Beautiful color, glossy, transparency and hardness of the ore, it can be decorative, instrument bearings, or abrasives.
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bǎo shí
宝石 bǎo shí
After that kind of refined and polished, you can achieve the requirements of stone or mineral jewelry
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No. 3
宝石
Assembled gem. - "Guangdong Military Affairs in mind"
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No. 4
宝石
宝石
宝石
Beautiful color, high hardness, chemical effect of the atmosphere and can not afford to change the precious ore. Can be used for instrument bearings, abrasives, accessories and so on. Also refers to precious stones. "Emperor of the Three Kingdoms Wei Zhiming Ji" "November Ding, line fortunate Xuchang Palace" s annotations quoted Song Jin Sun Sheng, "Wei Spring and Autumn": "Jinshan Xuan Chuan Yi Chung, precious stones negative graph, shaped like a turtle." Gold wen "dolomite" Poetry: "Huiji Yu deep bottomless hole, set the Mountain Ghost stolen gem." Ming Li's "Compendium of Materia Medica of a gem stone": "gem out of Zephaniah, where Uighur various pit wells, Yunnan , also of Liaodong. red, green, bi, the number of color purple. "Guo Chengqing" Broadsword "Chapter III:" I would rather do the poor at the foot of the dust, improper bad ring gem! "
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Defined gems
Gem is the most beautiful and precious rock category. Their bright colors, crystal texture, shine bright, hard and durable, while rare occurrence, it can make jewelry and other uses of natural mineral crystals, such as diamonds, crystal, emerald, ruby, sapphire, emerald and gold (Alexandrite, Cat's Eye) etc.; there are a few natural single mineral aggregates, such as agate, opal. There are a few organic materials such as amber, pearl, coral, Meijing and ivory, are also included in the broad sense of the gems. Jade is also a beautiful stone. But it also has a bright color, hard and delicate texture, polished with a beautiful sheen and other characteristics. Gemology from the current perspective, the concept of gemstones broad and narrow sense. Broad concept, regardless of gems and jade, refers to gems, referring magnificent colors, hard and durable, scarce, and wondering, carved into jewelry and crafts mineral or rock, including natural and synthetic, including some organic materials. There is a narrow concept of gems and jade, gems refers magnificent colors, crystal clear, hard and durable, scarce, and refined into a single mineral crystal gemstone jewelry, including natural and synthetic, such as diamonds, sapphires, etc.; The jade is the magnificent colors, hard and durable, scarce, and wondering, carved into jewelry and crafts of mineral aggregates or rocks, such as jade, nephrite jade, Dushan Jade, Jade, etc. Also includes both natural, and include synthetic. Jade also has a narrow and broad sense, refers only narrowly jadeite (jade in Myanmar as the representative) and nephrite (as represented in Hetian); broadly includes many kinds of minerals and rocks carved for arts and crafts. As for color stone, it refers to the color and texture of marble and other beautiful delicate and low hardness, gloss is not strong but it can meet the processing requirements of low-grade arts and crafts stone. Some scholars have advocated the stones included in the broad sense of jade among the stones or temporarily as synonymous with jade.
