A regular one or the composition of natural mineral aggregates. Is the composition of the crust and mantle of the important material. Usually formed by geological hard solid. According to the different geological rock formation, is divided into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic three categories. Is indispensable to human life and production of materials.
Translated by Google
yán shí
From one or two or more minerals are usually formed by the consolidation or consolidation of the mineral body, the part of the biological causes (such as coal), abound in nature, constitute a large part of the crust
Translated by Google
No. 3
Tall stones; large stones. "Records of emperor of the century": "emperor that is self-doubt, dead hide, hidden among rocks on Mount Dangshan Ze." Southern Liang Jiang Yan, "Yi Jian-Ping Wang a letter": "The last is hidden in among articles wantonly, Woyu rocks the next. "Qing Chen Kangqi" Lang potential Ji Wen "Volume:" ﹝ ﹞ rock exquisite Suzhou Canglang Pavilion, Mizuki clear the United States and therefore abandoned the highest spot in town. "Yang Mo" Song of Youth "the first chapter:" Article next day got up early, she was the voice of waves slapped against the rock wake-up. "
Translated by Google
No. 4
Metaphor of an important official. A phrase from the "Poetry Festival Shan Xiao Ya": "section he Nanshan, stone rocks in Victoria. HEHE Morotada, China Bell looking." Zeng Gong Song "and the Beijing Han sijung Kai": "Far from avoiding the trouble machine long-submerged back in the Foreign Service, should strictly stone look, interesting clothing of return is Dagon. "Song Su Shunqin" Wen Jing Yin Fanxi official text, etc. Exile "Poetry:" Great meeting shaking rock, endangering offense taken tassel. greenish yellow from Beijing House , gaunt Exile Southern states. "
Translated by Google
No. 5
That constitute the crust of mineral aggregates. Sub-igneous, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock three categories.
Translated by Google
Basic definitions
Rock is a natural output with stable outlook mineral or glass aggregates, combined together in a certain way. Constitute the material basis of the crust and upper mantle. By cause into igneous rocks, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Where magmatic rocks by the high-temperature molten magma at the surface or underground condensation formed, also known as igneous or extrusive rock; sedimentary rock is a product of weathering, biological effects, and volcanism in the surface conditions through water, air and glaciers first into the rocks by the magma rocks, sedimentary or metamorphic, due to its changing environment by metamorphism of the geological formation of the rock; rocks and other external forces handling, deposition and diagenesis consolidation and formation. Deep in the crust and upper mantle is mainly composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks. From the surface down to 16 km range of igneous and metamorphic rocks of the volume accounted for 95%. Mainly sedimentary surface crust, which accounts for about 75% of the continental area of the ocean floor is almost entirely covered by sediment. The main petrographic study of rock material composition, structure, structure, classification name, formation conditions, distribution, origin, metallogenic relationships and the evolution of rock and so on. It is important geological sciences basic disciplines.
Translated by Google
The nature of the rock
No wonder that the engineering properties of rock material composition (nature of the particle itself), structure (coupling between the particles), construction (to the aquatic environment and renovation, construction), the current storage environment (stress, temperature, water) in these areas factors. If the rock, and the rock surface depends on both the structure and, in most cases, the structure of the surface plays a role in controlling.
