② length about 50 cm at birth, the general increase of 3 to 3.5 cm per month, up to 4 months, 10 to 12 cm, 1 year old up to about 1.5 times the birth.
Translated by Google
Oral
Oral: l was born at term already has a good sucking swallowing, cheek fat pad has Jianhou help sucking activity, premature children are poor. Sucking reflex action is complex nature, serious illness can affect this reflex, sucking becomes weak and powerless. Neonatal and infant oral mucosa is thin and tender, rich in blood vessels, salivary gland development is not perfect, less secretion of saliva, oral mucosa dry, vulnerable to damage and bacterial infections; saliva secretion begins to increase at 3 months; significantly increased at 5 months. Children under 3 months of salivary amylase less, should not be fed starchy foods. Baby shallow floor of the mouth, not in time swallowing all the saliva secretion, salivation often occurs physiologically.
Translated by Google
Esophagus
Esophagus: Esophageal two main functions: first, to promote food and liquids from the mouth into the stomach; the second is to prevent stomach contents reflux during swallowing. Newborns and infants with esophageal funnel-shaped, delicate mucous glands lack of elastic tissue and muscular yet developed, the lower esophageal sphincter cardia immature control ability is poor, often occurs gastroesophageal reaction, the vast majority in the 8 ~ 10 months when the symptoms disappear. Baby sucking often swallow too much air, Yinai prone.
Translated by Google
Stomach
Stomach: neonatal gastric capacity of about 30 to 60 ml, increases with age, from 1 to 3 months 90 to 150 ml, an age of 250 to 300 ml, due to the small capacity of the neonatal stomach, so feeding the newborn It should be a small number, the number of older children should be fed and more. Baby stomach horizontal position when starting to walk into the vertical position; stomach muscle development has not been perfect, filled with liquid food after gastric dilatation easy to make; due to low cardiac muscle tone, well-developed pyloric sphincter and poor autonomic regulation, it is easy to cause pyloric spasm vomiting. Mucosa is rich in blood vessels, but fewer glands and goblet cells secrete hydrochloric acid and various enzymes less than adults and low enzyme activity, poor digestion. Gastric emptying time varies with different types of food, including thick and slow emptying the milk curd. Wherein the water emptying time is 1.5 to 2 hours; breast 2 to 3 hours; milk 3 to 4 hours. Slower gastric emptying in preterm children, prone to gastric retention.
Translated by Google
肠子
Digestive enzymes: a baby four months ago salivary secretion is weak, very little saliva secretion, saliva amylase activity is very low, except in the intestine, all other pancreatic digestive enzyme amylase are available. This stage in addition to breast milk in protein, fat digestion is better, but on the other starchy foods and the ability to digest animal milk is relatively weak. These features were new-born babies, we learned that the baby is born to have the ability to breast-fed. Therefore, breastfeeding is the infant's feeding method is suitable.
Translated by Google
饮食
4, the order should be to add solid foods: grains, vegetables, fruits, meat and fish. Baby sweet tooth, the first will reject vegetables, fruit, weaning should be complementary to other dairy products, such as infant formula, to meet the nutritional needs of infants.
Translated by Google
20种婴儿常见状况大解析及应对方法
As a child crying when drink milk, do not recommend the use of pacifiers to avoid nipple confusion, as long as the baby can suck the mother's nipple.