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Gem classification
According to the latest modern gemology gem stones purposes into three categories, they are: colored gemstones, diamonds and jade. Diamond: Colorless gemstone, the production of the diamond is large, but in itself is colorless diamonds so as to separate out a classified category. Colored stones: Those colored gemstones, such as ruby, sapphire, emerald, aquamarine, opal gemstones, color gemstones, topaz gemstones, opal, tourmaline, spinel gemstone, garnet gemstone, zircon gemstone, olive stones, emerald green precious stones, quartz cat's eye, turquoise, lapis lazuli, pearls Jade: This category is specifically for Chinese people divided, emerald and jade minerals such as polycrystalline aggregates. The diamonds and colored gemstones are single crystal. From the color of jade are: white jade, jasper, jade, black jade, topaz, yellow Jade, greenstone, jade and other Beijing. From the geographical point are: Xinjiang jade, Henan jade, Xiuyan (aka New Jade Mountain), Australia jade, Dushan, South jade, jade, Canada, etc., which Xinjiang Hetian jade is the name of our specialty. Agate: From the color points are: white, gray, red, blue, green, yellow, goat liver, bile green, chicken, black agate. From the pattern points are: Dengcao, algae grass, wrapping, hawksbill agate. In China's northeast, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Guangxi has produced. And there is water agate, called agate water tank. Stone: Turquoise, lapis lazuli, rose quartz, wood alexandrite (aka tiger stone), peach stone (also known as the Beijing-pink emerald) malachite, blue proluta, goat stone, tiger eye stone, Tanglin stone, which Turquoise is the area of Hubei Yunyang staple. Crystal: White crystal, amethyst, citrine, purple topaz, red crystal, rose quartz, sapphire crystal, titanium crystal, smoky quartz, the specter of crystal, citrine (aka smoky quartz), soft crystal, bristle crystal, the crystal. North and South have produced throughout the country, which is rich in natural crystal Donghai County, Jiangsu Province. Jade: With purple, red, gray, yellow, white and other colors, but the green is expensive, it is a specialty of our neighbors Myanmar. Coral: Dividends and white, is a submarine coelenterate fossil, good quality produced in Taiwan Province of China. Beads: Pearl (saltwater pearls, freshwater pearls), cultured pearls (cultured pearls, freshwater cultured pearls).
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Sapphire meaning and origin of the characteristic
Hardness: 9 Specific Gravity: 4.0 to 4.1 Cleavage: None Fracture: conchoidal to irregular-shaped Corundum blue variant, because the titanium-containing blue. Crystal was double cone, cylinder, plate or rhombohedral shape. Also produced a massive and granular A streak of white. Transparent to translucent glass to adamantine luster. Cause: Some igneous rocks formed in the metamorphic rocks, also produced in the sedimentary alluvial deposits. Identification of characteristics: do not dissolve in any acid, and does not melt. Sapphire is the chemical composition of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium because it contains trace elements (Ti4 +) or iron (Fe2 +) and blue. Trigonal system. Crystal often has a cylindrical shape, short columnar, plate, etc., geometry and more granular or dense block. Transparent to translucent, shiny glass. Refractive index 1.76-1.77, 0.008 birefringence, dichroism strong. Non-homogeneous body. Sometimes a special optical effects - Starlight effects. Hardness of 9, the density of 3.95-4.1 g / cc. No cleavage, parting development. Under certain conditions, can produce beautiful six shooting stars, known as the "Star Sapphire." Quality assessment: 1 Color: colored gem varieties are due, so the color is the most important factor in the quality evaluation. Grading scheme is as follows: cornflower blue (Optimal)> concentrated blue (excellent)> bright blue (good)> light blue (medium)> very light blue or blue with gray, green (poor) 2 Quality: Quality bigger the better. Comprehensive quality excellent in top grade greater than 2 carats, greater than 5 kt generally require separate Lunjia; For available The use of minimum quality requirements, the general quality demanded greater than 0.6 carats, quality may be relaxed to 0.3 carats. (3) Transparency: the more transparent the better. Opaque generally no use value, unless it can show a special star color effects. 4 Clarity: dividing to produce positive directional enclaves Leder effects, other adverse enclaves and fewer cracks and parting the smaller the better. 5 Cut: high transparency should be cut into facets, but was Leder low transparency effects should cut arc. 6 special optical effects The main origin: Australia, China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the United States. Legends and symbolism: Sapphire gives the lofty sky, the silence of the sea Lenovo, empty out and silence. Since ancient times, oriental sapphire as a talisman, Or as a holy priesthood with inlaid on the matter. In Western eyes, sapphire is "people smart stone", a symbol of love, honesty In fact, wisdom and noble character. In fantasy novels and games: Pure ice crystals in the sun will glow intoxicating light blue. Thus sapphire in the game often associated with magic ice system. "Diablo Diablo "in the arms inlaid with sapphires freezing will cause additional damage, and embedded in ice armor will increase the resistance. Sapphire is known as "smart rock" so often become enhanced mana treasures, will also become a powerful spell bound Media. In El Salvador, "the starless night," black sapphire throne Baenre become the mistress of the dark goddess of countless fine rebellious Rose Ling's cage, her sapphire ring is also trapped in a spider after a Master Poisoner incomparable. Most of the refractive index and high gems like sapphire will be used for lighting. I remember that on the dark elf ranger Drizzt magic sword It? One of the "flash" on the handle on the _set_ with 一枚 cut star sapphire. In the third edition ADND rules, sapphire material as magic spells: Analyze Dweomer, Drawmij's Instant Summons (Zhuomi instant call), Soul Bind (wraith surgery), Temporal Stasis (pause surgery).