Translated by Google
History of rock
Beginning of the formation of Earth, the gravitational core of the universe suck up dust, dust condensation becomes rocks, weathered, into a rock. Then it becomes a meteorite, do not fall into the Earth's atmosphere at the time, was separated from the outer space of the stone, iron or stony-iron mixed substance, if falling into the atmosphere, the atmosphere without being burned and fell to the ground on We usually see the meteorite became, simply, the so-called meteorites, is a miniature version of the asteroid "struck the earth," and left the wreckage. Hundreds of millions of years later, the world will have countless rock. Now humans in geotechnical engineering, engineering properties of the rocks often divided by a very hard, hard, hard, medium and weak four types. Being developed to quantitative direction. Ancient rocks are present in the interior of the continent into the crystalline basement. Mafic rocks are representative and ultrabasic igneous rocks. These rocks due to intense metamorphism has been transformed into chlorite and amphibole-rich rocks, we usually called greenstone. As in 1973 found in West Greenland isotopic age of about 38 billion years granitic gneiss. In 1979, Pakistan, South Africa 波波林 Tuen determination gneiss belt around the middle ages about 39 billion years. Metamorphic rocks in northern Canada - Aka Ska gneiss is part of the well-preserved ancient Earth's surface. Radioactive dating table Minge Cascais gneiss nearly four billion years of age, and thus explain some of the continent after the Earth formed billions of years the material has existed. Recently, scientists discovered a number of southwestern Australia's oldest rocks, which according to the results of isotopic analyzes contained in the mineral zircon crystals, indicating that they "age" of about 4.3 to 4.4 billion years old, is the planet ever discovered the oldest rock samples, can be inferred based on this discovery, these rock formations, has had continents and oceans on Earth. Born on Earth 200 million to 300 million years later, as people may not think that is covered by a red-hot magma, but has cooled to a temperature sufficient to form a solid surface and the ocean. Variation in the circle of the earth 4.4 billion years ago may have been completed. Currently the oldest rocks found in China are granitic gneisses eastern area, where rock xenoliths age of about 35 billion years. Western Australia Warrawoona group of microfossils in the morphological structure of relatively complete. They actually are cyanobacteria or bacteria is hard to determine. Generally believed that early stromatolites are built cyanobacteria, stromatolites are indicative of the presence of cyanobacteria. If 3.5 billion years ago, cyanobacteria have emerged, then photosynthesis release oxygen started early, which leads to the question: Why until 2 billion years ago, the accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere before it? From 3.5 billion years ago to 20 million years ago, in the middle separated by 1.5 billion years, why so slow accumulation of oxygen? This is of course there are different interpretations. Stromatolites have been found in recent years, for example, may be completely built by photosynthetic bacteria, or even built by non-photosynthetic bacteria. Indirect evidence of the existence of the oldest life is more important western Greenland banded iron (BIF) and light carbon isotopes. If the evidence is established, then the conduct can be inferred microbial photosynthesis release oxygen, which is similar to cyanobacteria creatures on Earth 3.8 billion years ago, has emerged. According to Cloud's interpretation, BIF is a light and microorganisms periodically releasing oxygen and cause oxidation of ferrous iron deposited is high. Light carbon isotopes is also indirect evidence of photosynthesis. But the opposing views, BIF form the desired oxygen can be provided by atmospheric photolysis of water molecules, and light carbon isotopes may come from thermal decomposition of carbonate. Eighteenth century mineralogy petrology out from the womb and develop into an independent discipline. In the early development of petrology, igneous major study is, to the mid-nineteenth century began a systematic study of metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary rocks until the early twentieth century it attracted people's attention. Currently petrology is along the magmatic petrology, sedimentary petrology and metamorphic petrology three main branches of direction.
Translated by Google
Application of rock
