Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil), is a country in South America. It is the fifth largest country by geographical area, the fifth most populous country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of over 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the overseas department of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos are part of the Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until its independence in 1822. Initially independent as the Brazilian Empire, the country has been a republic since 1889, although the bicameral legislature; now called Congress, dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified. Its current Constitution defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
Brazil is the world's tenth largest economy at market exchange rates and the ninth largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms have transformed it into an emerging great power; founding member of the United Nations and the Union of South American Nations. A Roman Catholic, Portuguese-speaking, and multiethnic society, Brazil is also home to a diversity of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.
Within Brazil's current borders, most native tribes who were living in the land by the year 1500 are thought to have descended from the first wave of migrants from North Asia (Siberia), who are believed to have crossed the Bering Land Bridge at the end of the last Ice Age, around 9000 BC. At the time of European discovery, the territory of modern Brazil had as many as 2,000 nations and tribes, an estimated total population of nearly 3 million Amerindians. A somewhat dated linguistic survey found 188 living indigenous languages with 155,000 total speakers. On 18 January 2007, Fundação Nacional do Índio reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition, Brazil is now confirmed as having the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world, even more than the island of New Guinea. When the Portuguese arrived in 1500, the Amerindians were mostly semi-nomadic tribes, living mainly on the coast and along the banks of major rivers.
Unlike Christopher Columbus who thought he had reached the East Indies, the Portuguese, most notably by Vasco da Gama, had already reached India via the Indian Ocean route when they reached Brazil. Nevertheless, the word índios ("Indians") was by then established to designate the peoples of the New World and stuck being used today in the Portuguese language, while the people of India are called indianos in order to distinguish the two peoples. Initially, the Europeans saw the natives as noble savages, and miscegenation of the population began right away. Tribal warfare, cannibalism, and the pursuit of brazilwood for its treasured red dye convinced the Portuguese that they should civilize the Amerindians.
Colonization
Map of Brazil issued by the Portuguese explorers in 1519.Initially Portugal had little interest in Brazil, mainly because of high profits gained through commerce with Indochina. After 1530, the Portuguese Crown devised the Hereditary Captaincies system to effectively occupy its new colony, and later took direct control of the failed captaincies. Although temporary trading posts were established earlier to collect brazilwood, used as a dye, with permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor. Several early settlements were founded across the coast, among them the colonial capital, Salvador, established in 1549 at the Bay of All Saints in the north, and the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1567, in the south. The Portuguese colonists adopted an economy based on the production of agricultural goods that were exported to Europe. Sugar became by far the most important Brazilian colonial product until the early 18th century. Even though Brazilian sugar was reputed as being of high quality, the industry faced a crisis during the 17th and 18th centuries when the Dutch and the French started producing sugar in the Antilles, located much closer to Europe, causing sugar prices to fall.
During the 18th century, private explorers who called themselves the Bandeirantes found gold and diamond deposits in the state of Minas Gerais. The exploration of these mines were mostly used to finance the Portuguese Royal Court's expenditure with both the preservation of its Global Empire and the support of its luxury lifestyle at mainland. The way in which such deposits were exploited by the Portuguese Crown and the powerful local elites, however, burdened colonial Brazil with excessive taxes. Some popular movements supporting independence came about against the taxes established by the colonial government, such as the Tiradentes in 1789, but the secessionist movements were often dismissed by the authorities of the ruling colonial regime. Gold production declined towards the end of the 18th century, starting a period of relative stagnation of the Brazilian hinterland. Both Amerindian and African slaves' man power were largely used in Brazil's colonial economy.
In contrast to the neighbouring Spanish possessions in South America, the Portuguese colony of Brazil kept its territorial, political and linguistic integrity due to the action of the Portuguese administrative effort. Although the colony was threatened by other nations across the era of Portuguese rule, in particular by Dutch and French powers, the authorities and the people ultimately managed to protect its borders from foreign attacks. Portugal even had to send bullion to Brazil, a spectacular reversal of the colonial trend, in order to protect the integrity of the colony.
Empire
Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil in 1873.In 1808, the Portuguese court, fleeing from Napoleon’s troops who had invaded Portugal, established themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which thus became the seat of government of Portugal and the entire Portuguese Empire, even though being located outside of Europe. Rio de Janeiro was the capital of the Portuguese empire from 1808 to 1815. After then the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815-1825) was created with Lisbon as its capital. After João VI returned to Portugal in 1821, his heir-apparent Pedro became regent of the Kingdom of Brazil, within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Following a series of political incidents and disputes, Brazil achieved its independence from Portugal on September 7, 1822. On October 12, 1822, Dom Pedro became the first Emperor of Brazil, being crowned on December 1, 1822. Portugal would recognize Brazil as an independent country in 1825.
In 1824, Pedro closed the Constituent Assembly, stating that the body was "endangering liberty". Pedro then produced a constitution modeled on that of Portugal (1822) and France (1814). It specified indirect elections and created the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government; however, it also added a fourth branch, the "moderating power", to be held by the Emperor. Pedro's government was considered economically and administratively inefficient. Political pressures eventually made the Emperor step down on April 7, 1831. He returned to Portugal leaving behind his five-year-old son Pedro II. Until Pedro II reached maturity, Brazil was governed by regents from 1831 to 1840. The regency period was turbulent and marked by numerous local revolts including the Male Revolt, the largest urban slave rebellion in the Americas, which took place in Bahia in 1835.
On July 23, 1840, Pedro II was crowned Emperor. His government was marked by a substantial rise in coffee exports, the War of the Triple Alliance, and the end of slave trade from Africa in 1865, although slavery in Brazilian territory would only be abolished in 1888. Brazil stopped trading slaves from Africa in 1850, with the Eusébio de Queirós law, and abandoned slavery altogether in 1888, thus becoming the last country of the Americas to ban slavery. When slavery was finally abolished, a large influx of European immigrants took place. By the 1870s, the Emperor's control of domestic politics had started to deteriorate in face of crises with the Catholic Church, the Army and the slaveholders. The Republican movement slowly gained strength. In the end, the empire fell due to a military coup d'etat and because the dominant classes no longer needed it to protect their interests and deeply resented the abolition of slavery. Indeed, imperial centralization ran counter to their desire for local autonomy. By 1889 Pedro II had stepped down and the Republican system had been adopted to Brazil.
Republic
The Chamber of Deputies of Brazil the lower house of the National Congress.Pedro II was deposed on November 15, 1889 by a Republican military coup led by general Deodoro da Fonseca, who became the country’s first de facto president through military ascension. The country’s name became the Republic of the United States of Brazil. From 1889 to 1930, the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais alternated control of the presidency. A military junta took control in 1930. Getúlio Vargas took office soon after, and would remain as dictatorial ruler (with a brief democratic period in between), until 1945. He was re-elected in 1951 and stayed in office until his suicide in 1954. After 1930, successive governments continued industrial and agricultural growth and the development of the vast interior of Brazil. Juscelino Kubitschek's office years (1956-1961) were marked by the political campaign motto of plunging "50 anos em 5" (English: fifty years of development in five).
The military took office in Brazil in a coup d'état in 1964, and remained in power until March 1985, when it fell from grace because of political struggles between the regime and the Brazilian elites. In 1967 the name of the country was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. Just as the Brazilian regime changes of 1889, 1930, and 1945 unleashed competing political forces and caused divisions within the military, so too did the 1964 regime change. Democracy was re-established in 1988 when the current Federal Constitution was enacted. Fernando Collor de Mello was the first president truly elected by popular vote after the military regime. Collor took office in March 1990. In September 1992, the National Congress voted for Collor's impeachment after a sequence of scandals were uncovered by the media. The vice-president, Itamar Franco, assumed the presidency. Assisted by the Minister of Finance at that time, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Itamar Franco's administration implemented the Plano Real economic package, which included a new currency temporarily pegged to the U.S. dollar, the real. In the elections held on October 3, 1994, Fernando Henrique Cardoso ran for president and won, being reelected in 1998. Brazil's current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, elected in 2002 and reelected in 2006.
Government and politics
The National Congress in Brasília, the capital of Brazil.The Brazilian Federation is based on the union of three autonomous political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District. A fourth entity originated in the aforementioned association: the Union. There is no hierarchy among the political entities. The Federation is set on six fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of the people, social value of labor, freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial under the checks and balances system), is formally established by the Constitution. The executive and legislative are organized independently in all four political entities, while the judiciary is organized only in the federal and state levels.
All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly-elected. Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams. Voting is compulsory for those aged 18 or older. Four political parties stand out among several small ones: Workers' Party (PT), Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), and Democrats (formerly Liberal Front Party - PFL). Practically all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive.
The form of government is that of a democratic republic, with a presidential system. The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term, with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. He was elected on October 27, 2002, and re-elected on October 29, 2006. The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in governing. Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of laws in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation’s bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.