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Ruby moral characteristics and origin
Ruby Ruby Name: Besides from the Latin "ruber" meaning ruby red English name Ruby, but from Tamil "Kurundam" and the Sanskrit "Kuruvinde" corundum English name Corundum, Ruby itself is meant. In China, Ruby ancient times, "according to the Red Hall," "Red Ya Kou," said. Category: Oxide Composition: Al2O3 (aluminum oxide), may contain Cr, Fe, Ti, Mn, V and other elements Hardness: 9 Specific Gravity: 4.0 to 4.1 Cleavage: None Fracture: conchoidal to irregular-shaped One variant of corundum crystals double-cone, prismatic, tabular or rhombohedral shape. Red, white streaks. Transparent to translucent, Glass to adamantine luster. Cause: magmatic and metamorphic rocks formed at. Due to the large hardness and density, it is also produced in riverbed gravel. Identification of characteristics: do not dissolve in any acid Quality assessment: 1 Color: colored gem varieties are due, so the color is the most important factor in the quality evaluation. Grading scheme is as follows: blood red, pigeon blood Red (optimal)> red (excellent)> pure red (good)> Pink (in)> Purple (poor) 2 Quality: Quality bigger the better. Comprehensive quality excellent in top grade greater than 2 carats, greater than 5 kt generally require separate Lunjia; For available The use of minimum quality requirements, the general quality demanded greater than 0.6 carats, quality may be relaxed to 0.3 carats. (3) Transparency: the more transparent the better. Opaque generally no use value, unless it can show a special star color effects. 4 Clarity: dividing to produce positive directional enclaves Leder effects, other adverse enclaves and fewer cracks and parting the smaller the better. (Perfect The Perfect> Flawless Flawless> General Amethyst> split Flawed> fragmentation Chipped? Oh, this Is "Diablo" in gem grading) 5 Cut: high transparency should be cut into facets, but was Leder low transparency effects should cut arc. 6 special optical effects The main origin: Myanmar, Afghanistan, Russia, Pakistan, Tanzania, Australia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia Madagascar, China, the United States. Legends and symbolism: Job in the Bible says: "Only the value of wisdom than rubies"; claimed some ancient Indian writings Ruby is "on When God created all things. "Legend believes that people will wear ruby" created by the twelve most precious gems health and longevity, hair Financial wealth, love, happy, "" if left wearing a ruby ring, wearing a ruby or left pectoral, will have One kind of good luck, magic becomes friends with the enemy. " In fiction and fantasy game: Ruby and inflammation often associated with fire spells, but also on the force can be enhanced damage when Weaponry embedded in the arms, embedded in the armor is able to have anti-Huomo Force. Red symbolizes the blood rubies also have contact with the vitality, the administration of health regeneration spell in class, but also the use of the red Jewel case (+ HP?). Ruby is used in the third edition ADND rules spell: Analyze Dweomer, Continual Flame (continuous flame Surgery), Forcecage (power cage), Simulacrum (simulation technique), Temporal Stasis (pause surgery). Read Salvador "Icewind Dale" trilogy people will certainly remember the fall halfling Regis magic what gems - of course, with There are good luck, the enemy becomes a friend of the magic ruby.