First, do rock materials A marble: marble rock surface texture delicate, often used as a wall or floor. Because marble is a metamorphic limestone made of calcium carbonate, the main component, and therefore the manufacture of cement raw materials. Material soft and delicate marble, stone sculpture is good, a lot of famous statues are made of marble, such as the famous Venus. Others such as walls or decorations, are also often wondering marble processing, such as vases, ashtrays, tables and other household goods. 2 Granite: Granite native was seen only in the Golden Gate, Golden Gate and therefore almost all of the old house made of granite. Taiwan's temples used granite from Fujian, and more for the temple of the dragon pillars, floor tiles, stone lions. 3 Slate: because it is easy to split into thin shape, and can easily get in the mountains, it is still using indigenous materials as slate, stone houses or built into the wall. 4 conglomerate: Some conglomerate containing pebbles and sand, and poor cementation, easy to disperse them, such as: western Taiwan Quaternary Toukoshan Formation is such a conglomerate in which the pebbles and sand are building . 5 Limestone: Limestone Taiwan is the most common form of coral, known as coral limestone. In Penghu, coral stone known as "stone", the residents used as wall materials, to shield the strong northeast monsoon, crop protection. 6 mudstone: Because its main ingredient is clay, since ancient times been used as raw brick, pottery. 7 andesite: As hard material, often also used as a temple dragon pillars, stone walls, tombstones, tiles and so on. Second, the metals can be extracted minerals 1 gold: gold-bearing rocks through weathering and erosion, gold will be separated from the natural gold, because gold is much more than the weight of sediment, easily deposited, after washing, they become gold. 2 chalcopyrite: Chalcopyrite is the main copper minerals extracted. 3 Galena: Galena presented leaden with cleavage of the cube, the most important of lead minerals. 4 hematite: Exterior colors of hematite iron-gray or reddish brown, is the most important iron-bearing minerals. 5 magnetite: iron mineral is magnetite, magnetic, iron absorption material. Third, precious stones If you have a hard mineral, rare, durable, transparent and beautiful color characteristics that are often used as an ornament, commonly known as gemstones, gem Introduction The following are common: A diamond: diamond commonly known, there are many colors, such as yellow, brown, white, blue, green, red, etc., of which the highest value colorless and transparent. 2 Corundum: corundum, there are many different colors, such as: Common Name ruby red corundum, blue corundum is called sapphire. The chemical composition of aluminum oxide. 3 Opal: usually colorless or white, and some have special iridescence. 4 Crystal: pure quartz crystal is called single crystal, crystal internal impurities present different with different colors, such as: citrine, amethyst and so on. Microscopic fibrous quartz crystal polymer called chalcedony; quartz crystal polymer called granular microstructure flint, these two minerals are important jade Taitung. Fourth, as a pigment Some minerals have special colors can be used to obtain a pigment, such as blue azurite, malachite green, red cinnabar. V. Other Uses 1 Quartz: Quartz is the main raw material for the manufacture of glass and semiconductors, such as: the Fuji Sandstone Creek in Miaoli County Wunshuei quartz sand is the main material for making glass. 2 Calcite: Calcite is present in marble and limestone, is the main raw material to manufacture cement. 3 muscovite: muscovite due nonconductive, thermally non-conductive and having a high melting point characteristics, and are therefore often used as a heater in the insulator material. 4 graphite: low hardness, and has a greasy luster, streak is black, used in the manufacture of pencil lead, in addition can also be made of graphite lubricants, electrodes, crucibles, etc. 5 Sulfur: volcanic hot springs in the area that contains the yellow sulfur. 6 Plaster: Gypsum is generally used for fracture fixation of the injured, or made into a statue, but also for the construction industry. 7 apatite: for the manufacture of agricultural fertilizer. Serpentine 8: magnesium-containing component, can be used in the steel industry. 9 Talc: low hardness, creamy; are often ground into powder to manufacture paint, talcum powder, scouring powder, cosmetics and so on.
Translated by Google
The origin of the rock
The formation of the Earth, the gravitational core of the universe suck up dust, dust condensation becomes rocks, weathered, into a rock. Then it becomes a meteorite, do not fall into the Earth's atmosphere at the time, was separated from the outer space of the stone, iron or stony-iron mixed substance, if falling into the atmosphere, the atmosphere without being burned and fell to the ground on We usually see the meteorite became, simply, the so-called meteorites, is a miniature version of the asteroid "struck the earth," and left the wreckage.
