Individual caused by experience or training in the ability or inclination changes in, also refers to the process of change. Common with human and animal activities. Press can be divided into cognitive, emotional, motor skills; understanding can be divided according to whether the machine learning and meaningful learning.
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xué xí
Through reading, listening, research, and practice the process of acquiring knowledge or skills
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No. 3
Learning a language
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No. 4
Learning Mathematics
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No. 5
Birds learn to fly. "Book of Rites order": "Eagle is learning." Chen Hao set, said: "Learning, learning a few fly too young."
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No. 6
From reading, listening, research, practice, acquire knowledge or skills. "Records of First Emperor of the century": "Learning disabilities is the provision of prohibition laws." Song Ye Shi, "Gross Product husband epitaph": "longer, pro-teachers, friends, learning Heritage." Mao Zedong, "Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War," the first chapter 4: "Reading is learning, is learning to use, and is more important to learn."
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No. 7
Ming and Qing dynasties, said officials in a department or Attendants practice of learning. James JY Liu Ming, "Robinson Responsibilities within the discretion of the Chi Chi slightly": "Ling-tai, palm-prints a eunuch, valet Resentment number of members of the book, watch valet three times more than ten members, to learn dozens of workers." Qing Chen Kangqi "Lang potential Ji Wen" Volume I: "big thanks to not order, do not start learning co-Ting Shu, all numbers are different."
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What is the learning
[Psychology] Learning is the learner's behavior caused by experience, ability, and psychological tendencies of the more lasting change.
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Learning is a necessary means of individual survival
Animal and human life is inseparable from learning. Animal and human learning is to maintain a balance with the environment, survival and development of the necessary conditions, but also the means to adapt to the environment. Animals to survive in the acquired environmental and population continue, we must first rely on instinctive behavior of populations of congenital, but innate instinct can only adapt to changes in small and relatively fixed or slow the external environment. Animals and humans to survive, individuals must also be acquired through learning experiences. This learned behavior acquired experience can be adapted to relatively rapid changes, compared with the innate instinct, its meaning is clearly much more important. For example, a lamb to the sheep mother through continuous learning, know where to find rich food, know how to escape the wolf hunt. If the lamb does not learn, they can not adapt to the changing external environment, it can not survive. However, the study of individual life, the extent of the role and importance in a variety of very significant differences between animals. And other higher animals, the more complex way of life, the smaller the role of instinctive behavior, the greater the importance of learning. In lower animals, the learned behavior rarely get the speed is very slow to learn that their lives can not afford to make any difference. Protozoa such as new born, his life had already appeared in most of the action, and acquired the required response has mostly available. Their ability to learn is very low, to keep the experience of time is very short, and therefore the results of their study the role of life is very small. People and other animals is the highest way of life is extremely complex, instinctive behavior fixed minimum. The vast majority of human behavior are learned, the ability to learn and learn in the role of individual human life will inevitably be the greatest. Human infants and newborn animals compared with, relatively speaking, independent capacity, and natural ability to adapt is also low. It can be said to leave the parenting, infants can not survive. However, there is the human animal unparalleled ability to learn, can be quickly and widely through learning to adapt to the environment. For example, planting corn, access to food, by the study; wild beasts and other natural enemies against poisonous snakes, to deal with the terrible plague, lest they be destroyed, but also by the study. Together, and the nature of other animals such as lions, tigers and even sparrows compared with many aspects of disadvantage, people can be intelligent, by the study. Abroad have a saying called "do not learn or perish." 1972 UNESCO International Education Development Committee published his famous study, entitled "Learning to live," put the learning directly linked with survival, showing the importance of learning for human survival. Well-known psychologist Pan Shu human learning under such a definition: people learn in social practice, the language as an intermediary, consciously, actively grasp the social and individual experiences. This definition shows that the learning needs of the human conscious action of individuals and actively participate in the initiative to obtain; can absorb the contents of the knowledge, skills can also be a wisdom; learning curve can be either the whole society, it can be an individual . If you do not consciously, not active, not active, you will not have to learn the behavior. In a sense, you are in school enrollment, does not mean you get into the school of learning.
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Learning can promote the maturation
With age, the physical and mental will gradually mature. But maturity is not entirely out of context and the impact of pure natural learning process. Study the role of maturation, the first psychological research has been supported by animal. Since the past three decades, many psychologists study found that animals, especially in newborn animals, environmental richness, can affect animals, sensory development and maturation will also affect the brain's weight, structure and chemical composition, thus affecting the intellectual development. Anchorage (D. Krech, 1966) the rats were divided into three groups: the first group was given a rich stimulus to make their response more complex; to the second group lived in a cage in the usual life; third group and environmental stimuli completely isolated. 80 days after the three groups of rats were dissected for comparative analysis. It was found that the weight and density in the cerebral cortex, the first group of the best, the worst third group; with the transmission of nerve impulses are closely related to acetylcholinesterase, the three groups also showed significant differences, the first group content the most abundant, followed by the second group, third group content of at least. Luo Senci Wegener (M. R. Rosenzweig, 1972) also found that acceptance of a rich and varied and appropriate learning environment to stimulate the training of a group of rats with another group in the learning environment monotonous poor training and lack of rats with than in 4-10 weeks, the former weight and thickness of the cerebral cortex, an increase in the number of glial cells, synapses increase or increased, richer content and acetylcholinesterase activity increased RNA and DNA ratio also improved. Mature on the promotion of human learning impact of the famous Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget (J Piaget.1969) that must pass skills practice to promote children's maturity. He added: "Children grow older, the natural and social importance of the environmental impact will increase." White on eye-hand coordination for the newborn baby's motor training experimental study shows that learning and training for mature role. White found that infants trained an average of 3.5 months when the hands will be able to crawl to the front of the objects, their eye-hand coordination is comparable untrained 5 months of age level. This explains the learning, training for mature role in promoting learning and to promote the potential performance capabilities. Some scholars study shows that in four or five years after birth, in addition to nutritional conditions, lack of proper training or education to learn properly, will give the development of the brain adversely affected. After the death of the cerebral cortex of deaf people, found that control audio-visual parts of the organ tends to atrophy; of congenital blind people see again after tests found they irregular eye movements, inability to concentrate attention on the point, can not accurately distinguish between round and square . Kamala Indian wolf-cub back to the human society, although some have been seven or eight, but the level of intelligence is only the equivalent of six months of age; about 16 years old when she died, probably only about three or four children's intelligence. All of these studies and the facts show that early learning, training and appropriate cultural environment, the human sense organs and brain functions such as the development of the body has a certain effect. Accordingly, the children's help, according to its degree of maturity, they must not wait for maturity. Should be appropriate "growth point" will be appropriate learning content, training methods and a reasonable combination of education, their physical and psychological maturity.