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Moral characteristics and origin of diamonds
Diamond Diamond Diamond is a gem diamond. Diamond whose English name comes from the Greek adamant, meaning "difficult to conquer," which quasi- Accurately reflects the characteristics of the diamond unparalleled hard, so the name since the mid-16th century are still in use. Category: Natural Elements Ingredients: C Hardness: 10 Specific Gravity: 3.52 Cleavage: complete octahedral Fracture: conchoidal Crystallization characteristics: isometric crystal system, common octahedral, rhombic dodecahedron, cube crystal form, often developmental planes stepped growth pattern, raw Long cone or eclipses. Cause: often produced in the ultrabasic rocks of kimberlite (brecciated mica peridotite), and often has rock tube output. Luminescence characteristics: under UV fluorescence showed no ~ strong blue, yellow, orange, pink, short-long wave weak; after sunlight exposure, may Pan cyan blue phosphorescent; X-ray sky blue or light blue in most pan-fluorescence, a handful of non-fluorescent, cathode rays pan-blue or green Light. Quality evaluation principles: 4C classification principle that color (Color), Clarity (Clarity), cut (Cut), quality (Carat). But the principle applies only to colorless graded series of diamond quality evaluation is not suitable for all kinds of optimization Diamond and Diamond Evaluation. Origin: Before the 19th century, India has been the world's only diamond-producing areas, the river was primarily the impact of mining placer diamonds. Since the discovery of After the primary kimberlite-type diamond, the diamond market in the world, South Africa has played a very important role. With the new diamond mine native After the type lamproite found diamond production in Australia leaped into the world. The output of the Siberian diamond also Bit into a leader. In addition to these centralized origin of diamonds, South America, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana and Indonesia in Asia, China, also has a Diamond output in a given. Related legends and symbolism: People once thought that the diamond is exposed from Tianshui, or days, the Sanskrit word for the lightning meaning diamonds, diamonds to express born by lightning Faith. Before the Renaissance, the man to fire the highest possible temperature, it can not hurt diamonds. Such diamonds legend King Kong is not bad, a DC began to spread to Europe in the 16th century until the diamond cutting and grinding industry. For centuries, people holding diamonds indestructible, so the wearer It will not destroy the concept to market in an era of rampant disease large smooth. In the meantime various legends, mostly implies owned drilling Benefits of stone, such as victory, strength, courage, power, wealth, immortality, happiness, friendship, and avoid evil, eternal youth, the dream into Really like. Diamonds can make people invisible even say that the dead back to life. With the 17th and 18th centuries diamonds grow in popularity faded legend plague and witchcraft, people worship their god, and getting into a symbol of the heart Management association. The nobility of ancient nations almost everyone has experienced a legend associated with diamonds, diamonds thus become powerful Symbol. Before 1700, nearly all of the diamond royalty Guiqi all, its image can not escape from the royal family atmosphere. In 1948, De Beers Adams uses "A diamond is forever (A Diamond is Forever)" slogan to promote diamond engagement ring and wedding anniversary ring, as love Symbolic and expressed continuing commitment. "Love" is currently the biggest reasons people buy diamonds. Diamond Cutting several major centers: Antwerp, Belgium, South Africa, Johannesburg, Tel Aviv, Israel, India, Mumbai, New York, USA. In fantasy novels and Game: In addition to the high value of the precious stones, but as the Philosopher's Stone, the warrior and magician believes that diamonds are not hard to conquer Symbol of divination and poets will be hailed as unfathomable mysteries of life. Diamond often become undead monster for holy stone. Can protective amulets inlaid diamonds death spells, weapons undead monsters Attack and Damage enhanced armor in the face of attack undead protective force enhancement (in the "Diablo", the diamond shield Card allows its holder all resistance increase). Let the dead back to life in the application of the spell when a sufficient quantity of diamonds or diamond powder are Magic is an essential material. In the third edition of the ADND rules, the following spell will use to Diamond: Glyph of Warding (Shou Retaining the like), Greater Glyph of Warding (senior guard like), Meteor Swarm (meteor storm), Nondetection (anti-detection), Protection from Spells (magic protection), Raise Dead (resurrection of the dead), Restoration (back surgery), Resurrection (resurrection surgery), Stoneskin (stone skin), Syol (mark Surgery), Temporal Stasis (pause surgery), True Resurrection (rebirth surgery). Add two points: Diamonds are existing materials in thermal fastest CPU if you do have a diamond heat sink, then you must have been crazy ...... Natural materials, diamond is the hardest, but the theoretical calculation, CN3 much harder than diamond, unfortunately, there is no industrial production Approach, even in the laboratory, can not ensure the accuracy of the ratio of C and N. .
