Modern theories and schools of Western philosophy. The existence of the object as a philosophy that individual existence is the starting point of all existence. Representative of Heidegger, Sartre, etc.. The theory of modern Western society in all aspects of spiritual life, especially the literary arts, a great impact.
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Theory Overview
存在主义 理论概述
存在主义 理论概述
Existentialism also known as survivalist, one of the major schools of contemporary Western philosophy. The term was first proposed by the French existentialist theism Marcel proposed. Existentialism is a very wide range of philosophical schools, including theistic existentialism, atheism, existentialism and Marxist existentialism three categories, it can refer to any non-rational sense of an isolated individual activities as the most real person this doctrine. Existentialism to the people, respect for human individuality and freedom, that people are living in a meaningless universe, human existence itself is meaningless, but people can self-created based on the existence, be wonderful. Recognized as a pioneer for the existentialist Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche ADI. Then there is Karl Theodor Jaspers, Martin Heidegger, Andre Malraux, Jean - Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau - Ponty, Lieweisite Rolls, Albert Camus, Simone de Beauvoir and other philosophers. Existentialist writers like Franz Kafka, Jean - Paul Sartre, Andre Malraux, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus and so on. Existentialism after World War II about 1945 to 1955 to become the mainstream of Western intellectual theory, and subsequently gradually cool, but it was thought post-modernism and so the impact is still continuing. Before the sixties of the twentieth century, in the West who always existential theism and atheism can be divided into two camps, both camps have a lot of semantics to use some of the same terminology, they describe a life together can not be proven What is the eternal value of life is not self-rescue, is absurd, and even abandoned the disaster. Here are some atheistic existentialist, Camus was an extremely prominent in the way expressed their openness of mind - they decided to accept the phenomenon of the existence of God the world is not the fact, choose to do an honest and lonely people, not into a do not know What is the Creator who created them or vice versa in the circular. Existentialist determine the root causes of nothingness is the difference between the two factions where commentators, theistic existentialists continue to use all the atheistic existentialist statement, and made the conclusion that: It is because human beings left their Creator, so nothing will fall into this vague sense of which, the value of life with God and therefore only the joint which can be reflected. Theistic existential (existential theology) The second performance of existential theology is to emphasize that we should sympathize with, "Being a Man" The situation on whom no facilities. Simply says that it is by Kaier Kai Guo raised again after Seoul and the impact of Nietzsche's philosophy of existentialism of the European spirit of content. Although these theistic existentialist tone comes from the emptiness left after the sense of the Creator, discusses how to get people to salvation, and find himself or to achieve a complete distillation of the spirit - but in addition, their diametrically opposed to this in theological content, parted ways. Almost existentialist theologians mostly based opponents to the truth, and they did not become a serious discussion of the Group, proposed what careful system to. Existentialist theologians "original sin", "teaching apparatus" with "whether the whole" Bible "is inspired by the Holy Spirit?" And so the problem is often shown great flexibility, it can be said of God they are only special interest is the issue of this series ─ ─ or even an important issue in this also because of the ontology that the umbrella and looked very slick, existential theology is therefore not easy to define the meaning of the doctrine. In addition, based on the existential nature of the human condition is a concern, in other words, its content is more than repetition and humanism, and therefore to explore the theological vision of the use of humanism may be seen as a theologian of the school persons. This is not not scrutinize. Atheistic existentialism There is a crisis for human, Nietzsche that the solution is "Superman." Only through the creation of more advanced human person, the "Superman" in order to achieve self-rescue.