Translated by Google
Types of rocks
① igneous also called igneous rocks. Molten material from the Earth's interior, in different geological conditions condensation consolidation from rock. When volcanic lava flowing from the rock surface channel formed by solidification, called or known volcanic extrusive rocks. Common volcanic basalt, andesite and rhyolite. When the lava rocks below the earth's surface rises a certain depth in the crust and the formation of condensation, said intrusive rocks, is divided into different parts according to invade plutonic and hypabyssal. Granite, gabbro, diorite plutons are typical. Granite porphyry, gabbro and diorite porphyry rocks are common in shallow diagenetic. According to the chemical composition can be divided into ultrabasic igneous rocks (SiO2, less than 45%), basic rocks (SiO2, 45% ~ 52%), intermediate rocks (SiO2, 52% ~ 65%), acid rock (SiO 2, greater than 65%) and alkaline rocks (with a special alkaline minerals, SiO 2, 52% ~ 66%). 64.7% igneous crust volume. ② sedimentary rocks. Under the surface normal temperature and pressure conditions, the weathered material, volcanic debris, and a small amount of organic matter in the universe through handling, deposition and diagenesis of layered rock formation. Causes can be divided by rocks, clay, rocks and chemical rocks (including biochemistry rock). Common sedimentary sandstone, tuffaceous sandstone, conglomerate, claystone, shale, limestone, dolomite, chert, iron rock, phosphatic rocks. 7.9% of the volume of sedimentary crust, but have great wide distribution in the surface crust, about 75% of the land area, and covered almost all of the seabed sediments. There are two prominent sedimentary characteristics: First, bedding a hierarchical structure, called. The interface between the layers is called the level normally below than above the rock formations old age. Second, many sedimentary rocks in the "stone" of the remains of ancient organisms or survival activities ----- trace fossils, it is valuable information for determining the geological age and the study of ancient geography and history of the earth is called a record The "page" and "text." ③ metamorphic rocks. The original rock formed by metamorphism rocks. Depending on the type of metamorphism, metamorphic rocks can be divided into five categories: dynamic metamorphic rocks, the contact metamorphic rocks, regional metamorphic rocks mixed rock and accountable. Common metamorphic rocks have mylonite, cataclasite, hornfels, slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, marble, quartzite, amphibolite, the tablets rock, eclogite, mixing rock, etc. . Crustal rocks 27.4% by volume. Rock has a specific gravity, porosity, compressive strength and tensile strength and other physical properties, is a factor construction, drilling, tunneling and other projects need to be considered, but also the occurrence of various mineral resources carrier, different types of rocks contain different minerals. In igneous rocks, for example, mafic and ultramafic rocks and pro-iron, such as chromium, nickel, platinum group elements, titanium, vanadium, iron and so on; acid rock and lithophile elements such as tungsten, tin, molybdenum, beryllium, lithium, niobium, tantalum, uranium-related; diamond only produced in kimberlite and lamproite in; chromite prolific in dunite; Chinese granite-rich South China during the early tungsten tin deposits; late Yanshanian granites often form an independent tin and niobium, tantalum, beryllium deposits. Petroleum and coal only born in sedimentary rocks. Precambrian metamorphic rocks with iron ore worldwide. Many rock itself is also an important industrial raw materials, such as Beijing's white marble (a white marble) is the famous architectural decoration materials, stone Nanjing, Fujian Shoushan Stone, Zhejiang Qingtian stone is a good arts and crafts stone, even those who are not Note that the sand and gravel is also very useful building materials. Many rock is an important raw material for medicine, such as medical stone (a kind of acid dykes) is a very popular medicinal rock. Rock still constitute an important factor in tourism resources, mountains in the world, Okawa, peaks and caves and rocks are related. Our Stone Age ancestors began to use from the rocks, in today's highly developed science and technology, people's clothing, food, housing, transportation, travel, medical ...... no one can leave the rock. Study rocks, use rocks, Cangdan, playing rock, love stone is no longer a scientist's patent, and will gradually become part of the life of the masses. Weathered rock Rocks in solar radiation, air, water and biological role of broken, loose change and mineral composition of secondary phenomenon under. Lead role in this phenomenon called weathering. Divided into: ① physical weathering. Including rock expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes, plumper rock fractures in the water caused by freezing and salt crystals, rocks relieve swelling caused by load and so on. ② chemical weathering. Include: the dissolution of water on the rocks; mineral absorbs moisture to form a new hydrous minerals, causing swelling of rock disintegration of