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Emerald
Emerald is also recognized as one of the international jewelry industry precious stones. Because of its unique green and unique charm and magic of legend, favored by Westerners, recently, more and more people are going to love. Emerald color is very attractive, it was green with spinach, green onions hearts, tender green tree buds to describe it, but they can not accurately express its color. It is green in a little yellow, it seems a little blue, even the spectrum are missing the point seems wavelength. Indeed, without a natural color people's eyes so comfortable. Whenever you gaze intently verdant lawns and foliage, the kind of pleasant feeling imaginable, but compared with emerald color becomes less of. It is one of the gems make people never get tired of. Whether cloudy or sunny, whether natural or artificial light source, it is always a soft and rich ruby glow. This is the king of the green gems - emerald charm Beryl is a natural output, the main component of Be3Al2 [Si6O18], a hexagonal symmetry of beryllium aluminum silicate minerals. Because it contains a suitable amount of Cr2O3 (0.15 ~ 0.6%), which is formed emerald. It is the best beryl family members. Now, the emerald is May birthday stone, a symbol of luck, happiness, wear it will bring a lifetime of peace. It is also the 55th anniversary of the memorial stone of marriage.
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Black Onyx and related
English name black agate black onyx. The main Yin Manao contains more organic cause. The whole black agate rare in nature, mostly due to the organic matter content uneven showing different shades. Strip. Black onyx on the market are mostly the product of artificial coloring, or other stone act. Black agate symbolizes perseverance. We use the Bible to interpret these sentences beautiful dark stone - love is strong as death, beyond all silence there hold. Legend of the use of black onyx energy field gas impurities can be removed, and then effectively inspire its own charm, wearing black onyx people do not necessarily have extraordinary beauty and wisdom, may not have a natural affinity with good karma, but its character innate "edges" it is a fatal temptation. Black has a stable, dignified, yet have time, classic, charm, elegance, mystery, represents a low-key, subtle and introverted character. Black is also a strong voice, embodies the powerful force, so that no one can resist. Black represents the insolent restrained behind; desire to extend the control of the rebellion; strongly rendering and minimalist; various opposition can be refracted through a complex multi black light, perfect form can not be replaced.
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Identification of gemstones
Identification of gemstones can generally be divided into two major categories of rough and polished. For the identification of the original stone, can be divided into indoor field identification and appraisal. Most of the field using a magnifying glass and a knife identification and other simple tools to preliminary gemstone minerals naming. Indoor identified mainly using various means and instruments, further determination gem mineral data provide an important basis for the identification of gemstones. For the identification of the finished stone must be without destroying the integrity of the premise gem stones down the differential measured. The commonly used, easy to master gem identification instruments are the following: 1. Pen condenser flashlight: to observe the transparency of concentrated color gemstones. Flashlight bulb should be concentrating on the tip surface concave, not convex tip surface, otherwise not easy to observe. 2. Magnifier: one is a gem magnified observation instrument. The most commonly used is 10 times the magnifying glass, as well as 20, 30, several times. Magnifier is a key tool and the essential thing gemstone experts, easy to carry. It can be used to identify the variety and authenticity of the gemstones. With a magnifying glass can be observed: (1) surface damage stones, scratches, defects. (2) The shape of cut quality. (3) the quality of polishing. (4) Internal defects gemstone inclusions. (5) the color distribution and growth lines. When identified, should be placed under gems from about 2.5 cm to 10 times magnifying glass glare, slowly adjust the distance, until see so far. _Select_ the magnifying glass quality is also very important, persons with poor quality when enlarged to generate graphical distortion. 3. Dichroic mirror: some with multicolor gems, the best instrument to observe gems multicolor dichroic mirror. Dichroic mirror is a reasonable structure, cheap, small and simple optical instruments. Dichroic mirror is used in a proper and transparent colorless calcite (Iceland spar) rhombohedral, due to the high birefringence Iceland spar, the instrument can be plane polarized light passes through two lines separated gems. Request must be transparent single crystal colored gems to be able to detect multicolor, multicolor jade can not be detected. Dichroic mirror is mainly used to distinguish between ruby and red spinel, red, purple teeth black; difference between blue and small blue spinel tourmaline; difference between sapphire and blue synthetic spinel. With a dichroic mirror must be constantly rotated when detected gem stones, until the two biggest differences