Law
The finance minister, Guido Mantega, and the former president of the Supreme Federal Court, Ellen Gracie Northfleet.Brazilian Law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions. Thus, civil law concepts prevail over common law practices. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part of the system, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are not binding on other specific cases except in a few situations. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was promulgated on October 5, 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules. As of April 2007, it has been through 53 Amendments. States adopt their own Constitutions, but they must also not contradict the Federal Constitution. Municipalities and the Federal District do not have their own Constitutions; instead, they adopt "organic laws" (leis orgânicas). Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.
Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments. There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts. The highest court is the Supreme Federal Tribunal. This system has been criticised over the last decades due to the slow pace at which final decisions are issued. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade to see definitive rulings.
Foreign relations and the military
Brazilian Army troops before boarding for MINUSTAH peacekeeping mission in Haiti.Brazil is a political and economic leader in Latin America. However, social and economic problems prevent it from becoming an effective global power. Between World War II and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. More recently, the country has aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States. Brazil's current foreign policy is based on the country's position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power. Brazilian foreign policy has generally reflected multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and nonintervention in the affairs of other countries. The Brazilian Constitution also determines the country shall seek the economic, political, social and cultural integration of the nations of Latin America.
The Armed forces of Brazil comprise the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force. The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by constitution, but under the control of each state's governor. The Brazilian armed forces are the largest in Latin America. The Brazilian Air Force is the aerial warfare branch of the Brazilian armed forces, being the largest air force in Latin America, with about 700 manned aircraft in service. The Brazilian Navy is responsible for naval operations and for guarding Brazilian territorial waters. It is the oldest of the Brazilian Armed forces and the only navy in Latin America that operates an aircraft carrier, the NAeL São Paulo (formerly FS Foch of the French Navy). Finally, the Brazilian Army is responsible for land-based military operations, with a strength of approximately 190,000 soldiers.
Subdivisions
Atlantic
OceanPacific
OceanNorth RegionNortheast RegionCentral-West RegionSoutheast RegionSouth RegionAcreAmazonasParáRoraimaAmapáRondôniaTocantinsMaranhãoBahiaPiauíCearáRio Grande
do NorteParaíbaPernambucoAlagoasSergipeMato GrossoMato Grosso
do SulFederal
DistrictGoiásMinas GeraisSão PauloRio de JaneiroEspírito SantoParanáSanta CatarinaRio Grande
do SulArgentinaBoliviaChileColombiaFrench GuianaGuyanaParaguayPeruSurinameUruguayVenezuela
Politically, Brazil is a federation of 26 states (estados) and one federal district (Distrito Federal) which contains the capital city, Brasília. The states are subdivided into municipalities. States are based on historical, conventional borders and have developed throughout the centuries; though some boundaries are arbitrary. The federal district is not a state on its right, but shares some characteristics of a state and some of a municipality. The national territory was divided in 1969 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), for demographic and statistical purposes, into five main regions: North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South.
In 1943, with the entrance of Brazil into the Second World War, the Vargas regime detached seven strategic territories from the border of the country in order to administrate them directly: Amapá, Rio Branco, Acre, Guaporé, Ponta Porã, Iguaçu and the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha. After the war, the first three territories were retained as states, with Rio Branco and Guaporé being renamed Roraima and Rondônia, respectively. Ponta Porã and Iguaçu resorted to territorial status. In 1988, Fernando de Noronha became part of Pernambuco.
In 1960, the square-shaped Distrito Federal was carved out of Goiás in preparation for the new capital, Brasília. The previous federal district became the state of Guanabara until in 1975 it was merged with the state of Rio de Janeiro, becoming the municipality of Rio de Janeiro.
In 1977, Mato Grosso was split into two states. The northern area retained the name Mato Grosso while the southern area became the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, with Campo Grande as its capital. The new Mato Grosso do Sul incorporated the territory of Ponta Porã and the northern part of Iguaçu. Central Iguaçu went to Paraná, and southern Iguaçu went to Santa Catarina. In 1988, the northern portion of Goiás became the state of Tocantins, with Palmas as its capital.
Regions
The five regions of Brazil.The North region covers 45.27% of the land area of Brazil, and has the lowest number of inhabitants. With the exception of Manaus, which hosts a tax-free industrial zone, and Belém, the biggest metropolitan area of the region, it is fairly unindustrialized and undeveloped. It accommodates most of the rainforest vegetation of the world and many indigenous tribes. The Northeast region is inhabited by about 30% of Brazil's population. It is culturally diverse, with roots set in the Portuguese colonial period, and in Amerindian and Afro-Brazilian elements. It is also the poorest region of Brazil, and suffers from long periods of dry climate. The Central-West region has low demographic density when compared to the other regions, mostly because a part of its territory is covered by the world's largest marshlands area, the Pantanal as well as a small part of the Amazon Rainforest in the northwest. However, much of the region is also covered by Cerrado, the largest savanna in the world. The central-west region contributes significantly towards agriculture.
The Southeast region is the richest and most densely populated. It has more inhabitants than any other South American country, and hosts one of the largest megalopolises of the world, and has the country's two largest cities; São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The region is very diverse, including the major business center of São Paulo, the historical cities of Minas Gerais and its capital Belo Horizonte, the third-largest metropolitan area in Brazil, the beaches of Rio de Janeiro, and the coast of Espírito Santo. The South region is the wealthiest by GDP per capita, and has the highest standard of living in the country. It is also the coldest region of Brazil, with occasional occurrences of frost and snow in some of the higher altitude areas. It has been settled mainly by European immigrants, mostly of Italian, German and Portuguese ancestry, being clearly influenced by these cultures.
States
The twenty-six states and the Federal District of Brazil.The Equatorial line cuts through the state of Amapá in the north, and the Tropic of Capricorn line cuts through the state of São Paulo. The southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul is further to the south than the entire European continent is to the north. Acre is in the far west side of the country, covered by the Amazon forest; Paraíba is the easternmost state of Brazil; Cabo Branco, in the city of João Pessoa, is the easternmost point of Brazil and the Americas. The states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina all have a temperate climate.
São Paulo is the economic center of Brazil. Agriculture, industry, commerce, and services are the most diversified of Brazil. Although a large proportion is exported to other states and other countries, the consumer market of the state is also the biggest in the country. Different from other states, where settlement started in the coast and moved inwards, in São Paulo the center of the economy was in a non-coastal city.
Rio de Janeiro, the most well known Brazilian city and with many famous landmarks, is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Older books may still reference the state of Guanabara: after the Federal District (capital of the Republic) was moved to Brasília in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro was elevated to the condition of state of Guanabara (name of the large bay which washes the city or Rio); however, in 1975, Guanabara was incorporated to the state of Rio and returned to the condition of municipality, with the old name of city of Rio de Janeiro.
Geography
The Amazon Rainforest comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world.Brazil occupies an immense area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior region, sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the overseas department of French Guiana to the north; stretching from the North to the Southern Hemisphere. The factors of size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse. Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world—after Russia, Canada, the People's Republic of China and the United States—and third largest on the Americas; with a total area of 8,511,965 kilometers (5,289,090 mi), include 55,455 kilometers (34,458 mi) of water. It spans three time zones; from UTC-4, in the North (except Pará) and UTC-4, in the central states; to UTC-3, in the eastern states, the official time of Brazil, and UTC-2, in the Atlantic islands.
Brazilian topography is also diverse, including hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of Brazil lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation. The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country. The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills. The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). These ranges include the Mantiqueira Mountains, the Espinhaço Mountains, and the Serra do Mar. In north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco river system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina with 3,014 metres (9,890 ft), and the lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean with 0 metres (0 ft). Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic Ocean. Major rivers include the Amazon, the largest river in terms of volume of water, and the second-longest in the world; the Paraná and its major tributary, the Iguaçu River, where the Iguaçu Falls are located; the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and the Tapajós rivers.
Climate
Cyclone Catarina, the first tropical cyclone in the South Atlantic Ocean, formed in 2004.The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and varied topography, but the largest part of the country is tropical and covered by the Amazon Rainforest. Analysed according to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, and temperate; ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil. Many regions have starkly different microclimates.
A equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls. Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F), with more significant temperature variations between night and day than between seasons. Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate. This region is as large and extensive as the Amazon basin but, lying farther south and being at a moderate altitude, it has a very different climate. In the interior Northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climate region receives less than 800 millimetres (31 in) of rain, which falls in a period of two or three months. From the south of Bahía, near São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, here some appreciable rainfall occurs in all months. The South has temperate conditions, with average temperatures below 18 °C (64 °F) and cool winters, frosts are quite common, with occasional snowfalls in the higher areas.
Wildlife
The Macaw is a typical animal of Brazil. The country has one of the world's most diverse populations of birds and amphibians.Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon Rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world; the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, which together sustain some of the world's greatest biodiversity. In the South, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions. The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats; however, remains largely unknown, and new species are found on nearly a daily basis. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach two million. Larger mammals include pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes. Peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south, and monkeys of many species abound in the northern rain forests.
Concern for the environment in Brazil has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues. It's natural heritage is extremely threatened due to cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, expansion of urban centres, wildlife trade, fire, climate change, dams and infrastructure, water contamination, and invasive species. In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development. Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.
