The overseer Tu: Word Tian Shu, No. Bin Sou. Yin County, Zhejiang Province (now Ningbo) people. Birth and death is unknown, the main activities in the Ming Dynasty (1573-1620). The overseer Tu born in scholarly family. Chang Temple once any parent Yum Code thin, Li doctor, Lianghuai Transportation Division prefect, after any shift Fujian Yan Yun Zhi Division. He despised fame, clean white support, good reading, the old still Diligence stopped working. Tu The overseer said: "I in the book famine in as food, thirsty to when to drink, bow to when the pillow mat, worry and to when preaching." Mid-Ming, because of the impact of commodity economy and capitalism budding, China has some intellectuals , since the actual depth study and research, made more significant achievements in science and technology. Tu is one of the overseer. Through his research, with a "central Fujian wrong sparse sea", "seafood Index", "central Fujian lychee spectrum", "wild Jian", "Lament fill sparse vegetation" and other books. Covering plants, animals, gardening and other broad areas.
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"Central Fujian sea mistake sparse"
The overseer of Tu represents the "central Fujian sea sparse wrong" after the author Fujian; should please the Yin Yu Chang shaoqing written, a book in the Ming Dynasty Bingshen (1596). The book is divided into three volumes, the volumes of the two scales Department under the Ministry of the volume of referrals, but also preface and appendix each one. The book records the Fujian coast marine animals of over 200 kinds (including minority freshwater species), fish-based economy to seafood, there is China's famous big fish, small fish, octopus, squid, sea Nissan 4 treasures, as well as famous shrimp, shad, shad, gizzard shad (China Harengula fish) and other marine animals. "Central Fujian sea mistake sparse" fish documented outside except synonym, namely carp, bream, tilefish, mullet and other 80 kinds, belonging to carp, bream Branch, pomfret Division 40 Division, and Cypriniformes, Perciformes, mullet-shaped heads, and other 20 projects. Described amphibian toad (Bufo), tree frog (Hyla China), frog (Rana Ze), water fowl (tiger frog), stone scales (spinosa), yellow 魻 (marsh frog), etc. 10 species belonging Bufonidae, Hylidae, Ranidae 3 families. Also, remember there are shellfish mollusks, arthropods shrimp, and a few turtles, turtle, as well as common in the provinces of Fujian seafood bird's nest, sea powder. It should be noted that some record book predecessors never mentioned. Such as "sea urchin" one, in the past was considered to be from Japan, in fact, Japan is a quote from the book. Wen (a rare golden small sardines), but not in the record before the Ming Tu the overseer but it was described. Located between Zhejiang, Guangdong, Fujian, and some marine animals are similar, so the overseer Tu description of Fujian marine animals, the use of eastern Zhejiang coastal compare produced, so the "central Fujian sea sparse wrong" can be seen as an early Chinese seafood animal Chi or marine animals monographs. Through the study of the overseer Tu marine animals, marine animals get a lot of forms of ecological knowledge. For example, he vividly describes the square head (tilefish) head slightly square; shark (narrow grain seafood tiger shark) leader and the body has a concave shape tiger characteristics; against excessive wax (sea bream), beads summer cockles ( Olive cockles), silk cockles (knot cockles) and other marine animals described in the form of very specific. According to the characteristics described can be identified to species. Basically consistent with the Fujian extant species. In terms of ecological habits, Tu clearly documented the overseer growth, reproduction of the snail, "Spring March newborn, fine, such as rice, soft shell, delicious. 初旬 slightly larger to April, and May of meat large, full of grease. To taken by the rainy season in plum snails, can be a long reservoir, Jiujin twelve places, cream overflow shell, the Ying if crystals. Chiu taker, plaster less meat, less smell of spring. " According to Zhang Xi said that this shellfish spawning from July to September, autumn is adopted individual egg production had so little meat hard blind taste less spring. Then hatched snails individual small, easily visible to the naked eye, the second spring length to grain size, to May-June start breeding. The overseer of the snail from the carcass natural reproduction description of view, reflects his Habits snail existing consumer clarity of understanding. He also observed that a good fish (mullet edge) in the depths of winter when the ovary and testis filled the abdominal cavity, and gonadal maturation and spawning. Spring good (roe) after ejaculation fish spawning, that body lean and tasteless. This kind of fish (fish roe) reproductive knowledge on raising the fine industry reference value. Prince of diet on over the winter and next spring the sea into the territory of migratory laws of records and knowledge with today's Fujian fishing season over December meet. The book of some internal organs of marine animals are also described. As noted, "There are brown substance (the liver) in the belly of the fish octopus with yolk, such as cuttlefish black ink (ink sac), white grains such as barley (eggs)." These are described in the l6 century, the Chinese people to observe and understand marine animals has reached a higher level. Ming Dynasty freshwater aquaculture has been quite well developed in the "wrong sparse central Fujian Sea" also contains some relevant information. As documented carnivorous snakehead fish (ie mullet) said: "Any one who Channa tail, people who ponds, fresh fish and exhausted, into each of evil and by." Pointed to the need to clear the pond to put fish in the pond before The mullet. The book also describes