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Learning can improve people's quality
Learning can improve people's cultural enrichment. The process of social and historical development of mankind has created a lot of material culture and spiritual culture. Especially the spiritual culture, such as literature, art, education, science, etc. In particular, the results we need to get through learning, to enhance their cultural awareness. A certain lack of cultural awareness of people who can not be counted as a real sound, new talent in modern society must have a high cultural quality of the people. Learning to optimize the psychological qualities. A new talent in modern society, should have a lot of good psychological quality, such as the noble character, exceptional temperament, the spirit of dedication, goal-specific character, and indomitable will, and so on. These can be through learning to achieve. As Thackeray said: "Reading can enlighten the soul, to improve and strengthen the personality to inspire people to good ambition, intelligence and reading to cultivate spiritual growth."
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Learning is a continuation of civilization and development of the bridge and link
From this, the continuation and development of human civilization, just as a large-scale and long-running relay race: the first generation of people get through work and life experience to survive and develop, review, continue to accumulate, rising to form a knowledge and skills passed to future generations; younger people in the study based on previous experience, to further enrich and improve, to adapt to the times and changes in the environment. So to pass from generation to generation, they form a continuation of a history of the development of human civilization. Clearly, human barbarism generation relative to the passage if you do not learn to use fire to our ancestors, can only live like their ancestors, as nascent life; civilization of mankind if not relative to the passage to the ancestors for generations to learn animal husbandry and agriculture, only the same as their ancestors by the ready-made natural products for food. Also worth noting is that since human civilization exists in a certain sense, the trend of accelerated development, so the learning activities of the more obvious role in human society. Technological revolution in the eighteenth century marked the emergence of the steam engine. At that time, Gerry Voss, Newcomen, Watt and other innovation experts, by learning to master physics, mechanics and other knowledge, design, manufacture, test, and ultimately invented the steam engine. Nineteenth-century technological revolution is the power to sign. And this is the creation of new productive forces many people to learn, to create the crystal. Hertz found that the German Electro magnetism, Faraday found that the magnetic raw power, the establishment of law of electromagnetic induction, Maxwell has also established electromagnetic theory, Maxwell's equations, Siemens invented the generator, De Pule developed a high-voltage transmission technology, etc., thus contributing to the era of mankind into the power . This century, computer, atomic energy, space technology as a symbol of the new technological revolution, again proved a huge learning for power. In this information age, as long as we consider this fact: to buy a very cheap price with excellent performance personal computers, free to surf the net, do not go standing world to know something. Can not help but amazed at the science and technology to bring about great changes in real life, learning can not willingly admit our human civilization and progress of an important role.
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Broad definition of learning
(1) prime P (Thorpe, 1963): Learning from the experience generated by adaptive changes in individual behavior manifested in the process. (2) Kimble (Kimble, 1961): Learning is caused by the conduct exercises to strengthen the potential of lasting changes. (3) Gagne (Gagne, 1965): Learning is a human tendency or ability to change and this change can be maintained and can not simply be attributed to the growth process. (4) Wittrock (Eittrock, 1977): Describe the kind of learning is related to the process and experience a change in terminology. It is the understanding, attitudes, knowledge, information, skills, ability to learn and experience a relatively constant process of change. (5) temperature non-de (Wingfield1979): Learning from practice or experience with or knowledge of the behavior of the more lasting change. (6) Powell and Hilgard (Bower, Hilgard, 1981): Learning is a main requirement in the context of a small repeat the experience caused the behavior to the situation or behavior that the potential changes. (7) Pan Shu (1980): Learning is the process of human and animal life get in the behavior of individual experiences. (8) Chun-Hsing Chang (1994): Learning experience of leaving because of individual acts or potential acts have a long history of change and maintain. (9) Chen Qi (1997): As the experience of learning is caused by acts or thinking more long-lasting change. (10) skin even with the (1997): Learning is the body's ability to channel or its propensity environment interactions lead to a relatively stable process of change. But learn not to eat! Learning and memory is one of the important functions of the brain. Learning is dependent on the experience of people and animals to change their behavior to adapt to the environment during neural activity, and memory is the storage of information to learn and "read" the process of neural activity. The establishment of conditioned reflex is the most simple learning and memory processes.