Economy
São Paulo, the wealthiest and largest city in South America.Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the world's tenth largest economy at market exchange rates and the ninth largest in purchasing power parity (PPP), according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; with large and developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, as well as a large labor pool. The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is regarded as one of the group of four emerging economies called BRIC. Brazilian exports are booming, creating a new generation of tycoons. Major export products include aircraft, coffee, automobiles, soybean, iron ore, orange juice, steel, ethanol, textiles, footwear, corned beef and electrical equipment. The biggest investment boom in history is under way; in 2007, Brazil launched a four-year plan to spend $300 billion to modernise its road network, power plants and ports. Brazil's booming economy is shifting into overdrive, with biofuels and deep-water oil providing energy independence and the government collecting enough cash to irrigate the desert and pave highways across the Amazon Rainforest. Brazil had pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the East Asian financial crisis, the Russian default in 1998 and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the Brazilian central bank temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float scheme while undergoing a currency crisis, until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999.
Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 in the amount of $30.4 billion, a record sum at that time. The IMF loan was paid off early by Brazil's central bank in 2005 (the due date was scheduled for 2006). One of the issues the Brazilian central bank is currently dealing with is the excess of speculative short-term capital inflows to the country in the past few months, which might explain in part the recent downfall of the U.S. dollar against the real in the period. Nonetheless, foreign direct investment (FDI), related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be $193.8 billion for 2007. Inflation monitoring and control currently plays a major role in Brazil's Central Bank activity in setting out short-term interest rates as a monetary policy measure.
Components
Itaipu Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation.Brazil's "investment grade" economy is diverse, encompassing agriculture, industry, and a multitude of services. Brazil is finally punching its weight with a booming economy and stronger global leadership. The recent economic strength has been due in part to a global boom in commodities prices with exports from beef to soybeans soaring. Its prospects have been helped by huge oil and gas discoveries. A global power in agriculture and natural resources, Brazil unleash the greatest burst of prosperity has witnessed in three decades.
Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007. A performance that puts agribusiness in a position of distinction in terms of Brazil's trade balance, in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries. The industry; from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables; accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product. Industry is highly concentrated geographically, with the leading concentrations in metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, and Belo Horizonte. Technologically advanced industries are also highly concentrated in these locations.
Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer. It's energy comes from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; and nonrenewable sources, mainly oil and natural gas. Brazil will become an oil superpower, with massive oil discoveries in recent times.
Science and technology
An Embraer E-175 jet airliner, developed in Brazil and used by airlines around the world.Brazilian science effectively began in the first decades of the 19th century, when the Portuguese Royal Family, headed by John VI, arrived in Rio de Janeiro, escaping from the Napoleon's army invasion of Portugal in 1807. Until then, Brazil was a Portuguese colony, without universities, and a lack of cultural and scientific organizations, in stark contrast to the former American colonies of the Spanish Empire, which although having a largely illiterate population like Brazil and Portugal, had, however, a number of universities since the 16th century.
Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes. Nonetheless, more than 73% of funding for basic research still comes from government sources. Some of Brazil's most notables technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE. Brazil has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant capabilities to launch vehicles, launch sites and satellite manufacturing. On October 14, 1997, the Brazilian Space Agency signed an agreement with NASA to provide parts for the ISS. Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory to fuel the country's energy demands. Plans are on the way to build the country's first nuclear submarine. Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences.
Demographics
Boa Viagem beach in Recife. Much of Brazil's population is concentrated across the coastline.Brazil's population comes from many racial and ethnic groups. The last National Research for Sample of Domiciles (PNAD) census revealed the following: 49.7% of the population are White, about 93 million; 42.6% are Pardo (mixed), about 80 million; 6.9% are Black, about 13 million; 0.5% are Asian, about 1 million; and 0.4% are Amerindian, about 519,000. Most Brazilians can trace their ancestry to the country's Indigenous peoples, Portuguese colonists, and African slaves. Since 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, miscegenation between these three groups took place. Over three centuries of Portuguese colonization, Brazil received more than 700,000 Portuguese settlers and 4 million African slaves.
Starting in the late 19th century, Brazil opened its doors to immigration: people of over 60 nationalities immigrated to Brazil. About 5 million European and Asian immigrants arrived from 1870 to 1953, most of them from Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Germany. In the early 20th century, people from Japan and the Middle-East also arrived. The immigrants and their descendants had an important impact in the ethnic composition of the Brazilian population, and many diasporas are present in the country. Brazil has the largest population of Italian origin outside of Italy, with over 25 million Italian Brazilians, the largest Japanese population outside of Japan, with 1.6 million Japanese Brazilians, as well the second largest German population outside of Germany, with 12 million German Brazilians. A characteristic of Brazil is the race mixing. Genetically, most Brazilians have some degree of European, African, and Amerindian ancestry. The entire population can be considered a single "Brazilian" ethnic group, with highly varied racial types and backgrounds, but without clear ethnic sub-divisions.
The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte, respectively with 19.7, 11.4, and 5.4 million inhabitants. Almost all the capitals are the largest city in their corresponding state, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley).
Largest cities of Brazil
Municipality Federative unit Population Municipality Federative unit Population
São Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
1 São Paulo 1 São Paulo 11,016,703 11 Belém Pará 1,428,368
2 Rio de Janeiro 2 Rio de Janeiro 6,136,652 12 Guarulhos 1 São Paulo 1,283,253
3 Salvador Bahia 2,714,119 13 Goiânia Goiás 1,220,412
4 Fortaleza Ceará 2,416,920 14 Campinas São Paulo 1,059,420
5 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 2,399,920 15 São Luís Maranhão 922,458
6 Brasília Distrito Federal 2,383,784 16 São Gonçalo 2 Rio de Janeiro 973,372
7 Curitiba Paraná 1,788,559 17 Maceió Alagoas 922,458
8 Manaus Amazonas 1,644,690 18 D. de Caxias 2 Rio de Janeiro 855,010
9 Recife Pernambuco 1,515,052 19 Nova Iguaçu 2 Rio de Janeiro 844,583
10 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 1,440,939 20 Teresina Piauí 813,992
Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2007 Demographic Census)
^1 Metropolitan region of São Paulo (São Paulo and Guarulhos)
^2 Metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, Duque de Caxias and Nova Iguaçu)
Education and health
Federal University of Paraná, in Curitiba, is regarded as the oldest Brazilian university.The Federal Constitution and the 1996 General Law of Education in Brazil (LDB) determine how the Federal Government, States, Federal District, and Municipalities will manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as mechanisms and sources for financial resources. The new Constitution reserves 25% of state and municipal taxes and 18% of federal taxes for education.
Private school programs are available to complement the public school system. In 2003, the literacy rate was 88% of the population, and the youth literacy rate (ages 15–19) was 93.2%. Illiteracy is highest in the Northeast, around 27%, which has a high proportion of rural poor. Although at same year, Brazil's education had low levels of efficiency by 15-year-old students, particularly in the public school network. Higher education starts with undergraduate or sequential courses, which may offer different specialist choices such as academic or vocational paths. Depending on choice, students may improve their educational background with Stricto Sensu or Lato Sensu postgraduate courses.
The public health system is managed and provided by all levels of government, whilst private healthcare fulfills a complementary role. There are several problems in the Brazilian health system. In 2006, these were infant mortality, child mortality, maternal mortality, mortality by non-transmissible illness and mortality caused by external causes: transportation, violence and suicide.
Language
Museum of the Portuguese Language in São Paulo, the first language museum in the world.Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil. It is spoken by nearly the entire population and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for all business and administrative purposes. Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from its Spanish-speaking neighbors.
Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, influenced by the Amerindian and African languages. Due to this, the language is somewhat different from that spoken in Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries, mainly for phonological and orthographic differences. These differences are somewhat greater than those of American and British English. Portugal may have to recognize the inevitable by bowing to the economic and cultural supremacy of Brazil, its former colony; it is considering reforming its own language to accommodate linguistic developments in the Brazilian Portuguese since the two languages diverged.
Minority languages are spoken throughout the vast national territory. Some of these are spoken by indigenous peoples: 180 Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas. Others are spoken by immigrants and their descendants. There are important communities of speakers of German (mostly the Hunsrückisch, part of the High German languages) and Italian (mostly the Talian dialect, of Venetian origin) in the south of the country, both largely influenced by the Portuguese language.
Culture
Brazilian Carnival parade in Rio de Janeiro, considered one of the greatest shows on Earth.A wide variety of elements create a society with considerable ethnic complexity. Brazilian culture has historically been influenced by European, African, and Indigenous cultures and traditions. Its major early influence derived from Portuguese culture because of strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other inheritances, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, the Catholic religion, and the colonial architectural styles. Other aspects of Brazilian culture are contributions of Italian, German, and other European immigrants who came in large numbers, and their influences are felt closer to the South and Southeast of Brazil. Amerindian peoples influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans, brought to Brazil as slaves, influenced language, cuisine, music, dance, and religion.