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Nineteenth century
存在主义 十九世纪
存在主义 十九世纪
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche Kierkegaard (Kierkegaard) and Nietzsche (Friedrich Nietzsche) is recognized as the first existentialist tendencies with philosophers, they made many of the basic proposition of existentialism, although neither the existence of Marxist (existentialism) named his theory, sometimes difficult to determine their work in the twenty real world what's stance existentialism. They focus on the human condition (human experience) rather than the real mathematics or logic, they think the latter is not true personal experience. They are like Pascal (Pascal), like human consciousness and meaningless universe, in opposition were studied. The difference is that Pascal does not believe that human free will (free choices) have any particular value, but Kierkegaard and Nietzsche (especially Nietzsche) will confused people of faith as a supreme . Kierkegaard's "leap of confidence," and Nietzsche's "superman theory" are clearly defined, "the natural existence (nature of their own existence)" and "Human Nature" of the difference. At the same time, both the idea of post-modernism (post-modernism) and extreme skepticism (nihilism) has a profound effect, Freud also recognized Kierkegaard on the psychology and the contribution of psychoanalysis . Tuo Dostoevsky and Kafka Austria-Hungary Franz Kafka is a literary genius, his life is short and plain, leaving behind a lot of great works of fiction, works, Kafka reveals dissatisfaction with the absurd world, helpless and other complex emotions, Literature of the twentieth century opened absurd precedent. In the work, "Castle," Kafka describes such an absurd world: the castle in sight, citizens can not enter the K to the death, no one knows why K into the castle, you can enter the castle K around to ask for it, K just a farmer, he was appointed to the castle somehow land surveyors. So these are numerous, his work was a profound meaning, has attracted a large number of lovers of literature, and even formed, and "Dream of Red Mansions" par "Kafka learn."
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The early twentieth century
The first decade of the twentieth century, philosophy emerged in many existentialist philosophers, most of them work independently, but are subject to different degrees by Kierkegaard, Nietzsche and Dostoevsky Tuo impact. Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo in his 1913 book "The tragedy of human consciousness and the nation-state" (The Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Nations) stressed the life of the "flesh and essence" (flesh and bone), against abstract rationalism, and other personal belief system of care philosophy. He stressed that people should maintain a "tragic consciousness" (a sense of the tragic), and to explore the absurdity of the universe, he Cervantes book "Tong Ji Kede" Tong Ji Kede the hero, as his life philosophical symbol. Another Spanish thinker Ortega y Gas_set_ published a book in 1914, that human existence can only be accurately defined as the presence of an isolated individual, his stand of the objective world. He said: "I am my own and my situation" (Spanish Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia). German philosopher Martin Buber at the University of Berlin (the Universities of Berlin) completed his philosophical works, his writings on human existence in-depth discussion. Other early twentieth-century existentialist philosopher, including France, Lévi-Strauss (Lev Shestov) and Russia's Nikolai Berdyaev
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After the Second World War
Jean - Paul Sartre World War II following the 1929 economic crisis in the West came after another deadly disaster. An absurd war tens of millions of loss of life, one of France to the loss of 57 million people. Fascist evil soul to people with serious, difficult to heal wounds. The grim reality of education Sartre pursuit of freedom and progress of this generation of intellectuals. Sartre in the war front has always stood on the side of fascism, and actively participate in the resistance, his position very clear: against this ridiculous war against the fascist atrocities. He was in September 1939 enlisted in the Lorraine region, the army on the way, he read a lot Kierkegaard and Heidegger's book, wrote a large number Reading Notes (these notes later to "grotesque war diary" in the name of the published in 1983). Soon, Sartre was captured by the Germans, put into a German concentration camp Te Laifu XII. Camp life to Sartre left an indelible memory. Together with other prisoners in life, he gradually formed a "social group theory" and "Hell is other people" and other important ideas. In 1941, Sartre was released to the proof of forgery, the fall of atheistic existentialism Sartre published a landmark book, "Being and Nothingness", this book is atheistic existentialism laid a theoretical foundation, the book's radical ideas of freedom , it is the courage to call people into anti-fascist war. Wait until 1945, Existentialism Western philosophy has become mainstream thinking. Albert Camus Albert Camus (Albert Camus ,1913-1960) French writer. Born in Algeria in Mondovi. Childhood death of his father, finished high school through scholarships, grants