until the color appears in the window. For three-color gem determination repeated testing must be carefully observed from three different directions, there is the three colors of the three colors. Detection Note: eyes, dichroic mirrors and precious stones sample, the distance should not exceed 2-5 mm. 4. Refractometer: Refractive index is transparent gem important optical constants, is the main basis for species identification of gemstones. Refractive index measurement methods are mainly two: one is a direct measurement method, using a refractometer measurement; the other is a relative measurement method, with the liquid immersion method. Refractometer according to the principle of total reflection of light is manufactured. Currently used refractometer refractive index applies only gem within 1.36-1.81 range. Gem of the refractive index (N) is calculated as the propagation speed of light (V1) in the air and the propagation velocity (V2) in the gemstone in a constant ratio, ie N = V1 / V2. Homogeneous body gem, in which the propagation of light, constant propagation velocity, refractive index equal to the refractive index is called a single. Non-homogeneous body gems, there are two readings in the refractometer, the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the refractive index between, called double refraction rate. Refractometer is one of the most commonly used instrument gemologist, it's small, easy to use. He can test the refractive index faceted gems, you can also use point measurement method to measure the refractive index arc gemstones. 5. Charles filters: optical filters using a specific wavelength of the absorption characteristics and design. It consists of two pieces of gelatin filters allow only crimson and yellow-green light by gemological instruments composed. Filters compact and lightweight, easy to carry, the identification of some of the stained stones and artificial stones are particularly effective for identifying soy color jade is very effective. It can identify emeralds and other counterfeit goods, and to accurately determine, but also by means of other methods considered. In emerald color filter is red or pink, while other similar natural and emerald green gems, not significant in the red color filter observations. 6. Gem Microscope: gem Enlarge an important instrument observations. It is able to detect 10 times magnifying glass can not clearly confirm or observed gems external and internal features. Gem gem microscope can observe internal inclusions, cleavage, double-crystal pattern, growth lines, ribbons; observe gem grinding, polishing degree and accidental damage; identification stone floor mosaic stones, three stone. Gem microscope reasonable structure, auxiliary equipment, amplification of variable magnitude larger multiples, typically 10-70 times. There are two gems light microscopy, the general observation of internal defects with bottom light gems, such as inclusions, cracks, etc.; surface features observed gems with reflector lamps, such as fracture, ribbons, etc. cleavage plane. Gem microscope is a precision instrument, we must strictly follow rules of operation to use. 7. Thermal conductivity meter: Thermal conductivity meter according to the diamond and having good design of heat transfer. Most stones do not have the thermal conductivity or thermal conductivity is very low, it is generally the difference between the thermal conductivity meter are diamonds and artificial Fangzuan products and design, is the identification of diamonds and other Fangzuan products, special instruments. Diamond thermal conductivity meter needle probe with a metal control box composition, when the probe touched the tip of the diamond surface, the temperature decreased, showing the measurement results by the instrument meter lights or purr. Thermal conductivity meter over ten centimeters long, easy to carry, extremely easy to use. 8. Polarizer: is perpendicular to plane polarized light pass a simple principle of manufacturing optical instruments. Polarization is perpendicular to the direction of vibration by two polarizers, bottom bracket and lighting components. To detect light-precious stones (homogeneous or non-homogeneous body body), and multicolor. In turn on the lights of the polarizer, the rotation observed changes in light and dark jewel of the sample. (1) If the sample is bright, no shading, probably Aphanitic or microcrystalline aggregates, such as chalcedony, jade and so on. (2) If the sample is all black, no shading, will continue to observe the sample transform an angle, if still no brightness changes, the sample is homogeneous body. There is a homogeneous body jewels equiaxed and amorphous gems. (3) If the rotation gemstone 360 °, gem samples of four brightness changes occur, suggesting that the samples are non-homogeneous body. Non-homogeneous body gems are four, six, three-way, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic in gems. (4) If the sample is rotated under crossed polarizers, you can see the gray serpentine-shaped, grid-like or irregular phenomenon, it may be rendered homogeneous body jewel abnormal interference colors, and you should pay great attention to . Use polarizers can also detect multicolor gems, precious stones can be verified heterogeneity and homogeneity. In addition, there are common gem identification absorption spectra spectrograph instrument, fluorescent, X-ray diffraction, electron probe.