Literature in Brazil dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as Pêro Vaz de Caminha, writer of the fleet of navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral. Cuisine varies greatly by region and reflects the country's mix of native and immigrants. This has created a national cooking style marked by the preservation of regional differences. Brazil's cultural tradition extends to its music styles which include samba, bossa nova, forró, frevo, pagode, and many others. Brazil has also contributed to classical music, which can be seen in the works of many composers. In arts, important modern artists Anita Malfatti and Tarsila do Amaral were both early pioneers in Brazilian art. The Cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century, and gained a new level of international acclaim in recent years.
The festival of Carnival (Portuguese: Carnaval), with its spectacular street parades and vibrant music, has become one of the most potent images of Brazil; an annual celebration held forty days before Easter and marks the beginning of Lent. Carnival is celebrated throughout Brazil with distinct regional characteristics, but the most spectacular celebrations outside Rio de Janeiro take place in Salvador, Recife, and Olinda, although the nature of the events varies. Other regional festivals include the Boi Bumbá and Festa Junina (June Festivals).
Religion
Christ the Redeemer, one of the Seven Wonders of the World and symbol of Brazilian Christianity.Religion is very diversified in Brazil; the constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice. The Roman Catholic Church is dominant, making Brazil the largest Catholic nation in the world. The formal link between the state and the Roman Catholicism was severed in the late 19th century; however, the Catholic Church has continued to exert an influence on national affairs. Adepts of Protestantism are rising in number. Until 1970, the majority of Brazilian Protestants were members of "traditional churches", mostly Lutherans, Presbyterians and Baptists. Since then, numbers of Pentecostal and Neopentecostal members have increased significantly. Traditional African beliefs, brought by slaves, have blended with Catholicism to create Afro-Brazilian religions such as Macumba, Candomblé, and Umbanda. Amerindians practice a wide variety of indigenous religions that vary from group to group.
According to the 2000 Demographic Census, 73.9% of the population is Roman Catholic; 15.4% is Protestant; 0.91% from other Christian denominations; 1.33% follows Kardecist spiritism; 0.31% follows African traditional religions; 0.01% follows Amerindian traditions; 7.35% consider themselves agnostics, atheists or without a religion; and 0.81% are members of other religions such as Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, and some practice a mixture of different religions.
Sport
Maracanã Stadium, at the Brazilian Championship, highest division of Brazilian football.Football (Portuguese: futebol) is the most popular sport in Brazil. The Brazilian national football team (Seleção) is currently ranked second in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings. They have been victorious in the World Cup tournament a record five times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002. Basketball, volleyball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. Though not as regularly followed or practiced as the previously mentioned sports, tennis, team handball, swimming, and gymnastics have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the last decades. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil. Beach football, futsal (official version of indoor football) and footvolley emerged in the country as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians have developed Capoeira, Vale tudo, and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. In auto racing, Brazilian drivers have won the Formula 1 world championship eight times: Emerson Fittipaldi in 1972 and 1974; Nelson Piquet in 1981, 1983 and 1987; and Ayrton Senna in 1988, 1990 and 1991.
Brazil has undertaken the organization of large-scale sporting events: the country organized and hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup and is chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup event. The circuit located in São Paulo, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil. São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007. Brazil also tried for the fourth time to host the Summer Olympics with Rio de Janeiro candidature in 2016.
South America Eastern countries. The Atlantic. The equator running through the north. Area of 851 2 million square kilometers, population 1 51 billion (1993), ranking first in all continents. The capital Brasilia. North of the Amazon plain, hot and humid and rainy, tropical rain forest cover; while a majority of the Brazilian plateau, dry and wet season clear. Have a more complete system of modern industry. South America's most economically developed countries and the world's major iron ore exporter. Long-term production and export of coffee in the world, soy, sugar, cocoa and orange juice and other production and export in first place in the world.
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No. 3
Brazilian Folk Festivals: New Year's Day: January 1; Carnival: 2 months late; 蒂拉登特斯 Day: April 21; International Labour Day: May 1; Independence Day: September 7; million Spirit Day: November 2; Republic Day: 11 15; Holy Day of pregnancy: December 8; Christmas: Dec. 25. Ascension Day: May 28; Corpus Christi: June 18. Brazilian food: feijoada black beans plus meat, sausage, pig ear, pigtail, and rice; vatapa coupled with fish oil plus shrimp and coconut rice and bread; sarapatel visceral Add tomatoes, pepper and onion juice; caruru shrimp add okra, onion and pepper; churrasco grilled beef and tomato, onion sauce; lacaca shrimp soup; moqueca coconut seafood; chopp draft beer. Brazil Shopping: cachaca wine, amethyst, opal, sapphire, leather goods, handmade leather products, coffee
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No. 4
Best time to travel in Brazil: A tropical climate based. Particularly coastal areas around the high humidity. Brazil, September 22 ~ December 21 for the spring, December 22 ~ March 21 for the summer, March 22 ~ June 21 for the fall, June 22 ~ September 21 for the winter. Local summer tourist season, if you want to avoid the crowds and the high temperature above 37 degrees Celsius, then 4 to 10 months is good time. Brazilian Folk Festivals: Festival Name: Epiphany Featured Activities: January 6 is the eastern Roman Empire, the Church commemorates the baptism of Jesus and the birth of the double holiday, known as "Epiphany ((epiphany, also known as" Epiphany ")) that is God through Jesus show the world that their own . Location: National Festival Date: January 6 Festival Name: Carnival Carnival Activities feature: all regions are not the same at the time. Rio de Janeiro carnival is recognized as one of the most beautiful lively celebration, usually held in February. Location: National Festival Date: February Festival Name: Easter Activities feature: a period up to Easter forty days of Lent, people are forbidden in Lent entertainment and meat, for reflection and repentance, three days before Easter to commemorate the distress of Jesus, engaged in a campaign ban Easter celebration. Location: all over the country Festival Date: April Festival Name: 提拉登特斯 Day Activities feature: Memorial tiradentes the independence movement hero, there will be a large parade and a variety of performances, the most important are the local cuisine. Location: National Festival Date: April 21 Festival Name: May Day Activities feature: national holiday, the streets of Brazil, also have large processions and celebrations, also to the crowd gathering place for parties. Location: all over the country Festival Date: May 1 Festival Name: Independence Day Activities feature: one of the most important festival in Brazil, the whole nation will be steeped in the atmosphere of joy, there are various self-official organization events. Location: National Festival Date: September 7 Festival Name: patron saint festival Featured activities include: parades, street bands, comedy troupe, as well as folk arts competitions, drag shows and so on. Enchanting music hit the street, full of festive air of the continuous, scale and visibility after Spain's patron saint festival. Location: Rio de Janeiro Festival Date: October 12 Festival Name: establishment of the Republic Day in Brazil Activities feature: the equivalent of our country's National Day, national holiday. People like to take to the streets jubilant celebration, the country is very lively. Location: National Festival Date: November 15 Brazilian food: the "South American giant," said Brazil, the largest land area in South America, the largest country population, vast territory of Brazil is full of street carnival, culture, exotic beaches, samba music and lively food. Brazilian cooking is a multi-ethnic kaleidoscope, by Portugal, Africa, Italy and the combined effect of indigenous Brazilians and become a culinary blend of the country. Portuguese and Brazilian dishes by the impact of African descent, the staple food is rice, black beans and tapioca, with beef, chicken or fish, to the Brazilian traditional local dishes, for example, that is, beef jerky, sausage, stewed pork and black beans add some spice seasoning, cooked wok after cooking, sprinkle with tapioca, stir in cabbage consumption; and people familiar with the Brazilian charcoal, but also one of the locals favorite foods, usually accompanied by beans, rice and vegetables eaten. In addition, Brazil is the world's largest coffee-producing countries, are mostly produced in the public taste of coffee cheap coffee. Brazil's own characteristics wines called cachaca, is a high degree of wine, is extracted from sugar cane - an ancient brewing method, but has its own characteristic flavor. In addition to cachaca, there is a lot of different wines by the mixed drinks, but also a good drink. Need is a very popular caipirinha. Shopping in Brazil: Brazil vast land, species rich, well-known product is also very much. Agricultural crops from the plantations to other industrial raw products is not all rich, the specialty of general prices in Brazil is relatively easy to accept, we can _set_ off some shopping spree in Brazil. Guarana: Guarana is a specialty area Maia Morrison wild berry, containing caffeine, vitamins, and rich in alkaloids, tannic acid, protein and so on. The beverage made from a unique flavor, but also a healthy drink. Coffee: Brazil is the world's largest coffee producer. But Brazil had not produced coffee, coffee originated in Arabia, spread to Europe during the 18th century, popular. Later, specifically corporate coffee seedlings, shipped to French Guiana, and finally passed in Brazil, it was not carried forward in Brazil. Juice: Brazil is rich in tropical fruits, and some are simply not seen. Can be purchased on the street all kinds of fruit juice, fresh fruit juice