Translated by Google
Early Infant Education
Newborn babies around the world know, and contact the outside world through perception to achieve, so the baby's education should begin on the development aspects of perception training. Perception called, by means of human eyes, nose, ears and other sensory organs, various characteristics of the surrounding environment of the object color, odor, taste, shape recognition. Parents should give the baby a timely appropriate stimulation, exercise the relevant parts of their various sense organs and the corresponding nervous system, the brain, and promote infant mental development. First, parents should give the baby arranged a "little paradise." In order to advance the development of the baby's vision, he arranged for a comfortable, colorful environment. As a baby bed around, and he can hang some red, green, yellow and other colorful toys or in kind, put some flowers or plastic flowers; baby clothes, blankets and other supplies, it is best made with different colors . When the baby woke up, by observing his vision to stimulate, promote maturation of its function. Secondly, you can let the baby listen to good music. Baby generally like music by melodious music, you can give the baby a happy excitement and satisfaction. The study showed that infants listen to music compared with the general development of children the same age, the eyes and facial expressions to be much more clever, action and some of the language but also premature. But to the children to pay attention to the volume when listening to music not too much, but the music should sound source from the child's ear too close to avoid damage children's hearing. Third, let the baby hands and feet. Development of infants, the reaction of the sound and the level of development of the nervous system, so the baby to strengthen the movement training, more activities limbs. 5-6 months after the baby can play with their own toys and objects, and more generally pick up some colorful toys for baby to play, the variety should always exchange to raise his interest. Furthermore, it should let the baby on the bed properly practice turning, rolling, crawling, kicking, kicking and so on. Increased child development actions outside the scope of the contact and observation, can improve their ability to understand the outside world. Fourth, let the baby more contact with nature. Infants less than 1 year of age should be kept to nature, such as hold them to the park or field, to see the green world, to see the colorful rural scenery, accepting the influence of natural beauty; may take them to the zoo to see a variety of animals, or see poultry, birds, etc., raise interest infant observation, develop their curiosity; often can hold the baby store to see the variety of goods on display, picture card, models, etc., at the same time observed, the children cordial commentary. This not only helps to develop the child's visual, sensory and auditory, rich infant perceptual knowledge is more important is to lay the foundation for a child's psychological development well. In addition, often able to breathe fresh air, shine a light and limbs in nature, so that the baby's healthy growth. Finally, let the baby and more interaction with adults. In order to develop language and communication skills of infants, adults should be more in contact with the baby, often with their children, "speak", "question" teaser they sound and laugh; training they called "Dad, Mom," and so on monosyllabic words, teach them to do simple action; to explain to them the contents of picture card and so on. Adults, often with baby interaction, not only language skills and his ability to get to understand, develop, and enable him to get a physical and mental development of important environmental. Not only children child physically and mentally feel comfortable, happy and satisfied, and the baby's intelligence can also be developed. Educational toys effects arising For infants and young children, life is just a game, infants continue to grow in the game, and toy play an extremely important role in children's growth process, it can exercise the muscles, promote the development of the action, inspire children's minds; child in the game , and continue to experience success and failure, freedom and rule, process and results, to meet fun while playing, enrich the connotation of his own personality. But there are many types of toys and functions of different types of toys, children's influence and role is different, do not go to school for a child, toys are their textbooks. Children to understand the world through toys. Therefore, in order to allow children to grow up healthily in the game, parents should reasonably _select_ toys, best toys are often the simplest, most common, cheapest, such as jigsaw puzzles, blocks, ball, cloth doll, sloth bear, white paper, crayons, etc. Educational toys can produce results in accordance with, and can be classified as: (1) educational toys or educational toys. This is most parents are willing to buy toys, _set_s of bowls used as intussusception, _set_ the tower, rings, can steeled help learn the concept of sequence. Jigsaw puzzle, fight _insert_ed toys, mosaic toy can cultivate the image of thinking and ideas to create a further part of the overall concept. Matching game, Solitaire toys both practiced hand, but also exercise their brains. (2) Action toys. These are the generations are inseparable toys, such as tractors, small wooden chairs, bicycles, tumbler, it can exercise the muscles of infants, enhanced sensory-motor