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Learning and memory
(A) human learning and memory processes The external environment are always a lot of information to enter the brain through the sensory organs. It is estimated that only 1% of the information can be stored up over the longer term, and most of been forgotten. Be long-term storage of information is repeated in the brain, and the individual significance of the information. The storage of information the brain can be divided into short-term memory and long-term memory in two stages. In the short-term memory, information storage is not reliable. For example, just read a phone number, will soon be forgotten, and only through repeated use, can turn into a solid long-term memory. (B) the mechanisms of learning and memory In neurophysiological terms, the role of neuronal activity after sensory memory is the foundation. In the nervous system, neurons link between the number of loops may be the basis of the first level memory. Foregoing that the hippocampus is closely related to loop and memory. Biochemistry in the nerve, a long time the brain's memory may be related to protein synthesis. The establishment of conditioned reflex in the goldfish in the process, if puromycin inhibition of brain protein synthesis, the animals can not establish a conditioned reflex, the apparent barriers to learning and memory. In neuroanatomy, the permanent memory may be related to the establishment of the new synapses. Observed in experiments, live rats in a complex environment, the cerebral cortex thick, while living in a simple environment in rats, the cerebral cortex is thinner. This shows that the number of active learning and memory in rats, and its well-developed cerebral cortex, synaptic connections abound. (C) the impact of learning and memory neurotransmitter In addition, the posterior pituitary vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) is also concerned with learning and memory. Animal training, the vasopressin injection Ru Haima dentate gyrus, can enhance memory. Clinical studies found that older blood vasopressin levels decreased with vasopressin nasal spray can improve memory efficiency; vasopressin treatment with amnesia, to receive a certain effect.
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The concept of learning
Learning is a phenomenon both ancient and eternal. Due to different historical conditions, different research point of view, but also the formation of a variety of different learning concept, look at the ancient and modern scholars have discussed the concept of learning, more representative of the following ten kinds: First, Shuo Wen Jie Zi said. Ancient China, learning and learning is always separated from speaking. "Speech source," that "learning" is a "follow" is, that is, access to knowledge; "learning" is a "review", "practice" is, that is, review and consolidate. The first study to link learning and Confucius' Analects of Confucius ", saying: learning and when learning, not a pleasure! "Later," The Book of Rites "Again, he said:" Eagle is still learning. "This is the origin of the word to learn. The second is that changes in behavior. Behavior that learning" is a behavior change process. "Third, to obtain a behavior change experience said. "teachers Encyclopedia" that: "Learning is the process of human and animal life in the process gain experience in individual behavior. "Fourth, information processing said information theory scholars believe that:" learning is the learners absorb information and output information, feedback and evaluation through the whole process that is correct or not. "Five is a learning function, said." Modern Chinese Dictionary "will be learning as" reading, listening, study, acquire knowledge or skills. "Sixth, learn to recognize said Pan Shu-known educational psychologist that" human learning is an individual to master the process of human social experience, "" student learning is a special form of knowledge. "seven learning activities, said Army scholar Zhu Zhaomin that" learning is the teacher award, book award (natural conditions) and external factors, individual self-cultivation, self-education as a social activity. "Eight is learning" knowledge, "said Xie Demin" On learning "that:" the most general definition of learning, the simplest, most essential is knowledge expression. "Nine is to learn" effect, "said study researcher Kou Qingyun learn that" the learning process is to produce effects in the process. "Ten is learning" internalized "said Central Education and the Pan freedom that learning" is an objective within the body of the world and making it the main development process. "The ten kinds of learning have their reasonable in view for us to fully understand the nature of learning provides a very useful inspiration. From the perspective of learning science research study, we believe that through learning to understand two aspects of the concept. First, extension of learning from the point of view, generally refers to include animal and human, including learning activities; the second level, second level of learning, refers to human learning; third level refers to students in school ; fourth level refers to the student section is not in school learning. We often speak of learning generally refers to human learning or learning in school. Second, the content from the learning point of view, learning is the main interaction with the environment, gained through experience and internalized into the behavior of the activity outside. The so-called "subject" that is the subject to participate in learning activities, can refer to human beings, can also refer to learning; can be an individual (individual learning), can also be a group (collective learning). The so-called "environment", that is the object of learning, learning of external stimuli. The object of including social life, social practice and other direct factors, including books, laboratory equipment, audio-visual means of indirect factors. The so-called "internalization" is the role of the principal object of the learning process, through the perception - understanding - consolidation - the use of the learning process, the so-called "gain experience" means an individual or group to participate in learning activities to obtain the implicit form of knowledge within the performance results. The so-called "outside" is the main reaction in the object of the learning process. The results obtained show it is explicit in the behavior of the main changes. The so-called "activities" to reflect both an awareness of learning activities, but also a practice. From a development sense, learning is to promote the comprehensive development of the learner body and mind, that is moral, intellectual, and physical aspects of the overall development process. In short, learning activities should include the study of the subject, object and learning results of the activities of three basic elements, namely, learning is the main interaction with the environment, gained through experience within and outside of behavior change into the activities of which is learning substance. Learning is a way for individual behavior can be changed. We hope that the main activities - students can have some kind of learning through experience and through the accumulation of experience reaches a certain capacity. A simple understanding of the experience is the cultural knowledge and social knowledge acquisition, and the actual behavior is the ability to show the degree of self-control. Acquire knowledge and master skills in the process. This includes both through formal education and training to acquire the knowledge and skills, but also in their daily lives and practices in the accumulated knowledge and experience.
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Definition of learning
In this study the meaning of scientific terms in everyday language and are the same. However, theories of the behavioral psychologists tend to think that this definition too broad, can not exactly define the meaning of learning, and that such an understanding can be used to explain human learning behavior, but not suitable for all animals, especially to explain some lower animals, simple learning behavior. Therefore, they learn the definition given is "due to the emergence of practice by strengthening the potential ability to respond to the more lasting change." This definition includes four critical for understanding the main points of the learning process The first "more lasting change." This ruled out because of fatigue, satiation or habituation caused by the fall in the motivation and ability to respond to temporary changes in behavior, such changes are not part of learning. The second "potential ability to respond." This shows that learning occurs not only through a significant change in external behavior, it appears difficult to directly observe the internal changes. Such as by contact with certain objects and situations leaving latent learning performance significantly improved learning and has no intention of learning to belong to the scope of learning. Third, "by strengthening" This is a behavioral psychologist key part of the most important because there is no enhancement (with or without the unconditional stimulus to the response of the reward) would not have "the potential ability to respond to the more lasting change," but will also have access to ability to respond to appear faded. Fourth, "practice" To study the behavior and appear to be the actual learning will occur through repeated. Of course, through observation and imitation learning can be achieved only within no significant changes in the external behavior. In addition, the emphasis on learning through practice can also be put to some species of innate tendencies (such as ducks phenomenon of imprinting), and mature and by the changes caused by the body (such as birds flying) excluded from the study outside.