is really refreshing drink to quench their thirst. Brazilians often in the juice with milk, it is consistent with Chinese tastes. Mate: Mate is a local Indian drink, tea contains caffeine, has a refreshing, aids digestion, cool in summer and effect. According to medical studies have shown that mate in also contains a lot of vitamins, minerals and protein, is a very good healthy drink. Kasha Sa wine: Kasha Sa wine (cachaca) is Brazil's national drink, the brewing 500 years of history, annual 1.3 billion liters, one of the world's top five wines. Many of its kind, with white, golden yellow vintage wine, a large brewery, but also the family brewing. Brazil's total of more than 4,000 brands of Kasha Sa wine. Mushrooms: Agaricus mushroom also known as Brazil is a large food and medicine used along with saprophytic fungi, because of its nutritious, delicious, delicious, with almond flavor, _set_ food, beauty, health, health effects in one. Anti-cancer, anti-coagulation, blood lipid and soothe the nerves and other special effects. Propolis: the holy items from the Amazon River, Brazil, the original natural propolis, natural treasures gift of God's gift to men. Strengthen the body immunity, anti-bacterial detoxification, elimination of inflammation. Black beans: black beans the eyes of the Brazilians is simply life, in daily life is essential. Why? Because Brazil is rich in a lot of black beans - a big Weixiang, black beans on the human body is very good, eat good metabolism and nutrition. Butterfly specimens: Brazil has large tracts of tropical rainforest - the Amazon, he is simply the Earth's lungs. Because of its special geographical environment, the Amazon, there are many rare species, the butterfly is one of them. Among tens of thousands of scientists have not yet named butterflies, some of which it is truly beautiful. Automotive: General transportation between cities by road, little use of rail. Between the state capital, the road is almost always linked to modernization. Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and other major cities, also between the laying of a highway. Brazil, very few people buy cars, buses became the main mode of transport. In large cities, has a special air-conditioned car to connect people's residential and downtown commercial areas. When the car got a ticket, find a seat to sit down, there will be a conductor to collect the tickets. Fares will be based on different routes. Metro: Sao Paulo, Rio and Brasilia cards and other cities have subway. Travel time is usually late morning 5:00 ~ 12:00, every two minutes the vehicle. Metro tickets were relatively cheap, buy a ticket can take 10 can also enjoy concessionary fares. Ship: boat trip takes a week or a day or two to have a more long time. Travel water quality from luxury hotels to more luxury with a rustic boat shops. Travel to the San Francisco River from the northeast boarding began, but also from the Pantannaier 马图格罗苏 boarding swamp, where the field hunting and fishing trips are welcome. Brazil Accommodation: Tourism Bureau (embratur) is the highest management unit tourism, the hotel will be divided into five grades in Brazil. The legal requirements of each hotel by the Tourism Bureau to be affixed at the door approved price list, however, the low season can still bargain. There are about 90 youth hostels, popular tourist areas or cities, have at least one youth hostel, the price of membership night about 12 dollars. You can buy all over the newsstands youth hostel list, one of about 15 U.S. dollars. People looking for cheap accommodation try dormitories, a bed on average only 5 dollars. There is also a small inn, called the pousada, the room does not include the bathroom, about 8-10 U.S. dollars per person per night. Camping is also an economic and affordable choice. If you are interested in camping, you can buy books, newspapers stalls guia quatro rodas camping guide. Camping can also contact the Brazilian club (camping club of brazil: rua senaador dantas 75,25 th floor, rio de janeiro). Or planning to enter the northeast Amazon adventure, might not find hotels. Camping is an option, but can also be added to the local purchase of mosquito control equipment, hammocks, to anywhere you can sleep well. Brazil Entertainment: Soccer: Brazil is football country, this earth to know. Pele, star Zico, Ronaldo aliens are from here, an unprecedented fifth World Cup for whom all other countries to shame. You can find the football in every corner of Brazil, traces, no one in Brazil do not play football, so long as people are walking all day with the football as partners. Of course, every corner of the football product is not low water, if you are interested in when people are very welcome to join. On the beach, beach soccer is always the protagonist. Barefoot in the burning sun, hot sand on the run, chasing itself is a challenge, a pleasure. How many stars are in such an environment to grow up. You can also go to watch a local football match, the famous Maracana stadium can hold more than ten million viewers, where the atmosphere makes you watch the game is hard to imagine. Numerous competitions in Brazil, often exciting yet, but there are a few teams could pay special attention to support, such as the Sao Paulo team, Da Jiama team, Team Buddha Brooklyn sliding Ge Xian teams. Samba: the eyes of the world, samba is the national dance of Brazil, representing the passion and the art of fusion of multiple ethnic groups, the Brazilian carnival is the most important festival, but the Brazilian samba treated to Samba as a foreign person treated so high, and because of the 16th century when the slaves brought by the introduction of an early form of black dance the samba, because there is friction when the body was jumping as "mediocre," "savage," the dance, are the lower class. Therefore, in the era before the beginning of the 20th century, Brazilian samba dancing is considered as idle, such as the generation of rogue, and sometimes the police will stop. Samba, Brazil accounted for the majority of the population of the middle and lower class, represents the reality of social discontent is the Shu San, is frolicking in the bedroom of the media, but also entertainment to pass the time, it is a tool for carnival celebration festival and become a part of everyday life. In the past four, five years after the international community to accept the samba, samba in Brazil, the status of country where only upward, but Brazil still not be included in a noble art hall.
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No. 5
1. Federative Republic of Brazil Official Name: Federative Republic of Brazil (the federative republic of brazil, república federativa do brasil)
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One. 【Overview】 Brazil
Federative Republic of Brazil (the federative republic of brazil; república federativa do brasil), an area of 8,547,403 square kilometers, is located in southeastern South America, except Chile and Ecuador with the outside borders all South American countries. North of French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela and Colombia, west of Peru, Bolivia, south of Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay, the East Atlantic Ocean. Land area of about 46% of the total area of South America, second only to Russia, Canada, China and the United States, the world's fifth largest country. The whole situation shaped into the Amazon, Paraguay basin, Brazil and Guyana highland plateau, including the Amazon area, accounting for about 1 / 3. Have Amazon, Paraná and San Francisco three major river systems. Total length of 6,751 km Amazon River, across the northwest of Brazil, in the Palestinian area of 3.9 million km2 basin; Parana river system, including Parana River and Paraguay River, flows through the southwest, many rapids and waterfalls, rich water resources; San Francisco river length of 2900 kilometers, flowing through the arid northeast, is the region's main water source for irrigation. A coastline of over 7400 km, a width of 12 nautical miles territorial sea, exclusive economic zone of 188 sea miles outside territorial waters. Tropical climate in most parts of the southern parts of the subtropical climate. The Amazon annual average temperature of 25 ~ 27 degrees, the average temperature in the southern region 16 to 19 degrees. Population of 1.69799 billion in 2000, ranking first in Latin America, fifth in the world. Urban population accounted for 81.25%, 18.75% rural population, average life expectancy of 68.8 years. Accounted for 54.38% white, black and white mixed species accounted for 39.88% of people, black people accounted for 5.21%, 0.39% yellow, Indians account for about 0.14%. Indians are indigenous peoples of Brazil, a total of 35 million people, belonging to 227 families, about 175 different languages, living in 561 countries, the Indians _set_ up protected areas. Who have been Portuguese rule in Brazil, with Portuguese as official language. However, Indian and Brazilian Portuguese by the influence of African languages, and even some place names, names of plants and animals are adopted African dialects. Therefore, Portuguese dictionary in Brazil is not useful, because the Portuguese in Brazil, has been and is very different origin. Brazilians usually understand basic Spanish, as English, it is not common. Central to the green flag for the rectangular yellow diamond, round diamond center is brown. Round for the celestial globe, a letter in Portuguese white ribbon "order and progress." Celestial Globe with white colored star, a symbol of the 26 state districts. Green and yellow of Brazil's national colors, a symbol of forest green, yellow, symbol of minerals and resources. The central design is a five-pointed star emblem. There are two concentric circles the central star, there are five small round central star, a symbol of the Southern Cross constellation. Circle surrounded by 22 five-pointed star, symbolizing the states and the Federal District. The outer edge of the coffee leaf and tobacco leaf composed of a circle. Central is a sword below. Is the bottom sash, the book in Portuguese, "the Federal Republic of Brazil, November 15, 1889." Date is the day of establishment of the Republic. Flower for the hair schlumbergera. Brazil, the first first post-independence national anthem is quite musical talent Pedro I personally created. In September 7th, 1822 declared Brazil independent of the day, he created the "motherland, ah, ah emperor, ah, the people," the song, and personally on the night of the rally in Sao Paulo, patriotic concert by the choir accompaniment, the song became Brazil The first song the national anthem. Pedro I abdicated, the Rio de Janeiro, the founder of the National Academy of Music, the famous musician, Francisco da Silva • compose a song later became the national anthem of Brazil. In 1909, the famous poet Ao Lisuo • Duke • Estrada re lyrics, reviewed by the Expert Committee, 1922 as the Brazilian national anthem. National Anthem "listen the voice of ipiranga" recalled the September 7, 1822 Pedro I in the outskirts of Sao Paulo, River