hydration; reactive minerals and water into new mineral hydrolysis; air or free oxygen in the water due to the role of rock The oxidation damage caused. ③ biological weathering. Including the destruction of animals and plants rock, rock mechanical damage is also physical weathering, his body decomposed rock erosion is also chemical weathering. Vandalism is also an important reason for the weathering of rocks. The degree of weathering of rocks can be divided into full-weathered, strongly weathered, weathered and weak breeze of four levels. Around 200 years ago, people might think mountains, lakes, and deserts are immutable characteristics on Earth. But now we know the mountains weathering and erosion will eventually be to the ground, lakes will eventually be filled with sediment and vegetation, desert climate change will be as elusive. Substance on earth endlessly moving. Most exposed rock surface crust at the time of its formation are different physical and chemical conditions, and the surface is rich in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water, which can easily change and destruction of rock. Performance piece rock into fragments, or its composition changes, and finally to hard rock and soil becomes loose debris. Mechanical fragmentation and chemical minerals and rocks under the surface conditions occurring in the decomposition process is called weathering. Because of the wind, water and glaciers, such as the role of dynamic processes in place to move out of the product of weathering and erosion called Surface rocks occur in situ mechanical crushing without changing its chemical composition is not the role of a new mineral called physical weathering. Thermal expansion and contraction, such as mineral rocks, ice split the role of spallation and salt crystallization effects can make even small pieces of rock from the chunk becomes completely broken. Chemical weathering is the role of surface rocks by the water, oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs changes in chemical composition and mineral composition and role of the new minerals produced. Major hydration and hydrolysis of carbonation through oxidation dissolution equation. Although all are weathered rocks, but not both at the same rate or in the same path change. After long years of observation of the weathering of rocks under different conditions, we know that the rock characteristics, climatic and topographic conditions are the main factors controlling rock weathering. Different rock mineral composition having a different configuration and structure, a large difference in solubility of different minerals. Joints, bedding and distribution of porosity and mineral granularity, friability and in turn determines the surface area of rocks. Differential weathering rates, can be expressed in different rock types from stone. Such as granite stone, its composition is mainly of silicate minerals. This stone can be a good defense against chemical weathering. The marble rock monument is obviously vulnerable to weathering. Climatic factors mainly through temperature, rainfall and reproductive status of biological and performance. In warm and humid environment, high temperature, rainfall, lush plants, microbes active chemical weathering fast and fully decomposed to the further development of rock weathering thick layer can be formed. In polar and desert regions, dry and cold climate, the role of chemical weathering is unlikely, as the angular rocks easily broken debris. The most typical example is Egypt stands in a dry and well-preserved 35-century granite obelisk towers of Kleopatra, moved to serious air pollution in New York City Central Park after only 75 years had passed unrecognizable. Highly influenced by the topography of the climate: a great low-latitude and high mountain foothills Peak temperature, climatic differences, the biosphere look significantly different. Thus weathering are also significant differences. Undulations of the terrain for weathering also has universal significance: undulating terrain in the mountains, weathering products easily force leaving exposed bedrock erosion, accelerated weathering. Direction related to the sunny slopes of strong sunshine, rain, sunny slopes of the mountain and back may not of perennial ice, apparently large differences in the characteristics of the rock weathering climate and sunshine intensity, such as the mountain. Erosion and weathering complementary in nature, only when the rock is weathered, it is easily eroded. And when rock was eroded to expose fresh rock, so that it continues weathering. Handling weathering products are mainly reflected denudation. When the cuttings with handling the media, such as wind or water flow, will surface, river and lake shoreline erosion with produce. This will generate more debris, provided the material for the deposition conditions. Rocks in the sun, water, and air biological effect, and gradually decomposed and destroyed and the soil is sandy, called weathering. Sand is a product of weathering of rocks and mud after. A rock weathering phenomenon. Rock loose, flaking, cracks these are rock weathering phenomenon. Second, the generation of rock weathering reasons.