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Learn the meaning of the animals adapt to the environment
Because all animals, from the lowest level since the protozoa showed learning behavior. However, the complexity of learning and flexibility of the evolution of the nervous system because of the level reached a huge difference. In general, the lower animals is the dominant instinct of behavior, this behavior is innate, not acquired in the decision to change behavior through learning occurs less. Higher animals, especially humans learned behavior-based places, and flexible learning methods. Learning is not only the individual human being the means to obtain knowledge and skills, social and cultural transmission from generation to generation is achieved through learning activities. The essence of learning to establish links between stimulus and response, but can be divided into different types, such as trial and error learning, classical conditioning, operant conditioning effect, insight learning, latent learning, observational learning, etc. Learning activities can also be based on the content and have different learning situations the complexity of the classification for the other (see the type of study, learning category theory). Learning problems since ancient times by the philosopher and educator's attention. Ancient Greek philosophers and ancient Chinese thinkers have a lot of this discussion. Such as Greece, Aristotle's discussion of feelings and memories made, China's Confucius on education, especially sexual and psychological problems have made learning _set_. Research in this area in order to make systems that explain and clarify the mechanism of learning run by the generation of different schools of psychologists have put forward their own theories about learning. One behaviorist claim only on the body of experimental analysis of learning behavior, without recourse to hypothetical internal process or physiological activity. Other learning theorists, consider the following three cases not agree with this view: (1) the body caused by this behavior and the behavior of the event, there is often a long interval, you need to imagine such a habit or memory variables to fill this gap in the middle. (2) the body in the same environment often seems to exhibit different behavior, to explain the difference observed would not need to consider the existence of different motivational state. (3) the complex evolutionary history and phylogenetic history of individual development are affecting the behavior of the body, which many are difficult to observe directly. There must therefore be considered as the agency can not observe the neural activity and cognitive processes to explain the observed behavior. Behavioral psychologists had to learn a great deal of research and experimental methods have made significant contributions, but the cognitive theory in psychology and research on the learning aspects of living in a superior position. (See learning theory) Neurophysiological mechanisms of learning, learning activities are known to any, even the most simple to learn is not by the activities of individual cells, but by a large number of integrated activities of neurons, these neurons constitute a complex network of relationships. People of this pattern of relationships in a variety of specific performance had to learn a variety of theoretical assumptions, but so far on the physiological processes involved in learning is still poorly understood. Students and teachers to learn the relationship between the famous aphorism of education, including the two most basic elements of teachers and students. These two elements in order to achieve the improvement of students' knowledge and skills as the goal. The teacher's role, simply, is to teach the students learn, that is, the most critical role of teachers is not the knowledge to the students, the most critical is the carrier of the knowledge-learning approach to teach students. Because, infinite knowledge, and methods it can last a lifetime.
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Best time to learn
1 early in the morning may learn to be better memory the contents of the results, such as language. 2 night reviewing and summarizing the contents of the memory is better. 3 general learning focus attention only about 30-40 minutes, therefore, should take a break from time to time, proper exercise. 4 happy content can help enhance memory. 5. Learning and memory are inextricably linked, so some experience or skill in learning within one hour after the time the best memory. In other words, during a special study within one hour after the study is the best time. 6. If it is to have good study results, we recommend interested in things at the same time a study. After all, interest is the best teacher thing.
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Learn the famous aphorism
(1) advising people to cherish the time Hair do not know Diligence early, the first white square regret later reading Hard for young and old to learn, time is not an inch of light Inch of time is gold, keep an inch of gold can not buy time Young idler, an old beggar (2) warned people to be honest 1. Go rather strong intellectual is not reached, the words do not believe those lines to no avail. - Mo Di, the Warring States thinkers 2 inside and outside the corresponding, words and deeds match. - Han Fei, the Warring States period philosopher and educator 3. Good Come outside help, were not true for. - Qu Yuan of the Warring States poet 4 real person, sincere matter is not fine is not sincere, not moving. - Zhuang Zhou, Warring States philosophers 5 people were not up to the breach of trust. - Liu Xiang, Han scribes 6 pseudo-bully can not be long, empty not long, dead wood can not be carved, the situation can not be long dead. - Han Ying, Han Poetry home 7 access to the letter, the letter of the world; not to believe then, and she suspected it. - Chang Quan, Jin dynasty hermit 8 were not faithful, not stand in the world. - Cheng Yi, Song Dynasty philosopher 9-less than virtual reality. - Chen-fu, Song Dynasty philosopher 10. The real treat, Fei Wei Yi people, the benefits have been particularly great. - Yang Jian, Song Dynasty scholar 11. Honesty is the lifeblood of life is the foundation of all values. - Dresser, British writer 12 words faithful, line Atsuyoshi. - The Analects of Confucius 13. Deceptive only temporary, while honesty is a long-term strategy. - Yuehan Lei, British scholar 14. Life can not lie out into the bright flowers. - Heinrich Heine, German poet 15. Honestly the best filmmaking. 