ipiranga issued a "non-independent, or give me death!" Voice of the scene, and sing country gained independence, full of the Brazilian people feeling the love of the motherland. April 22, 1500, Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral arrived in Brazil •. He named this land, "Holy Cross", and announced that owned all of Portugal. Portugal colonial plunder the felling of the Brazilian mahogany from the beginning, "mahogany" (brasil) gradually replaced the term "Holy Cross", a Brazilian country names, still in use today, the Chinese transliteration of "Brazil." Portugal sent 30 years in the 16th century expedition established a colony in Pakistan, in 1549 the appointment of the Governor. In 1807 Napoleon invaded Portugal, Portugal and the royal family moved to Brazil. In 1820 the royal family moved back to Lisbon, Portugal, the Prince Regent Pedro leave any Palestinian. September 7th, 1822 declared full independence from Portugal, the establishment of the Brazilian Empire. November 15, 1889 General Fonseca coup against the monarchy, the establishment of the Brazilian States of America. Pakistan military coup in 1964, 1967, was renamed the Federative Republic of Brazil. March 1985 the military junta government to the people. November 15, 1989, Pakistan held the first time in nearly 30 years, national direct election, President-elect Fernando Collor •. December 29, 1992, President Collor was forced to resign for alleged corruption, Vice President Itamar Franco • President took today. October 3, 1994, Fernando Henrique • • Cardoso won the election in the country, January 1, 1995, Brazil became the 38th president. October 4, 1998, Cardoso was re-elected. January 1, 1999, Card became the 39th president of Pakistan, to serve until December 31, 2002. Palestinian history, there have been several major waves of migration, only between 1884 to 1962 immigrants moved to Brazil, which amounts to 4.97 million people, mainly from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Poland and the Arab countries. Yellow people from Japan, Korea and China. Pakistan has 130 million Japanese, 25 million Chinese, mostly in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The country is divided into 26 states and one Federal District (Brasilia, Federal District). Under the state of the city, there were 5,507 cities, 15 million people over 79, 100 million or more, 12 (1999). The name of the following states: Acre, Arab Goiás, Amazonas, Amapá, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mara Niang, Mato Gro cable, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Bala, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro , Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins. Brazil has the most complete industrial system in Latin America, Latin America's economic strength ranks the first. The history of Pakistan was once a single agricultural economies, sugar, coffee, its main cash crops. Early 20th century, Brazil began the process of industrialization. From the fifties onwards, the Brazilian implementation of the "import substitution" economic model, and rely on external borrowing gained a lot of economic growth, which in 1967-1974 the average annual economic growth rate reached 10.1%, creating the "Brazilian miracle", and initially established played a relatively complete industrial system. Nearly 20 years later, the bus has been plagued by debt and inflation, and economic development to a halt. July 1994, Brazil launched the "Real Plan", a successful control of a vicious inflation, the economy has increased steadily. However, fiscal and current account deficit is growing double, dramatically deepening dependence on foreign capital. In Southeast Asia and the Russian financial crisis, the Palestinian was forced in early 1999 announced a floating exchange rate system. Real against the U.S. dollar depreciated significantly. As the Pakistani government implemented stringent fiscal adjustment measures to increase revenue, Pakistan's rapid economic road to recovery in 2000, economic growth of 4.46%, inflation is basically under control. In 2001, the global economic downturn, the Argentine economic crisis and the domestic power crisis, the Palestinian economic growth down to around 2-2.5%.
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Flag:
Rectangular in shape, length and width ratio of 10:7. The flag is green, the middle is a yellow diamond, with the flag of its four vertices are equal distance from edge. The middle is a diamond-shaped blue celestial globe, which has an arched white band. Green, yellow, Brazil's national colors. Green symbolizes the country's vast jungle, yellow for mineral wealth and resources. Celestial globe on the sphere is divided into upper and lower arches leucorrhea two parts, the lower half of a symbol of southern hemisphere stars, the white star on behalf of different sizes in 26 Brazilian states and a federal district. Leucorrhea written in Portuguese on "order and progress."
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National Emblem:
Prominent among a large five-pointed star pattern, a symbol of national independence and unity. Large five-pointed star inside a blue circle, five small five-pointed star surface, representing the Southern Cross constellation; ring has 22 small five-pointed star, representing the states and the Federal District of Brazil. Large five-pointed star surrounded by coffee leaves and garlands of tobacco leaf, behind the erection of a sword hilt in the bottom five-pointed star. Written in Portuguese on the ribbon "Federative Republic of Brazil", "November 15, 1889" (Proclamation of the Republic.)
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Important festivals:
Independence Day: September 7 (1822); National Day: September 7 (1822); Indians Date: April 19; Roma man-days: May 24.
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National political figures:
President Lula da Silva (lula da silva), 2002 年 10 was elected, January 1, 2003 appointment; re-elected in October 2006, January 1, 2007 officially sworn into office. Population: 181.6 million (2004), accounting for 2.8% of the world's population, ranking first in Latin America. Which Whites 54.03 percent, mulatto race accounted 39.94%, black people accounted for 5.39%, 0.46% yellow, Indians account for about 0.16 percent. Portuguese is the official language. 71% of the population Catholic. Brazil "Indian Day" Capital: Brasilia (brasilia), population of 205.1 million (2000), a combination of ancient and modern world, the essence of architecture, the "World Building Expo," said. Beside the lake built on artificial city, the right to three square as the core, shaped like a giant head-Eastern aircraft. In 1987, UNESCO declared the city of Brasilia as a "wealth of human culture." Administrative Districts: is divided into 26 states and one Federal District (Brasilia, Federal District), state under the city, there were 5,562 cities. Name the following states: Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Amapá, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Nan Matuo Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Rondonia , Roraima, Shengkatalin, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins. Economy: Brazil's economic strength among the first in Latin America. Brazil's gross domestic product in 1992, $ 430,500,000,000. July 1, 1994 repeal of the original name of the currency cruzeiro reais (U.S. dollar against the 2750 abolition of the 1 Cruzeiro Real), and name the new name of the Brazilian real currency (1 U.S. dollar against a real .) February 3, 1995 exchange rate of 1 U.S. dollar 0.8394 reais. Coffee, sugar, citrus production ranks first in the world, cocoa, soybeans for the second, the third largest corn. Food self-sufficiency, but the need to import a small portion of wheat. Livestock development. Main tourist spots are Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, churches and ancient buildings in El Salvador, Brasilia, Iguassu Falls, Itaipu Hydropower Station, Manaus free port, Black JC, Stone Forest, etc. Paraná. Brazil's total road transport accounts for 70% of transport, railways accounted for 17%, less than 10% water. Road length of 150 km, the railway length of 3.03 million km. Major ports in Victoria, Santos, Rio de Janeiro. There are 3 national airlines. Main trade partners for the United States, the European Community, Japan, Middle East and Latin American neighbors. Imports of petroleum, chemicals, optical instruments and wheat. Exports of steel, transportation equipment, iron ore, paper pulp, leather shoes, coffee, sugar, soybeans, orange juice and so on. Education: primary and secondary schools to implement two levels, first level primary schools, junior high school for 8 years, second-class high schools (including technical schools, technical secondary school) for 3 years. Universities generally 4 to 5 years. Institutions of higher learning University of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Catholic University of São Paulo, Brasilia University. Major newspapers are: "the leaves Sao Paulo newspaper," "Globe", "Sao Paulo newspaper," and "Brazilian Daily." The main magazine, "title", "see", "This is Mr." and "Horizon" and other weekly. , TV station 7. Government administration and education are two national television stations. External relations: Brazil pursued an independent, self-determination of peoples, respect for sovereignty, non-interference principle of peaceful _set_tlement of conflicts and friendly coexistence of foreign policy. Determine the focus of external relations for the United States, Western Europe, Japan and Latin American countries and so on. Brazil and China on August 15, 1974 establishment of diplomatic relations, after the two countries in political, economic, technological and cultural exchanges in the fields of development. Brazil's relations with the United States to the development priority, both political and trade relations. The United States is Brazil's main trading partner, the largest creditor and investor, the investment accounted for the total foreign investment in Brazil, 1 / 3. In 1991 total trade between the two countries close to billions of dollars. The two countries in nuclear energy, environmental protection, external debt, trade and other areas of disagreement and friction. Brazil has a tradition of Western European countries with close relations. Western Europe was the main export markets in Brazil and the capital and technology sources. Western European countries about the amount of investment in Brazil over the same period of foreign investment in Brazil to 50%. Brazilian exports to the European Community in 1991 was 97.7 billion U.S. dollars. Japan is the country of Brazil between development and the focus of the Asia Pacific region, Brazil's largest trade partner in Asia and raw materials markets. Japan's direct investment in Brazil accounted for 9.7% of all foreign investment after the United States and Germany. Brazil, the Middle East is the main source of oil and an important trade market, trade in 1991 amounted to 2.8 billion.