coordination. (3) Language toys. _Set_ of three-dimensional images, songs, puppets rhymes, picture books, the baby can develop visual, hearing, speaking, and writing skills. (4) construction toys. Such as building blocks, can exercise the child's ability and imagination, either build a house, you can put a bunch of long train, you can also barricaded Animal Hospital. Anyway toy allows children the freedom to make the game change, give full play to the imagination. (5) imitate Toys. Imitation is the child's nature, almost every preschooler likes to imitate different characters in contact with daily life, imitating different roles to play games. Therefore, pots pans spoon; cities, streets, cars, houses; dolls hospital, toy shops, through imitation, to consolidate and expand their horizons, to understand family life, the rules of society. (6) Scientific Toys. And more suitable for children. Musical significance in early education Music itself is a talented education, it does not belong to the professionals, but a study and conservation within reach of everyone. National Education Ministry of Education, Science Planning fifteen key topics - "Music in the role of individualized," the research team of 0-6 year-old children individualized problems were studied, and the results obtained early - Music can enhance the child's attention Infant's attention not only short, but also very easy to transfer, in general 10 minutes or so will produce fatigue. However great affinity to music enables children to get the attention of sustained growth. "Individualized musical role in the" research group at the experimental stage, so that a group of 5-year-old children to listen to a classic children's classical music every day, such as "Puppy Waltz," "Thunder and Lightning Polka", "clock shop" etc., a month later, and then the experimental tests show that these children's attention span than untrained children increased 4-fold. Music can enhance children's language skills Music is a language in itself, let the children speak out to hear the best language training. According to Hungarian music educator Kodak had advocated such a pedagogy: First let the children listen to Mozart, Beethoven or Bach's classical music, the children can sit to lie, eyes closed, maintain a relaxed state, teachers follow the rhythm, With the change of tone in the side to explain to them until the end of the song. Then, let the kids along to the music to explain yourself again. So down, elevate the child is not yet used in music that is surprising is that after a month of training, the same level of language skills than children improve a lot Music can improve children's memory No one is born with enough memories are acquired through training in order to gradually accelerate and prolong the duration of the memory, which requires a well-established method, music is the best teaching children develop memory. Japan Town, a famous music educator Suzuki has done such an experiment: Make some just had a baby the mother to the baby listen to classical music in the boutique, the cycle repeated constantly put to the baby listen constantly to explain to them. Until the baby five months, when further experiments, some of them had never heard of the song have been caught in the middle listening to familiar tunes put to them, when they heard those songs never heard of, with a baby face the look of surprise and anxiety, and when you hear those familiar tunes, they then knowing smile. This result suggests that 5-month-old baby has been able to remember the song. Music can enhance children's imagination Music is to train a person intuitive thinking and imagination effective means. A girl as young as 8 years old determined when a writer, she was learning the language and writing down a lot of work, but the results are not satisfactory happens. Later, after the famous musician's instructions, began to practice the piano. A miracle happened! Her essay began by leaps and bounds, she said:. "Music gives me inspiration, I have not finish the idea I do not believe he did writing talent" In fact, changing the little girl is very natural, because Her musical training in the process, the brain has been a strong and effective stimulus, so as to nurture the imagination and artistic intuition. Warmth Tip: Do not commit the following error Parents teach children to appreciate music, often committed the following errors: Improper _select_ion of music Parents free to come up with to put music to your child, whether he does not want to hear hear, can not understand. Pay attention to the child's emotional Parents play music to your child when not pay attention to his emotions. If the child is excited to play, let him listen to a lullaby. Teach children to appreciate music improper methods Only the language of music content description to your child, let him ignore movements to express feelings with music. Lack of regular Parents have free, teach children to appreciate music mood is good, busy or in a bad mood when interrupted.
Translated by Google
早期教育需注意的问题
We also attach great importance to his hobby, my husband bought a "little fans" became the son of long time favorite reading materials. He not only recognize the above various types of vehicles, and even car name recognition, even if the handwriting on the paper, he can fluently read out, like the "heavy-duty truck," mixer "," engineering maintenance train "," British Morgan The concept car "," Japan's Toyota Coaster medium buses ". Walking down the street, the son often even spray on the body, the word will be read again.