16 of the could have been true, people will be able to counterfeit, as night followed day, the shadow with the stature. - Shakespeare, British dramatist 17. No honest and how to dignity? - Xisai Luo, Roman statesman 18 who lost their honesty, will lose everything. - Li, the British essayist 19. Honesty the best policy. - Franklin 20. If we abandon the hypocrisy of people will get great peace of mind. - Mark Twain (3) urges people to tolerance, we have to be up_set_ Sunrise East China Sea off the sun, unhappy even a single day, joyful day; failing into a dead end, people are comfortable, comfortable heart Remembered, forget the forgotten. Change can change, accept change I would not care the spirit of the emotions. Regret the loss is greater than the loss, a greater error than the error, so do not regret it (4) a strong-willed determination I succeeded because I have the determination and never hesitated. Napoleon famous aphorism Important sign of maturity of personality: tolerance, patience, and good. - "Human weakness" famous aphorism Not make you tired in front of mountains, but a grain of sand inside your shoes. - Anonymous famous aphorism Armed Forces can be Fatal, man can not seize chih. - "The Analects of Confucius. Zi Han 'famous aphorism (5) About Love True love or make crazy things close to the lustful rush too far. Plato's famous aphorism (6) on self Man of self-cultivation, is within its heart, is outside its tolerance. - (Song) Xiu famous aphorism Prime is no longer, the day can no longer morning in time should encourage each other, Time and tide wait for no man. - (Jin) Tao famous aphorism Character, is more noble; life skills, should be more candid; behavior, should be more polite. - (France) Montesquieu's famous aphorism Static to self-cultivation, frugal and Germany to support, not to non-Tan Bo Ming, non-quiet no Heart. - Zhuge Liang's famous aphorism (7) people to regularly self-examination - to know themselves The most difficult thing is to know yourself. (Greece) Self-knowledge is the most valuable knowledge. (Spain) To understand yourself, the best to ask someone else. (Japan) Only in the middle of the crowd, in order to understand their own. (Germany) The number of stars in the sky so clear, the soot can not see his face. (Malaysia) To sing the praises of his people, the audience is only one. (Japan) Mo laughed others and bent, his Bayao straight. (USSR) Fan of the most spiritual person can not see their backs. (Africa) The more incompetent, more like demanding someone else's fault children. (Ireland) Everyone knows where the shoes the feet. (Latin America) His shoes, he knows where tight. (Spain) Your appetites know. (USSR) Does not evaluate themselves, they will not evaluate other people. (Germany) If you can not own command, it can not command others. (U.S.) Face to face fear of you, behind some hate you. (UK) (8) _select_ion of the famous aphorism (sound order) Rivers east to the sea, when re-Seogwi? Young idler, an old beggar. (Han Dynasty "long Ge Xing") One hundred school must first determined. (Xi) Bao Jianfeng from sharpening out, plum blossom from the bitter cold. Pen off the surprise storm, poem into ZZZZZZZZZ. (Du Fu) Do not cut pseudo-body pro-elegance, turn Ru Yi is a multi-division division. (Du Fu) Bo Concept and about to take, thick and thin of plot. (Sushi) Erudite, interrogation of, the deliberative, discernment, Dusing's. ("Book of Rites") Do not climb mountains, I do not know day high also; not a deep river, I do not know in the thick also. ("Zi") (9) Other Already do not fly, soar; not it pours. (Sima Qian) Not the person is not known suffering, suffering people do not know. (Confucius) Nothing ventured, nothing gained? (Later Han) Do not plug does not flow, more than not. (Han Yu) Do not know the truth, just because in this mountain. (Sushi) Fear clouds block our sight, since the margin at the highest level. (Wang) Not to the rules, no order prescription Park. (Mencius) Mined flowers into honey, the purpose of doing sweet. (Luo Yin) Depository actually know manners, well fed, well bred. ("Tube") Xiao 1000 and then the sound of speaking, knowledge of device and then view one thousand swords. (Liu Xie) Police have, you can Understand, the police can know this old. ("Lu") Difference in the least bit, hack away. ("Han") Ambition there, sail sea. (Li Bai) Chen heart a stone needle, do not guide side refused to break. (Wen Tianxiang) Shen Zhou thousands of junks sail past the million trees ahead of the spring wood. (Liu Yuxi) Live and learn a lesson. (Ancient proverb) A short foot, inch a director. (Qu Yuan) Dead Before the Ship Even Sank, long the hero tears s garments. (Du Fu) Till death do us part, wax torch ashes tears dry. (Yin) Too proud Horseshoe illness, Chang spent every day look. (Meng Jiao) Spring garden extra duty, an affair to. (SY Weng) 春宵一刻值千金. (Sushi) Good example from the board, from the evil such as the collapse. ("Mandarin") Stick to real man would rather not guns. (Qi book) Through-if bent, the most delicate, if clumsy, big debate if Ne. ("I") Dan veteran to know, I like clouds in wealth. (Du Fu) Nung, a thousand miles of cicadas Juan. (Sushi) When broken constantly, anti-troubled. (Han) Like father, like son. (New Tang) Enlightened many, unjust so few to help. ("Mencius") Climbing on the mountain is full of love and watch the sea is intended to overflow in the sea. (Liu Xie) East sunrise rain, said there is no clear sunny. (Liu Yuxi) Read a hundred times, its meaning from the present. (Three Kingdoms) Study break rolls, getting God. (Du Fu) Reading of the law, in the sequential and progressive, familiar and precise thinking. (Xi) Read a trip. (Liu Yi) Unjust is