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Overview of the major cities:
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Second, Sao Paulo Overview (são paulo) Sao Paulo, a city in 1554, Brazil is South America's largest city, Sao Paulo state capital, is located southeast of the state. 760 meters above sea level, an area of more than 1,500 square kilometers, three times in Paris, the population over sixteen million. St. Paul, a pleasant climate, the year the climate, the temperature change is not too great, and sooner or later overcome Large, the "four seasons of the year without a day among the four seasons," said. In contrast with the domestic season in Brazil each year in December to next February is summer in Sao Paulo, rainy, but the maximum temperature is 30 degrees; Sao Paulo every year from June to August is winter, average temperatures are 16-20 degrees up and down ; Sao Paulo is the largest industrial center, financial center and cultural center. Focus on the country where about half the categories of industrial production, industrial output value also accounts for about half of the 500 largest companies have 3 / 5 of the headquarters here. Sao Paulo has 3,000 financial institutions, more than 1,300 banks, Santos is the world's largest coffee output port. This also includes the famous University of São Paulo has, Medical, including dozens of colleges and universities, six television stations and more than 270 community newspapers and books millions of copies of the National Library. Sao Paulo, the wealth created each year than the world's 1 / 4 of the national gross national product. Sao Paulo is a modern city, 400 years of dazzling speed to constantly change and update. Many overpasses, a number of subway lines, highways around the city and the helicopter companies are making transportation is very convenient. Mainly concentrated in the downtown Sao Paulo Paulista Avenue (paulista) and the Republic Square (praça de república) area. Mainly sell some handicrafts, gems, antiques. In the East Street (liberdade) Chinese signs everywhere, in restaurants and stores selling Chinese goods. St. Paul's main tourist attractions: 1. Catholic cathedral (catedral metropolitana): South America's largest churches, completed in 1954, soaring Gothic architecture and magnificent, surrounded by a pedestrian plaza, one of the shopping area. 2.伊比拉普埃拉 Park (ibirapuera park): located in the southern suburbs of Sao Paulo, covering 160 million square meters, there are artificial lakes, sculptures, many museums, is the world famous big parks. 3. East Street (liberdade): number of Korean nationals living in Japan, China, where, which has a distinct oriental culture, there are many Chinese-owned restaurants, shops, travel agencies. Third, Brasilia Overview (brasília) Brasilia, Brazil is located in the central plateau, the climate is divided into wet and dry seasons, wet season from September to April, the dry season from May to August each year. Wet and dry seasons were significantly, but also a larger temperature difference between day and night, the annual average temperature of 19 degrees. Population of 2.1 million. Brasilia is the late 50s of this century, the mainland state of Goiás in Brazil, more than 1,000 meters above sea level within the built on the plateau. In 1960, an official from the old capital, Rio de Janeiro have migrated to this. City in accordance with the Brazilian architect Lucio Costa training "aircraft-type master plans" construction. Through the dams, built an artificial lake, but the whole city feels like a jumbo jet head to be flying, meaning Brazil is facing the sun fly. "Nose" for the three powers square of the Parliament, the seat of the Court and the Office of the President; body is a 8 km long, 250 wide, east-west trunk road, which "former position" ministries square, both sides of the arrangement of the departments office House, "rear" is the cultural and educational area, Sports City, the National Theatre, Tower and other buildings; "tail" is a service for the capital's industrial area; "wing" is the start of the interchange along the lake road and residential neighborhoods. Place the three powers is the heart of the capital of Brazil. The parliament building by the two stood side by side in the 28-story towers, connected to a passageway, was "h" shape, is Portuguese "man" the first letter, meaning "everything for the people," the legislative purpose. Building on both sides of the platform has two Super Bowl-type of strange architecture, building on the right side of the House of Representatives is going to Heaven and the "bowl", a symbol of "solicit public opinion"; on the left side of the Senate building is upside down "bowl", a symbol " focus on public opinion. " "Bowl" is the lower side of both houses of the conference hall, as well as restaurants, shops, garages and other outbuildings. Brasilia, the main tourist attractions: 1) Place the three powers: Brazil one of the landmarks, but also one of Brazil's tourist attractions a must. Parliament Square, surrounded by the public, Senate, National Court, the Office of the President, the Foreign Ministry, the National Museum of national independence, construction workers and many other monuments. The movements of the flag ceremony every two weeks and often attract many tourists. 2) The President of the Memorial: located in the "aircraft" central, jk President of the statue for Parliament House, the President of the Memorial Memorial coffin on display, and Brasilia leaving the period of construction of various historical artifacts. 3) Brasilia Cathedral: The church building for the hyperbolic shape of the transparent, the top-hung giant angel statue. Heads of state in this country often hold some major events, the Pope's visit to Brazil Pedro II had preached here. IV, Rio de Janeiro Office Overview (rio de janeiro) Located in the southeastern part of Brazil's territory, in the north west coast stretching from the Guanabara Bay, with up to 14 kilometers of cross-Bay Bridge and the east coast of Niteroi City, in January linked to .1502, the Portuguese colonists to to the Gulf, mistaking this is a great river mouth, casually named "River of January", transliteration is "Rio." Half a century after the founding of the city on this name. After 400 years of development, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo has become second only to large cities and industrial and commercial and financial center, and Santos, the largest foreign trade port of Hong Kong side by side, concentrating the most famous in Brazil The museum has the largest library in Latin America, the world's largest football field, and the country's largest parks, botanical gardens and so on. Stands in Guanabara Bay south of the two mountains shaped like bread (Ao Kuka Hill) is the symbol of Rio de Janeiro. Boarded the cable car ride 395 meters above sea level the summit, look overlooking the beautiful panoramic view of the city of Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Bay sparkling little white sail; Bay stretches of silver sand and magnificent beach, visitors such as ants, umbrella, such as fresh flowers in full bloom; wide promenade has been stretched can not see the end of the shuttle and from the car without a break, facing the sea of modern buildings standing dense ...... Many of the world's countries have Christian carnival, but on the scale, the participants of the public, rich content, and the atmosphere of warm, to be most important in Brazil, and major cities in Brazil, but also the most number of Rio de Janeiro. In late February each year, the national spirit of Brazil for three days and three nights. By then, the streets of Rio de Janeiro, decorated, flags flying everywhere, threw a holiday best. Fashion people out, took to the streets flood, young and old all makeup, and heartily twist waist, waving his hands, enjoyed the special dance the samba. I thought we would the past year, the backlog in the heart of the concerns and vent out all the hard work . All kinds of music, dance, drama performances and competitions come and go. Make-up parade grand holiday celebrations to a climax Pakistan, surrounded by large floats elected "king", "Queen" leading open, a mighty team, the devil, angels, beautiful, immortal demon, knight, Sheriff , and elegant, dressed in black slaves, and other bizarre dazzling, dizzying; audience cheering for their favorite characters applauded, voted to flowers and ribbons. The annual carnival, vividly passionate performance of the Brazilian national character. Rio de Janeiro, the main tourist attractions: 1) Jesus Hill (Córdoba Hill), because the Peak has a 38 meters high and weighs 1,200 tons, named after the statue of Jesus, it has become a national symbol of Brazil. 2) Rio beach: stretching from north to south, has dozens of kilometers of beaches, has become a world destination for tourists yearning, among which the most famous copacapana and ipanema. Fifth, the Brazilian phone rules: Since Brazil is separate from the local long-distance carriers, so choose the long distance provider. 1. Domestic long distance, dial access code operator, (15 is the telefonica, 21 is embratel, 41 are tim), and is the area code and phone number For example, in Sao Paulo, Rio call the office phone number :015 -21-22957286, 015 is to use the telefonica Brazil on behalf of domestic long-distance, 21 is the area code of Rio, Rio office number is 22967286. (Sao Paulo 11, 21 Rio, Brasilia, 61, Victoria 27) 2. International long distance First call operators access code, then the country code and phone number, such as the allocation of domestic phone :0015 -86-755- 26770622 0015 international long distance using telefonica 3, an emergency call Emergency calls: 190 Fire: 193 Police: 190 Ambulance: 192 4, how to make free calls: dial 9090 + the local number and then the other, long-distance access to dial 90 + operator No. 0015 or the 0021 + city code + phone number (there will be a post-connected Portuguese tone, please wait) 7. Mobile Information: 1800mhz gsm network throughout Brazil can use the phone, simply buy prepaid cards tim (meu plano), and the prepaid card can be. Click stk directory menu recharge, has been _select_ed to recarga menu, enter the prepaid card password, click OK to send text messages, receive replies, to complete the recharge. VI. Flight and travel information Brazil can choose from the domestic routes to more common routes: by the European optional Air France, Lufthansa, KLM, etc., can choose to South African Airways via Johannesburg, the United States can choose to United's flight, but the need to prepare for U.S. visa ; Which the European transit time is longer, more expensive airport, please be prepared in advance; Tam airlines in Brazil and varig mainly by taking two. Air France is one of tam and alliance partners, you can use Air skyteam Card varig starallience is the world's largest airline group, and including Lufthansa, South Africa, United Airlines and other airlines shared 15 miles. Additional notes to Brazil: 1. On credit card: visa master card common in Brazil, such as the need to take to apply for a withdrawal is requested password. 