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
yanshi Rock rock Usually natural mineral aggregates. Mainly composed of one or several rock-forming minerals combination of a certain way; partly volcanic glass or biological remains. Rocks constitute the main substance of the crust and mantle, is the product of hard earth at a certain stage of development, through the various geological formation. Meteorites and lunar rocks are also rock. In human evolution and civilization, the rock is important. When people can put the first stone hand made knives, when finally completed a decisive step transition from ape to man. ─ ─ From the Stone Age human civilization into the first period, the rock material and has been an important tool for human life and production. Modern rock is still the resources of farmland, water, construction, transportation, chemical, mining and other economic sectors, construction and exploitation of the object. Rock their formation process is divided into igneous rocks (also called igneous rocks), sedimentary and metamorphic three categories. ① igneous rocks. Molten material (typically magma) in the ground or rocks ejected after the formation of surface condensation, such as granite, basalt. ② sedimentary rocks. Weathering of rocks or some biological effect product formed by volcanism transport, deposition, and petrochemical role in surface or near surface formed under conditions, such as shale, sandstone, limestone and so on. ③ metamorphic rocks. Pre-existing rocks, generally at a temperature and pressure conditions of elevated rock by mineral composition, structure and formation of the transformation of the structure, such as schist, gneiss, marble, mylonite and so on. The distribution of three categories of rock, not the same. Continental sedimentary rocks are mainly distributed on the surface, about 75% of the area of continental crust. Jude Biao deeper, the more igneous and metamorphic rocks. Deep crust and upper mantle, mainly composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Igneous 64.7% of the entire volume of the earth's crust, accounting for 27.4% metamorphic, sedimentary 7.9%. Basalt and gabbro which also accounted for 65.7 percent of all igneous rocks, granite and other light-colored rocks about 34%. Rock as a natural object has a specific gravity, porosity, compressive strength and tensile strength and other physical properties (see table some common physical properties of rocks), which is a factor construction, drilling, boring and other projects to be considered. Moreover, the stress by the deformation of the rock. After the stress rock beyond its elastic limit, a plastic deformation. Nature mylonite main product is plastic deformation. Some projects rocks long loads can also cause creep and plastic flow. Temperature and confining pressure (the load of overlying rocks) increased in favor of plastic deformation occurs. If the stress continues to increase, the rock rupture. Mineral composition of rocks are mainly of silicate minerals (such as feldspar, mica, hornblende, pyroxene, olivine) and quartz; followed by a variety of oxide minerals (such as magnetite, ilmenite, rutile), Carbonate minerals (such as calcite, dolomite), phosphate minerals (such as apatite); sometimes contain some sulfides, sulfates or contain rare, rare, radioactive or precious mineral elements, or a special nature of mineral (such as diamond). When is the mineral of economic value of precious metals or mineral elements, local enrichment in rocks, reaching for the exploitation and utilization of quality and size. A variety of metals and non-metallic mineral and energy resources, the vast majority of Fu existence of various rocks and rocks associated with the causes. So, rock is the carrier of various minerals and enormous energy libraries. (See pictures dunite 6 × 9 厘米 Origin: Shaanxi to the south, porphyritic kimberlite 6 × 8 厘米 Origin: Shandong Mengyin, diabase 5 × 6 厘米 Origin: Hebei Xuanhua, 6 × 6 厘米 pyroxenite origin : Hebei Chengde, gabbro 7 × 10 厘米 Origin: Shandong Jinan, gabbro-diabase 6 × 9 厘米 Origin: Fujian, Basalt 6 × 9 厘米 Origin: Jiangsu Liuhe, diorite 8 × 12 厘米 Origin: Hebei involved County, hornblende andesite 5 × 7 厘米 Origin: Beijing Changping, Granite 8 × 12 厘米 Origin: Guangdong Taishan, rhyolite 5 × 7 厘米 Origin: Hebei Akagi, stone bubble rhyolite 6 × 9 厘米 Origin: Fujian Zhong Tang , obsidian 6 × 9 厘米 Origin: United States, syenite 8 × 12 厘米 Origin: Anhui Lujiang, leucite phonolite 6 × 9 厘米 Origin: Jiangsu Tongjing, Wen like pegmatite 6 × 9 厘米 Origin: Hebei Xuanhua, bamboo-like limestone 4 × 6 厘米 Origin: Hebei Zanhuang, conglomerate 4.5 × 6 厘米 Origin: Henan Hebi, mica schist 7 × 9 厘米 Origin: Shanxi Fanzhi, shale 4 × 6 厘米 Origin: Guangdong Maoming , 5 × 6 厘米 sandstone Origin: Beijing Fangshan, gneiss 6 × 8 厘米 Origin: Hebei Zhangjiakou) (Mu Kemin Zhou Xinmin)
Translated by Google
English Expression
n.: stone, crop out, dispersed element, ledge excavation, ledge rock, Rock, mass of this standing out from the earth's surface or from the sea
vt.: blast
French Expression
n. roche
Thesaurus
geognosy, cob, stone ledge blast Community Yandan Village
Metamorphic rock