doomed to destruction. (Tso) Ercao body and were all off, not flowing river. (Du Fu) Everything Yu (pre) is established, not Yu (pre-) the waste. ("Book of Rites") Anti-people's mouth, even in the anti River. (Mandarin) No non-school only to broad, non-chi no to school. (Zhuge Liang) Come Yishui Han Feng Xiaoxiao, a warrior to Come Nevermore. ("Warring States") Wealth can not be * poor * not move, force can bend. (Mencius) G Sense when thinking their country, drew his sword from Artemisia Levin. (Ang) Gaoshanyangzhi, Kageyuki behavior. ("Book of Songs") We must first sharpen his tools. (Confucius) Ancient into a major event, not only over persons of talent, perseverance and ambition there. (Sushi) Devices are as good Carpenter audience, the audience patients who were good doctor. (Song Ye Shi) Time flies, Riyuerusuo. (That "Zengguangxianwen") Rolling in the Yangtze River flowing eastward, spray 淘尽 hero. ("Three Kingdoms") H Sea diving, sky high the bird. (Poetry Poetry) Sea of memory friend, your neighbor. (Wang Bo) Sea the moon, 天涯共此时. (Ling) Suddenly, such as spring night, the Trees of pear blossoms. (Cen) Would be extremely Ling, list of small hills. (Du Fu) Misfortune, blessing of the Forest; Fu Xi, the V pot. ("I") J Do unto others, do not impose on others. (The Analects of Confucius) Listen to others, the dark side letter. ("Mirror") See the rabbit and dog care, late than never; sheep and fill rate, not to too late. ("Warring States") See justice is not, non-Yong also. (The Analects of Confucius) Out of talent in every generation, leading the trend for hundreds of years. (Zhao Yi) Fair without and foul within. (Liu Ji) Proximity and easier access, sunny flowers is easy for the spring. (Su Lin) Knows nothing, doubts nothing. (Fu Xuan) Broken mirror do not change light, fragrant orchid refuses to change. (Meng Jiao) Kyushu angry relies on wind and thunder, immobility study miserably. I advise God re Dousou, eclectic talent. (Gongzizhen) Spared no efforts in dying. (Zhuge Liang "post-Inst") Died went to the national crisis, as suddenly as the dead return. (Cao Zhi) Oblige a gentleman, not adult evil. (The Analects of Confucius) Gentleman expansive, long sad villain. (Confucius) Do not worry about the poor gentleman worry Road. (The Analects of Confucius) Junzaizhijiao light is like, if willing to turn villain sweet wine. ("Zi") L Healthy and strong, rather the first known white heart; poor and benefits firm, does not fall Albatron ambition. (Wang Bo) Old people, high aspirations. Martyrs old age, mistakes, and apologized. (Cao) Pear courtyard Rongrong months, catkins pond light wind. (Yan Shu) Water does not rot, worm-eaten door hinge. (Spring and Autumn Annals) Road will be long now, happiness up and down. (Qu Yuan) Proof of the pudding, time will tell. (Yuan Dynasty war debt of gratitude) Fallen flowers are not heartless things, into Chunni more quadrangle. (Gongzizhen) Falling clouds and lonely duck to fly, relaxed and a total length Tianyi color. (Wang Bo) M Full stroke loss, to benefit him. (Book) Plum snow for whiteness, but the snow plum incense. (Romero, Singapore) Mibu there early, there are few grams of the final. (Book) Sensitive and eager to learn, help in the field. (Confucius) Mo the road without friends, who Bushi Jun world. (High fitness) Murdoch Sangyu late, micro-Xia is still sky. (Liu Yuxi) Mo lightly, white boy head, empty sadness! (Yue Fei) Wood show in the forest, the wind will destroy it. (Old Tang) N Million sticks of dark green red point, moving spring do not need more. (Wang) P The skin, the hair stand? (Tso) 蚍蜉撼大树 ridiculously overrate themselves. (Han Yu) Training to enhance the value of knowledge to change the destiny, learn to create wealth. Q The song Mi high, and Mi few. (Song) The body is not to make the trip; its body is not correct, although that is not from. (The Analects of Confucius) Queer Appreciation, doubt phase analysis. (Tao) Eternal rise and fall of many things, long, endless rolling in the Yangtze River flow. (Ji) A thousand miles begins with one step. (I) Neither the front nor the ancients, who could be seen to. Concept of heaven and earth has passed, sad but Tixia alone. (Ang) The vehicle in front of the overturned car of Kam. (Han) Learning of the past. ("Warring States") Perseverance, stone to engrave. (Xunzi Encouraging Learning) Green, taken from the blue and green to blue. (Xunzi) Castle not cover the river from flowing eastward. (Ji) Natural beauty carving. (Li Bai) The poor are changed, change the pass, long-General. (Book) Poor are spared of the ROC. ("Mencius") R Were inherent in a death, or weightier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, the use of the divergence also. (Sima Qian) Everyone must die, according to Han Qing specimens from loyalty. (Wen Tianxiang) Person who has not been, over and can change the hell. ("Zuo Zhuan") Of that of the benevolent see benevolence and the wise see wisdom of that. ("Book of Changes") S Blessing in disguise, bad thing? (Huainanzi) Three-shift light chicken just before dawn, when it is excited, man. Hair do not know Diligence early, the first white square regret later reading. (Yen Chen-ching) Army may have won the handsome, man can not seize chih. (Confucius) Mo and other closed, white boy head, empty sadness. (Yue Fei) High mountain tire, tire deep water. (Cao) Hill is not high, but the immortal name; water does not have to be deep. (Liu Yuxi) High mountains on small, get to the bottom. (Sushi) A broken wind Piaoxu, life experience drifting rain Ping. (Wen Tianxiang) Mountain darkly, vista. (Lu) Young hard life thing, Mo-inch power to idle time. (Du Xun) Come Spirit of God to the body Jisi, son soul Come to a male ghost. (Qu Yuan) No body phoenix Flying wing minds think alike. (Yin) Health as an outstanding personality, death is also a male ghost. (Zhao) Students are also invited to sit, to know (Chile) has no limits. (Zhuangzi) Wire sawing wood off, dropping water. (Song Luo Jing) Sage 1000 taking into account must be a loss; Fool 1000 taking into account. There must be gains. ("Yan Zi Spring and Autumn") Known, in fact, hard to associate. (Later Han) Prime is