2. On baggage: Do not Cash is in the checked baggage and valuables! Air France luggage due to weight limit of 20kg, recommendations need to carry more luggage colleagues chose Lufthansa (Associate with 40kg luggage); 3. Please keep single-entry (entry, fill in a green paper), signed extension to use when handling; 4. Brazil's currency, the current exchange rate of about 2.1 Haiao a dollar or so, 5. Brazil, the local power supply voltage is usually 110v, 220v power is rare, if you bring electrical appliances, please note that your energy 6. China gsm mobile phone (900m/1.8g dual-band) can be used in Brazil, please bring your own, arrived in Brazil after the purchase of sim card can be used; 7. The best from the country to carry sandals, slippers, poor quality and expensive local; other everyday items can be purchased locally to, the price is not too expensive. Brazilian football King of Samba - Brazilian soccer team Brazilian Football Association was founded in 1914, joined FIFA in 1923. To 2002, Brazil is already the 17th World Cup finals. Brazil is the world's only participated in the previous World Cup finals team. Since the World Cup since 1930, the Brazilians never missed a World Cup event, which is unique in world football record. "Number one," Bailey said Brazil did not participate in the World Cup would be unthinkable. Brazil is the world's only a 5 times World Cup champion team. In addition, Brazil also won second runner-up, 2 times the third, 1 fourth, is the World Cup the best team score in history. To 2002, Brazil 7 times World Cup finals, and Germany was flat. Since known for a pragmatic style as Brazil coach Luiz Felipe Scolari, the Brazilian team has been hard to see the whole See Brisk elegant style of South American football. In addition to individual players to play on the occasional spot pleasure in the performance of the overall level of Brazil now appears to have declined. Scolari's football idea is to win, you can continue to foul. As long as the ball, even playing ugly then it does not matter. Favorite Brazil in the World Cup football fans may feel disappointed, because they are familiar with the Brazilian team has gone. Brazil is the representative of technology-based play, good players individual skills, individual combat ability. Brazilian team in the history of famous are: "number one" Pele, Garrincha, Didi, Vava, Zico, Falcao, Socrates, Romario, Bebeto, Ronaldo. Among them, Bailey is the undisputed greatest ever players. Traditional uniform: yellow shirt with green stripes, blue shorts, white with green striped socks. Brazil score statistics: World Cup record: a total of 17 finalists World Cup finals (1930,34,38,50,54, 58,62,66,70,74,78,82,86,90,94, 98) World Cup winner: 4, 1958,1962,1970,1994,2002. American Cup Champion: 6, 1919,1922,1949,1989,1997,2007 Brazil 7 finals results: 1950 (Brazil): Brazil lost to Uruguay 1:2, runner-up. 1958 (Sweden): Sweden, Brazil to 5-2 win team, won the championship. 1962 (Chile): Brazil wins 3-1 Czech team won the championship. 1970 (Mexico): Brazil 4-1 Italy win, win. 1994 (USA): Brazil beat Italy 3-2 on penalties, won the championship, 120 minutes 0-0 draw. 1998 (France): Brazil lost to France 0-3, finished second. 2002 (Japan, South Korea): Brazil 2-0 Germany win team championship World Cup History 1930 - first round to be eliminated 1934 - first round to be eliminated 1938 - third place 1950 - semi-finals to be eliminated 1954 - quarter-finals to be eliminated 1958 - won championship 1962 - won championship 1966 - first round to be eliminated 1970 - won championship 1974 - fourth 1978 - third place 1982 - The second phase was eliminated 1986 - quarter-finals to be eliminated 1990 - second round to be eliminated 1994 - won championship 1998 - Runner-up 2002 - won championship 2006 - quarter-finals to be eliminated World Cup statistics: Total of 80 games in the World Cup screening Wins 53 games Flat 14 games Negative 13 games Goal 78 World Cup total score of 120 points Team in the World Cup record: Score the victory of the poor: in 1950 to 7:1 victory in Sweden The failure of the disparity score: 1998 lost to France 0-3 World Cup top scorer: Ronaldo, scoring 15 goals. Most times participating World Cup players: Dunga and Taffarel, took part in 18 games. Hosted the World Cup: 1950 Football stars: Pele, Jialin Sha, Careca, Socrates, Falcao, Zico, Dunga, Romario, Bebeto, Ronaldo, Ronaldinho, Rivaldo, etc. "Kingdom Coffee" - Latin American powers Brazil Brazilian coffee quality, a strong and well-known world, is the world's largest coffee producer and exporter, is known as "coffee Kingdom". Coffee originated in Africa, Ethiopia, Brazil, passed in 1727. Brazil in South America, southeast, is located in the tropics and subtropics, the unique geographical and climatic conditions are suitable for growing coffee, combined with cheap labor, the rapid rise of coffee cultivation. The 19th century, Brazil's coffee-growing in virtually every country, followed by a sustained nearly a century-long "coffee boom." Large-scale cultivation of coffee, to Brazil brought wealth and prosperity. Early 20th century, coffee production in Brazil of the world's total output seventy-five% or more, which won the "coffee empire" the name. Coffee is one of the pillars of national economy of Brazil. Country has large and small coffee plantations 500,000, growing area about 220 million hectares, 600 million working population, with an annual output of about 200 million tons of coffee, the export nearly 20 million U.S. dollars. In recent years, due to changes in export structure and the international coffee market recession, the Brazilian coffee production and exports declined. Brazilians love coffee. 60 years, annual per capita coffee consumption in Brazil reached 5.8 kg. Last two decades, with the emergence of other beverages, per capita coffee consumption in Brazil is still more than 3 kg. In Brazil, both urban and rural areas, a variety of cafes everywhere. Almost anytime, anywhere full-bodied aroma of hot coffee to drink. 2. Brazil's County Brazil, Cornwall Ancient China, belong to Yizhou. 3. The movie Chinese name: Brazil / Brazil, where / wishful thinking English name: brazil Director: Terry Gilliam terry gilliam Starring: Robert De Niro robert de niro Terry Gilliam terry gilliam Jonathan ian holm Ian Holm Prairie West jonathan pryce Jim Bland Bent jim broadbent katherine Katherine Helmond helmond Robert Haskins Michael Palin, michael palin bob hoskins Release: February 20, 1985 (France) Country: United Kingdom (filming) Dialogue: English Rating: 8.0/10 (27,069 votes) Color: Color Sound: dolby Length: 142 minutes 11 minutes more than the average version Genre: Science Fiction Fantasy Comedy Rating: Sweden: 15 UK: 15 Australia: m Finland: k-16 Norway: 16 Argentina: 16 Chile: 18 Canada: 14a Synopsis: Shape the future of human society to take, in addition to science fiction for this happy-ending fairy tale which will have other, almost every serious modern thinkers have made a pessimistic conclusion. May be bold enough to imagine, and perhaps many of the ills of modern society can not eradicate, the future is always the best thinkers in the dark part of the brain. Do not know if there is a great material wealth, people do whatever they want of the day, but still can not get rid of substances bound to the future, it is still dark and the taste of terror can not be avoided. Although the entire system so fragile, but still able to mobilize the state apparatus to destroy the minions without blocking one another, "Anshan Liang people" - more likely to be eliminated more innocent civilians, the terrorists have the bomb bursting in air even in the film plane are do not reveal, and perhaps the name of the terrorist is the government to divert attention and strengthening of national rule, a smoke screen. The same self-evident, Information Office and Information Administration, we naturally think of the notorious CIA and KGB, as well as numerous intelligence agencies. Video did not have too many forms of social reference, but it reveals the state of national centralization and criticism are of universal significance. Sam, on the one hand but also to maintain the independence of the basic, on the one hand and indulge in the illusion of flying and save. In his dreams, and true in real life just as important, even worse than. Dream, at least he still has love, there is the thrill of flying, and even demons and giants can be an enemy, real-life stereotypes pale face in the dream even more gorgeous rich highlights. Final Fantasy in Rowe, the dreams and reality intersect directly, up off the heaven, rescued his death. But the reality is the tragedy, he and Jill is a naive fantasy escape from society, this "political terrorist" society does not allow a person from their position. You can die, but can not leave. Cast: Robert De Niro robert de niro .... archibald 'harry' tuttle Terry Gilliam terry gilliam .... smoking man at shang-ri la towers (uncredited) Ian Holm ian holm .... mr. M. kurtzmann Jonathan Prairie West jonathan pryce .... sam lowry Jim Bland Bent jim broadbent .... dr. Jaffe Katherine Helmond katherine helmond .... mrs. Ida lowry Robert Haskins bob hoskins .... spoor Michael Palin, michael palin .... jack lint kim greist .... jill layton Roger Aston Griffiths roger ashton-griffiths .... priest Ian Richardson ian richardson .... mr. Warrenn terence bayler .... tv commercial presente anthony brown .... porter - information retrieval patrick connor .... cell guard ray cooper .... technician
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