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The difference between gems and jade
宝石和玉石的区别
Always someone emerald and jade difference confused because they are transparent and exudes a charming green sheen. In fact, Hetian jade and belong to two completely different areas: emerald belongs gems, jade and emerald belongs. So, what is the difference between gems and jade is it? Typically, a single crystal gem is derived from natural minerals, meaning that a gemstone is usually taken from a single crystal, the crystal with our naked eye can see (so called crystal display), precious stones are usually transparent, light After cutting the stones into the interior, through a series of reflection and refraction, we can see the glitter of precious stones such as rubies, sapphires, emeralds, etc.; gem a few are single natural mineral aggregates, such as opal, lapis lazuli, also There are some organic matter, such as amber, pearls, coral, ivory, also included in the broad sense of gems, they are called biological gem. The jade is another concept, which is composed of numerous tiny naked eye can not see our crystals, only in the high-powered electron microscope we can see its structure, so people called Aphanitic jade minerals, generalized to that these aggregates are tiny crystals called jade. Typically when people talk about Jade referred mainly refers Hetian (typical white color) and emerald (green for the typical color), these two jade is internationally recognized as more valuable jade. Gem typically transparent, the surface very smooth so that the light reflected from the surface of the gemstone capacity is relatively strong, and the light inside the gems can enter and then leave through the reflection and refraction jewel reach our eyes, so we see high net diced Gem almost always shining. The jade because it is composed of numerous tiny crystals, there is always a gap between the crystals, so no matter how polished the master processing, it is impossible to achieve the degree of surface finish gems, jade trace formed on the surface of light as the sun There are sprinkled on the waves of the lake, this effect is also known as diffuse reflection. If you are interested in comparing the surface gloss, you can carefully look at the difference between their own frosted glass windows and shower room, whether it is more smooth and shiny, the stronger it? So we usually see is the moist surface of jade or oily texture. Because light can penetrate little gem inside, so we usually feel is translucent jade, of course, exceptions are some exceptions, can also be a top emerald nearly transparent.
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Seven effect gems
宝石的七种效应
Bright colorful gems, through color, gloss, transparency, refractive index and shape of cut and so _set_ off out. Because of its internal crystallization often contain inclusions, double-crystal grain, crystal structure defects, resulting in optical interference, diffraction and scattering phenomena in the light there will be some special optical effects, common special optical effects starlight effects, cat's eye effect, color effect, moonlight effect, swim color effect, Venus effects, light effects. Starlight effect Also known as the star color effects or star graphics effects. Curved convex crystal in sunlight exposure or point source, crystal surface showing the intersection of shoot, shoot six and a maximum of twelve shooting star light optical phenomena, like the stars in the night sky. Cat eye effect Cambered crystal in the light irradiation, bright light with crystal surface rendering, while rotating crystal light with moving, like cat's eye elongated eye, called cat's eye effect or swim color effects. Color effects Different crystal under daylight or light sources (rich in red light), etc., exhibit different colors, discoloration called crystal or variable color effects. Tour of color effects Color color effect, also known as swim swim effect. I.e., under white light illumination, while showing a multicolored flashing phenomenon conversion crystals on the same ring terror. When rotating the crystal or light, visible swimming in crystal colors constantly change, sparkling charm, appears red, orange, yellow, green and other various chromatography. Moonlight effect Moonstone is a lattice-shaped double-crystal micro-plagioclase, approximately two mutually perpendicular double-crystal pattern, the incident light scattering, dense scattering of light together, was hazy halo color, like the moon, so called Moonlight effects. A moonlight effect feldspar called Moonstone. Venus Effect Transparent, translucent crystals, when the internal opaque contains many small solid inclusions, under light irradiation, the reflected and sparkling effect of this phenomenon is known as Venus, placer effect known as Venus quartz. Luminous effect Fluorescent or phosphorescent light-emitting phenomenon called gem stones, gems which strong phosphorescence, vulgar "glowing pearl," said. Such as ruby red fluorescence, scheelite blue fluorescence, diamond blue phosphorescence. Compendium of Materia Medica gem Release Name: Li said: gems produced in Passionflower. There are red, green and purple gems Pitt several colors; red called thorn son, Bise called indigo child, emerald green beads called the horse price, hard wood called yellow beads, purple wax called sub. There crow falcon stone cat eye stone (shaped like a cat's eye changes at any time and change e), as well as other varieties of garnet red lentils, are of the same type Indications: Indications to eye on white film, added to medicine, the treatment of dust in the eyes, use it to wipe the brush that is removed.