not heavy, the day can no longer morning in time when encouraged, Time and tide wait for no man. (Tao) Is neglected, and Gains. ("Han") Ten trees, takes a hundred years. ("Right to repair the tube") When the crisis see Chen Jie, world disorder know good people. (Baozhao) Who can not not Hony, long way to go. (The Analects of Confucius) Who was friends to die. (Historical Records) Dreams of all knowledge, human sophistication that article. ("Dream of Red Mansions") Try to burn three days full of jade, wood is subject to the seven-year identified. (Bai) Fang Henshao books to use when, do not go through I do not know is difficult. (Lu) Sparse crosswise water clean and shallow, subtle fragrance floating on the evening. (Lin Bu) Who is the inch of grass, reported in the apartments. (Yu Jiao) Water is clear there are no fish, no people to the police only. ("Book of Rites") Cold of winter, and then withered after the known pine also. (Confucius) Classroom learning to life in practice (Cheng Fenghai) T Stones from other hills, can learn. ("Book of Songs Xiaoya") Beyond the pale no searching, no effort was to all. ("Water Margin") Tao Li is not made, the next from Seikei. (Historical Records) Days as location, geography and better. ("Mencius") Nothing in the world with ease of peace, to whom it is hard to Zheyi easy to carry; not, who is hardly easy to carry. (Peng Duanshu) Rise and fall of every man's duty. (Gu) Days are often, not Yao survival, not for jie death. "Xunzi") God pity Youcao, human re-Reaching. (Yin) W Wanwusangzhi. (The Book) To those who can not bridge, and to those who still can recover. ("The Analects of Confucius") Quotes of the human secluded delay, language does not startle. (Du Fu) Suffering did not dare to lotus country. (Lu) Civil and military way, a relaxation. (Book of Rites) Article together for the book from time, the lyrics together as do the for. (Bai) Wen said there has, industry specializing in surgery. (Han Yu) Memories can be misery, like a river flows to the east. (Li Yu) Asked him that so clear, as there is water flowing. (Xi) Hengdao to the day since I laugh, hepatobiliary fate of two Kunlun. (Tan) Xiao Xiao Lamu boundless, endless rolling to the Yangtze River. (Du Fu) To do anything about, familiar to swallow to return. (Yan Shu) No intention of suffering Zhengchun, term Qunfang jealousy. (Lu) My life career, with knowledge has no limits. ("Zi") Small and whom not to be evil, do good deeds, but not as small. (Liu Bei) Blood is thicker than water. (Book) X Sun_set_ is magnificent, but near dusk. (Yin) First and worry about the world, after the world to enjoy. (Fan Chung-yen) Lotus Just Buds, stand on top of already dragonfly. (Yang Wanli) Pan Hao Mang even mind, listen to thunder in the silent office. (Lu Xun) Mu who must play the new crown, new bath choosing the vibration clothing. (Qu Yuan) Letter words is not beautiful, kind words do not believe. Good and not debate, argue those poor. (I) A single spark can start a prairie fire. (Book) Learning without thought is labor lost, thought without learning is perilous. (Confucius) Insatiable, indefatigable. (Confucius) School and then to know enough. (Book of Rites) Life-long learning. (Xunzi) Supergrass blood fat fertile Central Plains, Hanning earth made Chunhua. (Lu Xun) Y Speaker of innocence, their fates warning. (Maoshixu) "Spring" of the song, and choosing the few; known, in fact, hard to associate. ("Han") Diligence and neglected in play, the line into the Si, destroyed over. (Han Yu) Whole year's work, nurturing tree valley; the plan for ten years, plant a tree; hundred dollars, is nurturing the tree people. ("Pipe in") Violence of the day, 10 cold, not to the living also. ("Mencius") Morrow new clothes, so people Morrow. (Yan Zi Chun Qiu) With copper as a mirror, you can dress; of old mirror, we can rise and fall; to people as a mirror, can see advantages and disadvantages. (Sun Chiu Yuen) Worries and toil can rejuvenate the body can die Yi Yu. (Ouyang Xiu) Spring peony with affectionate tears, unable to lie dawn rose branches. (Guan) Where there is a way. (Later Han) And the good man home, such as Ru Lanzhi the room, long and not smell their fragrance; and wicked living. Such as income Baoyuzhisi, for a long time without news of their (Liu Xiang) Jade is not cut, not a device; people do not learn, do not know. ("Book of Rites") Piece of cake speech. (Tso) For a grander sight, a higher level. (Wang Zhihuan) Haste makes waste, see the event is not a small profit. (The Analects of Confucius) Z I know things difficult early years, the Central Plains north air like a mountain. (Lu) Life make life difficult for water Gorges cloud. (Yuan Zhen) Life make life difficult for water Gorges cloud. (Yuan Zhen) Sheets rather than relaxation, but also civil and military Vernon; relaxation and not sheets, Vladimir is also civil and military, a relaxation, civil and military way also. ("Book of Rites") Know enough, and can also reflexive; know the storm, and then to self also. ("Book of Rites") Know thyself, know yourself. (Sun Tzu) Knowledge is power. (Bacon) Know, without reserve. (Su Xun) Paper come Zhongjue, know this practice is essential. (Lu) Anti-short to long, to short the anti-long. (Spring and Autumn Annals) Wise man, must be a loss; fool 1000 taking into account there must be gains. (Yan Zi Chun Qiu)
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Learning environment
Refers to the external conditions for learners. Narrowly speaking, the learning environment for students can be divided into the learning environment, family learning environment, and social learning environment. Learning environment is the school buildings, teachers, teaching conditions, teaching methods, school spirit, study, etc., these are the factors that affect student learning; family home learning environment is provided for students to learn the material conditions, such as quiet and comfortable room, harmonious family relationships, counseling students to family members. Social learning environment is affecting students establish a correct outlook on life, world outlook and social atmosphere of learning objectives.