the breeding of grass carp and silver carp Fujian methods: Lunar New Year in February raised from fish fry, first Koike, after longer move "(Lv down on rhino) pond", and then moved to a foot or so wide pool, with grass-fed, from September water. With the growth of the fish and replace the fish pond, then to develop a commercial fish from fry. When grass carp polyculture, snakehead fish must be cleared of experience, today still has its practical significance, but also reflects the progress of the Ming Dynasty fish pond. Tu the overseer in the "wrong sparse central Fujian Sea" will put together the kind of similar traits, such as the Snappers (sea bream), red mane (yellow snapper), square head (tilefish), gilthead (black sea bream), bream and other continuous arrangement, frog (Rana Ze), toads (Bufo), tree frog (Hyla China), stone scales (spinosa), Green Xia (nigromaculata), etc. are arranged in a row, and so on. Representing more than fish, amphibians on modern animal classification. The overseer carcass traits again closer to the categories of aquatic arranged together. For example, in fish, the whitebait (tip whitebait), pasta (white muscle whitebait), pulp (short-tailed new whitebait) arranged together, and now know that they belong to the whitebait Branch; in amphibians, the Rockscale, Xia Qing, Huang Xia (marsh frog), water fowl, etc. are arranged together, now know they belong Ranidae. The overseer of the marine animal carcasses into different categories, subdivided in categories of subcategories, which are arranged in a certain extent, the method reveals the natural group of animals, reflecting the genetic relationship between them. This shows that China l6-century biologist who has been a step in the direction of natural classification. These different categories and subcategories, the equivalent of modern biology department belonging to different taxa, including the inclusion of the concept of families and genera or species. The contemporary European naturalists, on account of the animal name is based on the Latin alphabet order, or medicinal properties and uses for classification. Also see the natural classification of clues. Obviously, the overseer of animal carcasses classification in the "central Fujian sea mistake sparse" adopted at the time was more advanced. In the Ming Dynasty, China was the main zoological knowledge scattered medicine, agronomy writings, has not formed an independent scientific and systematic. In such historical conditions, the overseer could write Tu seafood or seafood Fauna monograph contains a natural classification concept in China and the world are the earliest, it has great significance in the history of biology.
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"Seafood Index"
"Seafood Index" Volume 1 is the overseer of the revised Tu previous errors made. For example, the book points out are two different carp and yellow croaker fish, they are seen as a fish is wrong. Green said the fish was not barren blue carp. "Crabs are dried scallop is a pseudo-biography letter." Stone (worms go), also known as bergamot cockles, clams but not the cockles class. Correction of these are false work for the study of marine animals and exploitation of marine resources, providing a valuable historical science. In addition to the achievement of zoology, botany slaughter the overseer also done some research, with a "wild memo," a book. The book is written in the form of literary sketches, recorded his hometown Yin common 22 kinds of wild plants. As described in plant morphology, says Lily "like lotus root, such as garlic"; and "Yong green taro, taro fields of soft, Tian Ji as fierce a festive dinner," basically reflects the form of taro and prepare against natural disasters purposes. About living habits of plants, slaughter the overseer wrote: "There are Dishes snow Siming urn (budding), former head Jane Moby build snow depth, various vegetables frozen ecstatic, budding green dish, especially the United States." Mustard Brassica juncea is the middle class A variant with mustard, leaf green, hardy and strong, in the southern winter with overwintering habits, documented and consistent with the actual situation. "Toon life without flowers, leaves and tender branches into forking Sam Johnson", "chewing teeth competing at the Hong" and have to scramble for their buds before flowering toon, toon vividly describes the growth and use. Also describes the growth of groundnut and trailing habit. On Xuan, Wei, fern, coriander and other biological characteristics and uses of wild plants have been described. The overseer slaughter of marine zoology and botany at the can to be successful, not accidental. He attached importance to research first, not to the ancient information compiled based. Thus he describes plants and animals, the majority can explain their morphology, habits, etc., so that readers can identify their species. "Si Ku Quan Shu feed" it "to identify the name of the class, a glance glance, quite good for more knowledge," and this assessment is fair. Followed by personal observation, investigation, focusing on the kind of information obtained directly, it can discern the fallacy of previous knowledge on plants and animals, not baseless assertion. "Seafood Index," a book on the most powerfully reflects this. In addition, the overseer Tu experience and knowledge of their predecessors quite respected in the "wrong sparse central Fujian sea" and other works, a lot of the literature cited previous knowledge about the flora and fauna, but when he learned the previous scientific knowledge is prudent. In short, the overseer in Tu occupies an important position in the history of biology.
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English Expression
n.: tu benjun
Thesaurus
Good dragons father-in-law, foolish baas, hanbei, tubinsou, tutianshu