and work-study in the relatives and friends in Philosophy after graduating from University with a bachelor's degree. Hitler came to power, Camus attended anti-fascist resistance movement, and once joined the French Communist, back party. The liberation of France in 1944, Camus as "battle report" editor in chief, wrote many famous papers. Camus 50 years ago, has been viewed as an existentialist, although he repeatedly denied. Camus in 1951 published a philosophical treatise "rebels", the cause and Sartre, who a year-long controversy, the final break with Sartre, when it was discovered, Camus and the literature is the philosophy of the absurd representatives. Camus's writing is characterized by line drawing technique, very objectively the performance of every word and action figures. Writing simple, clean, simple, maintaining the traditional style of elegance and pure style. His "novel is the image of strict philosophy", contains serious thought to life, philosophers and artists a strong passion. In short writing career, he won the honor far more than their predecessors. His philosophy and literary works of the late theater of the absurd and a great influence on the new novel. Critics have argued that the works of Camus reflects the requirements of the industrial age to adapt to the new humanitarian spirit. Sartre said that he was a realist as the Taurus cult era, confirmed the existence of the spiritual world. Works are "misunderstanding", "Caligula", "martial law", "justice" and "Outsider", "the myth of Sisyphus," "plague" and Maurice Merleau - Ponty Ponty, Department of French philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, graduated from Paris, Louis the Great School (lycée Louis-le-Grand), enter the Ecole Normale Supérieure, and Sartre for students, teachers in philosophy in 1930 title. Chartres taught first, then return to Paris any mentor teachers. In 1945, with "behavior structure" (La structure du comportement), "Phenomenology of Perception" (Phénoménologie de la Perception) received his Ph.D. two important works. 1945-1948, taught philosophy at the University of Lyon. 1949 to 1952, in Saul of the University of Teaches child psychology and pedagogy. From 1952 until his death, the Institute of the French professor of philosophy as for the the youngest person in the job. October 1945 Sartre, established the "modern" (Les Temps modernes) magazine, Ponty from the founding to December 1952, served as the magazine's political editor. Died of cardiac arrest at the age of 53 years
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Major philosophical proposition
存在主义 主要哲学命题
Human reality 1. The presence of others "Our bodies - their characteristics that are essentially known by others: I know what is the body of another person, and I know my body on the main things the way from the others know it." (Being and Nothingness p. 289) I put my body into the presence of others, and my "for his existence." This is the existence of relations between man and I can not help but notice the presence of the new structure. 2. Body Sartre, where the body is closely related in the "others" thought, from the existence of mind. His starting point is the heart of the body and mind is not knowledge, not rational abstraction function. My body I never had a knowledge of the object, it is only in the "for others" can become the object when, becoming a "for his existence." Three-dimensional existence of the body is: I make my body there, my body awareness and use by others, others showed me I was the object of its main purposes. This three-dimensional description of the body to determine the others with my fundamental primitive relations. 3. The specific relationship with others Sartre people to others "sex" attitude as the basic model, specifically elaborated on the type of relationship with others. As Sartre's attitude is that of relations with others, the basic behavior of the original, which contains the "presence of others," the original contingency and self as a "human nature" of the original contingency. The people are among the many complexities of the diversity of these original acts. The first kind of attitude towards others are: love, language and abuse nymphomania. Sartre that love is a conscious activity, for love is much more than purely physical possession of the passions, it is difficult to success and satisfaction, I and others are free, in this sense, in fact, love is a conflict. The abuse nymphomania extreme attitude is to plan for the annexation of themselves by others, and in the disappearance of subjectivity in order to get rid of my own subjectivity. This attitude ultimately failed. The second attitude towards others: indifference, lust, hate, Xingnuedaikuang. This attitude, as required by the extreme Xingnuedaikuang is a non-reciprocal relationship, to act as the right to possession of a free existence, the object of his total as a tool to show the object with the pain of the flesh . This attitude and the same kind of attitude is attributed to a failure. Attitude towards others on specific examples, the Center is to illustrate the point with the self as a self exists between the irreconcilable contradictions. A self is a relationship with another from the time, or is willing to become the object of each other, or watching other people's attention that, in turn, to