenient place. Gufang size of cultivated area in room 20 m2 is appropriate. Roofs, walls should be thick, windows arrangement should be reasonable, beneficial to heat, moisture, ventilation and lighting. The best interior walls and floor with lime stucco, cement trowel for disinfection. In addition, you can build a simple mushroom house, from the ground down to 1.5-2.0 meters semi-underground mushroom house. To take full advantage Gufang space, but also _set_ the bed frame in the mushroom house, for cultivation. Bedstead north-south alignment, surrounded not Kaobi, leaving 60 cm wide walkway between the bed frame. On the lower bed 50 cm apart, the lower 20 cm from the ground, do not take more than the upper windows, so as not to affect the light. No more than one meter wide bed, easy to manage. Shop bed wood, bamboo or straw curtain and so on. 2, the preparation of training materials: mushroom cultivation training materials are corn cobs, wood chips, soybean straw, rice straw, leaves, etc.. No matter what kind of training materials require fresh, no insects, non-toxic and free of impurities. Otherwise, susceptible bacteria, resulting in production. Medium formulations (1) corn cob (crushed) 78%, corn (or wheat bran) 20%, 2% and the amount of lime water. (2) Corn cob (ground) 40%, soybean (crushing) 40%, 18% corn, lime, and 2% of the amount of water. (3) 78% sawdust, rice bran (or corn) 20%, 2% and the amount of lime water. (4) straw, the straw cut into 5-10 cm long, placed in 2% lime water soak for 24 hours, remove excess water filtered, you can shop materials planting. 3, Gufang disinfection: mushroom house should be disinfected before use, especially the old mushroom house, but also to be thoroughly disinfected. To reduce bacterial contamination and insect pests. Disinfection follows: (1) per 100 m3 mushroom house with sulfur 0.5 kg, dichlorvos 0.1 kg, 0.2 kg of formaldehyde mixed with wood heating, sealed fumigation for 24 hours. (2) 100 m3 Gufang formaldehyde 1 kg, 0.5 kg of potassium permanganate, 24 hours fumigation heat sealed. (3) spraying a solution of 5% phenol. (4) Spray dichlorvos 800 times. 4, sowing: mushroom planting in many ways, there Mixture, Dibble, and the overlay layer broadcast sowing and so on. The following describes what layer multicasting. Bed surface spread a plastic film, plastic film capped with a layer of nutrients in feed, about 5 cm thick, then sprinkle a layer of bacteria, holes and a layer of nutrient material, and then sprinkle a layer of bacteria, finally leveling pressure real. Requirements bed flat, showing Turtle shape. Average per square meter of bed material is about 20 kg, the thickness of 10-15 cm. Before sowing, the first species to be removed from the bottle or plastic bag into a clean bowl, using hand wash bacteria strains Baicheng dates sized blocks, and then broadcast into the material. After sowing, the material surface and then covered with a layer of plastic film, so that is conducive to moisture, but also to prevent bacterial contamination. Sowing time, generally from late August to the end of April next year, can be planted. But spring to early autumn to late, the temperature is below 15 ℃ mushroom cultivation suitable period. Both suitable for mushroom growth, but also detrimental bacteria growth. General seeding rate of feed to gain 10% -15%. Accounted for 60% of the top seeding amount of bacteria, with bacteria enclosed material surface to prevent bacterial contamination. 5 Management: (1) spawn of management: management of growth and development stage mycelium, mainly thermostat, moisturizing and prevent bacterial contamination. In order to prevent bacterial contamination, within 10 days after sowing, the temperature should be controlled below 15 ℃. Two days after sowing, bacteria begin to grow and gradually grow to around this time every day, several times to check the temperature change material inside the culture, pay attention to the material temperature controlled at 30 ℃. If the material temperature is too high, you should open a film, ventilation and cooling, when the temperature dropped, and then covered with a thin film. After the material temperature stable, you do not tilt the film. 10 days after the mycelium covered the material surface, the material layer to grow, then you can increase the temperature to 20-25 ℃. Found bacterial contamination, lime powder can be sprinkled on the growth of the bacteria, or 0.3% carbendazim wipe. This period will be the relative humidity maintained at about 65%. Under normal circumstances, after sowing 20-30 days mycelium on the material covered throughout the culture. (2) the fruiting period management: the culture material covered with mycelium, mushroom house doors open every day and when the plastic film at the lowest temperature for 1 hour, then cover, which can increase the material surface temperature, induce fruiting body formation. Also according to humidity spray, indoor air relative humidity raised above 80%. Mycelium reached physiological maturity, across a suitable temperature, humidity, air and light, the white millet kink into many bacteria bud particulate stack. Then spray the space available, the indoor air relative humidity maintained at about 85%, Do not spray to the surface of the material, so as not to affect the bacteria bud development, resulting in the death of the young mushrooms. While support from the plastic film, such as ventilation and moisture, the indoor temperature can be maintained at 15-18 ℃. After the formation of the rapid growth of bacteria bud heap 2-3 days Stipe extension when gray top with black or brown flat cap circular original form, the film covers ripped off, you can spray a small amount of water to the material surface, keep indoor air relative humidity around 90%. General spray 2-3 times a day, the temperature was maintained at about 15 ℃. 