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Educational Psychology in the "learning"
Learning is the process of human and animal life to gain experience through the act or acts arising from the potential of the relatively long-lasting adaptive changes.
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Encyclopedia
xuexi Learning learning And the growth of computer knowledge and skills in the process or technology. In artificial intelligence research in general, refers to knowledge acquisition (non-explicit knowledge and explicit knowledge) and theory formation (hypothesis formation and inductive reasoning). Study to "learn" the basic purpose is twofold: First, from a cognitive modeling point of view (see cognitive model), through the establishment of a computer model to study the study of human learning mechanism; the second is from the engineering point of view, research How has the learning ability of a computer, that machine learning problems. These two interrelated aspects of the study, indivisible. Machine learning, in the final analysis the issue of human learning, that is, people learn how to teach machine learning problems. Profiles in the development of artificial intelligence research study on learning problems in general has gone through three stages. ① early artificial intelligence researchers (1950) have studied adaptive, self-organizing systems, trying to simulate a system of neurons, typically represented by A. 罗森布卢埃 special perception machine. These from the original "ignorant" state proceeding, learning through feedback to improve their structural parameters of the electronic device does not achieve the desired results. The early 1960s, artificial intelligence research from the learning issues to problem solving and natural language understanding, etc., while the adaptive control system is developed along other lines, as an integral part of modern control theory. ② 70 years of study and research have picked up, it summed up an important lesson: learning is an extremely complex process, and any learning system if you know nothing about the starting point of departure from it is impossible to learn advanced knowledge. This will start the two efforts. Major theoretical issues in-depth study by a simple mechanism for people to learn, practice and then began to study a large number of problem areas of expertise through the learning process (ie knowledge acquisition process) to the transfer of knowledge-based systems. ③ 70 years later, on the one hand continue to study the learning mechanisms and cognitive theory to improve the level of science or scientific thinking; the other hand, research in knowledge-based systems in a more complex and effective way of learning. Learning system can be simplified model of a learning system environment, learning components, knowledge base, implementation of the components of the four basic components to study the simplified model (Figure 1 a simplified model of learning system). Environment which provides information, learning components from the environment to acquire knowledge and information stored in the knowledge base, the actuator used, the use of the effect of feedback to learning components. Basic learning styles according to different environmental conditions and the nature of the problem can be summed up learning a routine procedure, in principle, explain learning, learning styles and demonstrate a typical analog mode of learning a few basic ways of learning. Formality formality learning approach to learning is the essence of information retrieval. It applies to environmental information and enforcement procedures to provide the required information is the same level, eliminating the need to establish assumptions. Only in the retrieval time is shorter than the time required to recalculate the case of such learning have application value. Explain the principles of learning principles explain the essence of learning abstract principles will inform the concrete. It applies to environmental information provided by a class of problems related to the more general high-level information, the information needed to implement the program belong to a specific problem is the low level of information required for the situation. For example, MYCIN system, knowledge acquisition program TEIRESIAS on the use of this approach to learning. A typical demonstration of learning the main points of a typical demonstration of learning is inductive reasoning. It applies to the information provided in the environment involves only the specific problem of low-level information, the execution of the program is required for a class of problems for the more general case of high-level information. Demonstration examples can be both positive, it can be negative. BACON program is a typical demonstration of learning examples. This program through inductive reasoning to learn new concepts and re-discovered a number of simple classical laws of science. BACON basic idea of the program is not complicated, that is double-checked the data and the successive use of different operators to create a new item until the item is equal to a constant so far. BACON program of work can be found in Kepler's third law as an example to illustrate. The so-called Kepler's third law refers to the planets around the sun's orbital period squared □ □ track with their semi-major axis is proportional to the cube □ □, that □ □ / □ □ = □ (constant). BACON training to provide examples of each feature with a value that, BACON program using different operators, in order to generate □ / □, □ □ / □ and □ □ / □ □ new items, new items until the value is equal to a constant (Figure 2 eigenvalues
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English Expression
n.: learning, school, copy the example of, follow the example of, study; learn, power of learning, understanding and reasoning, mental ability, intelligence, process of gaining knowledge of a subject, esp from books, , esp by reading, attending a university, etc
v.: learn, study, teach, learn, study
vt.: studied
French Expression
v. étudier, apprendre
Thesaurus
head, Wine head, intellect, ability to form mental images or pictures, perception, brainpower, study, on, savvy, ability to reason, beef, mercury, event, force, ethos, High, summon, marrow, ambition, courage, insight, brain, agency, spark, blood, prime, Qingchun Village acknowledge, ascertain, accept, undertake, approve, receive, adoption, adopt, adopt, assumption, adopt, adopt, deem, ascertain, ascertain, incept, take sb into one's family, esp as one's child or heir, designate, certainly, affirm, brief, state or order sth with the force of authority, official on (the) orders of, official instruction, resolve, adopt, sth, survey, dissection, acquisition, exploration, witness, acceptance, checking, accept, accept, approach, research, allot, prearrange, build, explain, study and read intensively, study, substantiate, will, acceptance, Resolve Yaozuo bombshell
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concinnous
comparative philology
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colleges and universities
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big Sichuan Province Mountain
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prose in the classical literary style
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become book containing listsof words and phrases grouped according to their meanings