resist. But no matter what kind of attitude is not really into one of the two self as both can not be completely occupied by the other party, can not fully occupy the other side, I am not a harmonious relationship with others of the "Together", but "conflict" . To make my theory of relationships with others more perfect, Sartre and further proposed the "us" issue. "We" is my relationship with others in a particular experience, in exceptional circumstances, in the "presence of others" based on the generated before the existence of others and to establish common with others in the. Sartre that there are two completely different "we" experience: watching a third party, I have relations with others when the "object of a we ', as well as group activities in a number of individual or collective labor in the form of" the main one we are '. This is no symmetry between the two experiences, the former reveals the human reality of the existence of one-dimensional, is "for his presence" of the original experience and pure diversification. The latter is in the social history of the world to achieve the individual psychology of the experience, just a purely subjective experience. So "we" experience, though real, but can not change my relationship with others is a "conflict" conclusion. People really can not get out of this dilemma: or more than others or others beyond. Awareness of the nature of the relationship to ask is not "Together", but "conflict", which is since as fate. Existence precedes essence "Existence precedes essence" (French: l'existence précède l'essence) first appeared in the book Sartre's "Being and Nothingness." What he means is that, in addition to the survival not only right and proper than the soul of the moral or in vitro. Morality and soul are in existence in the created. Is not obliged to comply with certain ethical standards or religious beliefs, there are freedom of choice. To evaluate a person, to evaluate what he has done, not what he is a character evaluation, because a person is defined by his actions. Existentialism denies God or any other pre-defined rules exist. Sartre against any life, "Resistance against" factor, because they narrow the choice of human freedom. Hell is other people Atheistic existentialist believes that mutual understanding between people can be, and that there is a quarrel between Heidegger: a person in the world must deal with other people, his relationship with others "trouble" and "trouble" getting along with others, will have infinite trouble, he or conspire with others, or in favor of others, or against others.
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Its influence
Influence on Philosophy Postmodernism (The following relevant people waiting to add) Existential loneliness of the nature of human existence, nothingness and uncertainty of the stress in different ways, such as critical modernity, subjectivity deconstruction, subversion objectivity, the emergence of postmodernism as a theoretical source. Western Marxism (The following relevant people waiting to add) The impact of the arts See the entry "Absurd" Sartre, Camus and others, there is ideology, especially for the profound absurdity of analysis, development of absurdist literature had a profound impact Novels Kafka is absurd literary representative. His "trial", "Castle" and "Metamorphosis", "hole" and other novels can be said on behalf of the absurd. 30, 40 years, the rise of existentialist philosophy, Sartre, Camus and other philosophers of literature exists to promote "the world is absurd," "human existence is absurd," the basic proposition of existentialist philosophy, to create the "disgusting" and "Outsider" and other works of famous absurd. Theatre The impact of existential drama mainly on the theater of the absurd. Theatre of the Absurd accepted the existence of the basic philosophical ideas and literary genres such as ultra-realistic concepts and performance techniques, and mix them to form their own unique style. Theater of the absurd and should be said that Sartre, Camus existential led the ideological content of literature is basically the same general tendency, the difference is theater of the absurd choice of the unique form of expression, which is that they can as an independent genre of drama the main reason for existence. Absurd Theatre (The Theatre of the Absurd) has a glorious history of the world history of drama. Representative writers Beckett (Samuel Beckett), masterpiece "Waiting for Godot" (Waiting for Godot), bald dancer (La cantatrice chauve) and so on, through the seemingly absurd situations and bizarre characters, mockery and criticism of existing relationships and social values. Affected by World War II, the expression of the absurd theater very often can not communicate between people's reality, its focus on human loneliness, diaphragm, despair, survival Dilemma; the world of humans, is a cruel, incomprehensible; theater of the absurd writers on the absurdity of life, expressed strong resentment and bitter irony, this was the conscience of the literati think of the state of human existence. In general, the theater of the absurd lack of specific circumstances, the stage is absurd microcosm of the world, except to show the absurdity of human existence, but also tried to show the value of human free will, advocates may find a way out in the