6 Harvest: When mushroom cap basically launched into a light gray color from dark gray or white, when the spores is about to catapult is the optimal harvest mushroom. Then harvest the mushroom, Guti hypertrophy, high yield and taste beauty. Harvesting methods, use the left hand and hold the culture medium, right hand holding the stalk and gently lower knob. Stipe also used a knife in the cut at the base close to the material surface. Mining large flowers stay small flowers, under normal circumstances, planting a batch of mushrooms can be harvested 3-4. After each batch of harvest, should be dead residual bed mushroom stipe clean to prevent the next batch rotten mushrooms. Cover film, stop water for 4-5 days, and then less water, keeping the material surface moist. After about 10 days, bacteria grow bud material surface again. The first batch of mushrooms based upon management approach management. Second, corn or soybean intercropping with mushroom A cultivation time: shovel in late June and over three times finished in the furrow planting mushroom corn or soybeans. Due to corn or soybeans grown in the lush foliage March 7-8, sealing ridge better furrow humidity, just right for mushroom fruiting bodies grow. (2) develop the material: corn cob or entire shaft bean stalk whole bundle with 2% lime soak for 24 hours, remove and control the excess water and _set_ aside. 3 cultivation methods: planting two ridges, a ridge for a job empty road. First, clean up the ditch, and then a layer of corn cob or whole bean stalk axis, sprinkle a layer of bacteria, holes and a layer of material, Zaisa layer of bacteria. Finally, the real foot, 2 cm thick soil cover or mulching above. 4 Management: 20 days after inoculation, mycelium covered training materials. If the weather, no rain, drier areas, heavy water can be poured once a week or so will be able to fruiting. Management practices and harvest with the former. Third, the plastic greenhouse cultivation plastic greenhouse cultivation, production and diverse ways. Things can go ridging cultivation, but also with high pole vegetables (cucumbers, beans stand in the middle of the furrow) between species, but also for bacteria cultivation brick, you can also use a plastic bag cultivation. Modulation training materials, planting, management, op. Due to the impact of natural conditions, the greenhouse temperature changes in the larger, the need to climate change, attention to adjust the temperature. When high temperatures during the day and covered with straws to avoid the sun and warming; evening straws thrown off, and turn on the ventilation window film to reduce the greenhouse temperature. When the temperature decreases, the day opened straws, the use of warming sunshine, night cover straws, shutting the louvers to facilitate insulation.
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Nutritional Analysis
1 mushroom selenium-containing anti-tumor cells, polysaccharides and other substances, there is a very strong inhibition of tumor cells and immune characteristics; 2 mushroom contains a variety of vitamins and minerals can improve the body metabolism, enhance physical fitness, regulating autonomic function and so on, it can be used as nutritional frail patients, hepatitis, chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers , osteomalacia, hypertension and others have efficacy in reducing blood cholesterol and prevention of urinary tract stones also have some effect on menopausal syndrome conditioning can play a role. Hectogram nutrients Calories 20 kcal Protein 7.8 g Carbohydrates 69 g Fat 2.3 g Cholesterol 0 g dietary fiber, 5.6 g carotene 0.01 mg Niacin 6.7 mg of folic acid 65 mcg Pantothenic Acid 1.32 mg of vitamin A2 micrograms of vitamin B10.12 mg vitamin B27.09 mg of vitamin B60 .09 grams of vitamin B120.8 micrograms of vitamin C4 mg of vitamin D1 micrograms of vitamin E0.79 mg 21 mg Calcium 320 mg Iron 3.2 mg Potassium 258 mg of phosphorus Kerner 3.8 mg Cu 0.08 mg Magnesium 14 mg Zinc 0.61 mg Selenium 1.07 micrograms
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The crowd
Average per capita edible, infirm, menopausal women, hepatitis, digestive diseases, rickets, cardiovascular disease, urinary tract stone disease patients and cancer patients especially suitable.
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Cooking guide
Mushroom can be fried, braised, burning; mushroom good taste, nutrition, do not grab the taste, but the water fresh goods are more easily fired the old, must have a good heat.
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Therapeutic effect
平菇 食疗作用
Mushroom sweet, warm; Herd has a cold, getting a vivid effect; Dry cure leg pain, numbness, veins barrier and other illnesses. Eat mushroom can not only serve to improve the body's metabolism, improve body metabolism, enhance physical fitness has certain advantages.
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Remark
Optional mushroom tips: When buying mushroom, mushroom should choose not bad neat rows, normal color, crisp texture and thick, pure fragrance smell, no savor, no pests, eight mature fresh mushroom. Eight mature mushroom umbrella is not turned open, but the edges curl inward pileus.
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Therapeutic value
Ear to ear fruiting plants. Bacteria, also known as the north wind, oyster mushroom, mixed mushroom. Of Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places are distributed. Wild or cultivated. Summer and autumn harvest, wash with fresh or dried use. [Performance] sweet, slightly warm. Spleen dampness, ease Spasm. [References] containing protein, fat, carbohydrates, polysaccharides, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, cellulose, vitamins B1, B2, C and niacin, calcium, phosphorus, iron, etc.; contains 18 kinds of amino acids, including the eight essential amino acids. This product extracts inhibited the Swiss mouse sarcoma 180 was 75.3%. [Use] for the weak stomach, eating less; arthralgia limb pain, numbness, or Spasm uncomfortable. Also tested in cancer prevention. [Usage] decoction, cooking, or powder clothing.