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Maintenance gem
· Red sapphire, crystal, tourmaline, emerald hard, but also has a dramatic impact to avoid brittleness, but also to avoid contact with oil. · Gem cleaning should be soaked in diluted neutral detergent, gently wipe with a soft brush, then rinse clean. · Emerald should not use ultrasonic cleaning machine for cleaning.
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Economic evaluation based on red sapphire
Ruby and sapphire in nature, different procedures exist some defects. The primary factor in the economic evaluation of color, followed by weight, transparency and clarity. Ruby on color value is concerned, to the best pigeon blood red, followed by red and pink roses. Under normal circumstances, the Burmese ruby red color, brightness large, its value is higher than the value of Thai-made dark red ruby. Indian Kashmir sapphire blue cornflower produced by the best, followed by dark blue, light blue, green and yellow. High quality sapphire can be compared with the value of the red ruby. Indigo, sapphire, particle size 6X8mm, worth $ 1,600 / ct (carats). Nature of output particles smaller rubies and sapphires, the value of gemstones is the growth upwards depending on the weight of the square, but if the weight of precious stones more than 5 kt or more, depending on the quality necessary to bargain individually gems. Factors that affect the value of gems: ① Quality: gem quality determines its price. ② beautiful: beautiful jewel basic conditions. Some bright colors, pure, transparent, flawless and brilliant luster, such as colored transparent diamond. Presents some special physical optical effects starlight, cat's eye, change color, color, etc., such as Star Sapphire, opal, opal and alexandrite grade. ③ Durability: As a hereditary thing, upscale gorgeous gems will be able to keep alive the beauty and withstand light, cold, humidity and other changes. Generally, gemstone must be greater than the hardness of the mineral 7, and the hardness of sapphire is 9. ④ scarcity: scarcity.
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The moral of all kinds of precious stones
It is said that, due to the shape of the original stone agate and horse brain similar, so called "Onyx." In the Old Testament, whether classical or Buddhism, has agate deeds records. In the East, it is one of Qibao, Shichichin. Agate chalcedony and agate can be divided. Original stone color is not complex called "chalcedony", a straight line parallel to the stripes of the original stone is called "onyx" (cut sub agate). According to the color of the original stone, there sardonyx, dark red agate call. Recently, the general will be referred to as dyed black onyx agate. Blue Crystal is October's birthstone is the best gift to express friendship. People think wearing blue crystal can be used as an amulet to eliminate sorrow, remove evil, and enhance the courage and wisdom; while in the West, think of it as a symbol of rich and pious. Can increase a person's ability to wisdom and prudence, but also anger boiling water and coolant. Garnet is the January birthstone, on behalf of chastity, friendship, loyalty. Amethyst is the February birthstone, a symbol of honesty, peace of mind, and is married to commemorate the 47th anniversary gem. People put topaz as the "stone of friendship", together with the Topaz November birthstone, a symbol of sincere friendship and fraternity. Aquamarine March Birthstone ", a symbol of" calm and courage, "happiness and longevity." Diamond is April birthstone, a symbol of chastity and purity, or wedding anniversary gemstone 75. So, hence the name wedding diamond wedding anniversary 75 May emerald birthstone as a symbol of the happiness of his wife, but also the fifth anniversary wedding anniversary gift gemstone gifts. People think wearing Moonstone can bring good luck, depending on Moonstone Indians as "sacred rock" is to commemorate the 13th Anniversary of marriage gems, and alexandrite, pearl The same as in June birthstones, indicating health and longevity, wealth and status. Ruby on behalf of the noble quality of love and red is considered born July stone. Olivine is an affordable, very beautiful gems. Bright colors sweet eyes, loved by the people, known as the "stone of happiness." It is the birthstone for August, suggesting the couple happiness and harmony. Sapphire is September birthstone gem grade, is one of five stones. Located diamonds, rubies after. Asians think that wearing a sapphire can harm people from evil and bring good luck. Opal as the October birthstone is the stone of hope and happiness. Topaz is the birthstone for November, is the anniversary gemstone wedding sixteen, wearing it symbolizes friendship and happiness. The gem industry zircon, turquoise, lapis lazuli same as December birthday stone, a symbol of victory, good luck, is a guarantee of success.