absurd world. Theater of the absurd focus on human body, human living environment, as well as people in the world the meaning of life, creation of a counter-tradition, the environment plays an indispensable, the characters all the abandoned, the most straightforward language, the most extraordinary events, the most simple plot, the performance of the real life, reveals the most profound philosophy of life. Theater of the absurd in the artistic expression has the following characteristics ① against theatrical tradition, abandoned structure, logical coherence of the story; dialogue often appear repetitive, not even the traditional story, sometimes talking to himself, shows the emptiness of life, bored, funny and cruel; ② usually a symbol, metaphor, method of expressing the theme; ③ lack of sense of time, the characters do not change because of plot development, nor should the outcome of traditional drama, the characters there is no destination; ④ to comedy to the tragedy of a serious theme of the table, it is sometimes referred to as "black comedy" (black comedy), people feel more desperate than the tragedy, more mockery of. Painting (The following relevant people waiting to add) The impact of science Psychoanalysis Relevant people waiting to add the following
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Encyclopedia
cunzaizhuyi Existentialism L'Existentialisme Contemporary French literary genre, including the Christian existentialism existentialism and atheism. Atheist existentialist Sartre's existentialism, also known as or referred to as existentialism. Sartre is an advocate of existentialism, he first put the existence of Marxist philosophy of atheism is applied to literature to, the creation of the atheistic existentialist literary genre. To promote the genre's "existence precedes essence", to prove that God does not exist; against compliance doctrine, advocated establishing a new humanism. Existentialist literature depicting real world and the absurdity of life, to deny the supremacy of rational optimism; its analysis of human concerns and feelings of despair, but requires bright people must have a reasonable life for the struggle of courage. After the war the French existentialist literature of the most far-reaching genre. Sartre published in 1938 novel "Nausea" on the atheistic existentialist literature precedent. He was philosophical works published in 1943, "Being and Nothingness" is the existential program, the drama staged in 1944, "Chamber of Secrets" strengthen the existence of Marxist literature. Sartre's "Nausea" and Camus's "outsider" (1942) rather like a companion piece, which portrays a repulsive absurdity of the world, live in them are all the anxiety, loss ownerless "superfluous characters . " This is an early existentialist literature of the first features. Published in 1946, Sartre's "Existentialism is a humanitarian," the treatise, is the existential Another important declaration. Sartre's work in post-war reflects the "new humanitarian" spirit, for example, "submissive prostitute" (1947), the author condemns the criminal acts of racism, prejudice against black oppression placed deep sympathy. French writer Meunier noted that the so-called "new humanitarian" is the expression of "hope for the hopeless." 1945-1950 existential literature during the period are often a manifestation of this "new humanitarian" spirit of the existing literature which is the second feature. In Sartre's "Victors" (1946), "dirty hands" (1948), Camus's "righteous" (1949), Simone de Beauvoir's "gentlemen adults" (1954), the authors stress the morality and action, purpose and means of survival of freedom and the conflict between living conditions, the performance of the ideal and the objective existence of the inconsistency. This is the existence of third characteristic of literature. Another important atheistic existentialist writer Albert Camus. Camus does not recognize the existence of their own writers, but given the tone of his work and temperament, critics regarded him as a general existential writers. His novel "The Outsider" and the play "Caligula" (1945), "misunderstanding" (1944) and the collection of essays, "the myth of the West Syrian Fox", have exposed the absurdity of the absurdity of the world of life. Novel "The Plague" (1947), the ideological content of the more positive, expressing the people together with the absurdity of the struggle against the ideal living conditions. Writer Simone de Beauvoir is second only to Sartre and Camus's existentialist most accomplished writer. She is Sartre's student and companion. "Ladies" (1943) for her fame, the novel describes a free from the fetters of bourgeois stereotypes of women, this is a new existential characters in literature. In addition, the Leimenggailan, Maurice Merleau - Ponti, Jamain class writers such as Fung Dana, although not entirely existential genre, but their presence by Sartre and works of theory, Their work shows the style of existentialism, the existentialism critics called them the edge writers. Existentialism in Europe and the Eastern culture in some countries
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English Expression
n.: existentialism, that man is a unique and isolated individual in a meaningless or hostile world, responsible for his own actions and free to choose his destiny
nietzsche