Translated by Google
How to bathe a newborn baby
Newborn baby can take a bath, but be sure to pay attention to the baby shower a little skill. Before taking a bath, it should first be clean clothes and diapers ready, temperature controlled at 24 ℃ ~ 26 ℃, the water temperature should be close to the body temperature of newborns or about 37.5 ℃. From a medical perspective, should give the newborn a bath every day, but sometimes due to limited conditions, the temperature of the bath room is difficult to ensure, especially in the cold winter. So, you can _select_ the time interval according to bathe twice climate. In the newborn shower, wash your hair and face, generally the first, then wash predecessor, back, hands and feet. When shampooing surface, prop head with his left palm, with the thumb and middle finger on both sides of the ear fold, respectively, to the top of the ear canal to block the mouth to prevent the bath water flows into the ear, causing ear infections. Then gently scrub with a soft towel facial newborn, inside corner and ear. After the head, face wash, if the newborn umbilical cord did not fall off, will remain in the hands of neonatal care, body scrub with a soft towel, but do not let the umbilical cord wet, to prevent infection. If the umbilical cord is off, the tub can be placed in the newborn, the following should be a soft pad or sponge bath, with palm branches from the neck, fingers hold the back of the head so that the head above the water, and then from the top down Gently scrub the front of each part of the body. Such as skin folds have fat tires, you should carefully graze, if difficult to remove, can be coated with vegetable oil and then gently wipe. After washing the front, lift up the chest with the palm, fingers apart in bilateral axillary care, cleaning the back and around the anus. Final cleaning limbs, including the groin and popliteal fossa. All parts of the body are washed immediately after the newborn wrapped in a clean, dry towel and gently pat, the neonatal body of water dry, then put the eyes, nose, ear, etc. dry. After the appropriate amount of powder bashing some already prepared to put the newborn clothes, diapers mat. In the summer, because the higher the ambient temperature, the newborn can wash twice a day. Spring and autumn or cold winter, due to the lower ambient temperature, such as family conditions make room kept at 24 ℃ 26 ℃, can take a bath every day, if they can not guarantee the room, you can wash bath 1-2 times a week. Home conditions is not enough, you can give the child a sponge bath with warm water, scrub the neck often newborns, armpits, groin and other skin folds. After scrubbing after bathing or to newborns in the neck, armpits, groin and other skin folds rub a little powder, but be careful not to be too much. Yuesao nanny or child should always check these folds, pleats to prevent rot, ulceration. Neonatal immunity is weak, if the body is not good, it is best not to give the child a bath. When children have a fever, cough, runny nose, diarrhea symptoms, unfit bath. If a child suffering from pneumonia, hypoxia, respiratory failure, heart failure and other serious diseases, should avoid taking a bath, to prevent the occurrence of hypoxia bathing process which led to life-threatening. In addition, if the child's skin is damaged, nor appropriate for bathing, for example skin burns, blisters rupture occurs, eczema and other skin impetigo and systemic conditions. In short, to grasp the skills needed for a baby shower, baby's body to keep clean, pay attention to the physical condition of the baby.
Translated by Google
Why tummy to sleep like a baby?
Baby Pashui What is the reason? Parents should be how to do? Months of life because of the baby in the womb, many babies are born like tummy sleeping. So baby like tummy sleeping sickness is not what the body, but is more comfortable to sleep he felt so, so I slept so, it is best to let the baby with lateral sleeping position. The advantages are: The most vulnerable part of the body to protect them, when sleep and feel more secure, easier to sleep cooked, thereby reducing crying conducive to the development of the nervous system. Gastric motility and digestive benefits, while tummy sleeping, stomach contents to flow easily esophagus and mouth, causing vomiting; instead of creeping into the small intestine, is conducive to digestion and absorption. Prone make baby led by upright, thus exercising the neck, chest, back and limbs and other large muscle groups, is conducive to stand up and crawling training.
Translated by Google
Chinese Dictionary
Baby out "52 square." ① refers to newborn infants. "Ancient Yi Jian": "newborn baby Zheyue, old Zheyue children, aged Zheyue boy." That newborn. Modern generally born after January to 1 year old children called the baby, also called baby. ② qigong, alchemy terminology. Originally alchemy term that refers to the lead. To borrow the elixir qigong, which say no one. One says to the liver. "Chongyang real grant Danyang twenty-four tactic": "Baby liver." Said a different name for the inner alchemy. "Wuzhen articles": "Wuji itself raw number five, three meet knot baby." Said a different name for the medication. On "really _set_" Volume: "Drug synonyms ...... baby." One said means soul. "Pulse Hope" Volume: "I says:?. Could almost ...... children as infants who have soul," one that is infuriating to run the Zhou Gong. "Tai Ji refining the Law": "baby gradually ascend twelve floors, jade room on Jinque among Ni Wan Palace is the top door ......"
Translated by Google
百科辞典
Baby
Translated by Google
English Expression
: infant
n.: baba, an infant, a baby, babe, child during the first few years of life, very young child or animal, find one's legs, feel one's legs, give (a child) the breast, tiddler, nursling, nurseling, nestling, neonate, chrisom, child, cheeper, babyhood, baby