The center of the solar system objects. Milky Way's an ordinary star. The average distance of 14960 and the earth thousands of meters, 139 million km in diameter, with an average density of 1 409 g / cm 3, Quality 1 989 × 10 33 grams, the surface temperature of 5770 opened, the center temperature of 15 million opening. Were the sun from the inside out nuclear reaction zone, the sun troposphere, the solar atmosphere. The central area have been conducting thermonuclear reaction, the energy generated by radiative emission to space. One of which 2.2 billion energy radiation to the Earth, becoming the main source of light and heat on Earth.
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tài yáng
Earth and other planets revolution around its star, gravitational attraction by itself with a diameter of 1.4 × 10 6 km gas ball, its internal thermonuclear reactions deep in the fusion of hydrogen to helium and release energy
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No. 8
Sun rise
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No. 9
Sun down
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No. 10
[Chinese]
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No. 11
The outer Ana
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No. 12
The temporal 颥
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No. 13
Days known. "Han Emperor Yuan Ji": "growing old is a struggle of evil, violations of the sun, righteous Cham cover, long time, won the light." Reappraisal Note: "The Sun and Sundays." Sanguo Wei Cao "Lo River": " far and we hope for, Jiao glow if the sun rises. "
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No. 14
Refers to the sun. Cao Yu, "Peking Man" Act II: "basking in the sun, the wind was, the rain was."
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No. 15
Exuberant yang. "Book of mass communications," Volume: "then people with fire discipline; fire, the sun." Han Dong, "Chun Qiu Fan Lu Yang circulates": "So to spring Shaoyang, east on wood, with all students; to Xiatai Yang, on the south on fire, with all warm. "Sanguo Wei Kang," A difficult health ": the" Anglo chewing, breathing the sun. "
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No. 16
Refers to the temple. "Dream of Red Mansions" Fifth Second Round: "just the Sun still painful." Lao She, "Four Generations Living Together" 50: "He completely changed into a sunken sun, sucking cheek bang, and angular face." See the "temple."
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No. 17
[Pronunciation] tài yáng [English name] sun [Explanation] ① See "Definitions of Astronomy." ② refers to sunlight; such as: today the sun is very good. ③ refers to the temple.
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Definitions of Astronomy
Its volume is more than 130 times the Earth's center of celestial bodies of the solar system. Milky Way a normal star. The average distance between the Earth 14,960 km, 139 million meters in diameter, flew up from the earth to the sun, have to do 20 years. The average density of 1.409 g / cm 3, the quality of 1.989 × 10 ^ 33 grams, the surface temperature of 5770 ℃, the core temperature of 15 million ℃. Respectively, from the inside out nuclear reaction zone sun, the sun troposphere, the sun's atmosphere. Be kept in their central region thermonuclear reaction energy generated by radiation emitted into space. Wherein the energy radiated 2.2 billion one-to-Earth, a major source of light and heat on the planet. Stellar also has its own life history, from their birth, growth to aging and eventually dying. They are different sizes, different colors, the evolution of the course are not the same. Contact Stellar and life not only in it provides light and heat. In fact the process of heavy atoms outbreak of planets and living matter is that at the end of life occurred in some stellar created. Detailed: The sun (sun) is a normal star, currently in He - Luo figure spent on the main sequence for about half of his career. It is a mass of 198.91 billion one hundred million million tonnes (about 33 times the mass of Earth), the diameter of 1,392,000 km (about 109 times the Earth's diameter) of the hot gas (Strictly speaking, plasma) ball. The average density is 1.4 times of water, but this implies an average density over a wide range of densities, from the core to the ultra-thin dense layer. As a star the sun, its overall appearance nature, depending on the magnitude of -26.3, luminosity 383 billion billion billion watts, the absolute visual magnitude (mv) is +4.83, absolute bolometric magnitude (mb) of 4.8, he is a yellow dwarf g2, effective temperature equal Kelvin 5770 ℃. Earth's average distance from the Sun in its orbit around the revolution is 149597870km (499.005 light seconds or 1 astronomical unit). By mass, its material composition is 71% hydrogen and 26% helium and small amounts of heavier elements. The angular diameter of the sun in the sky is 32 arc minutes round face, seen from the Earth with the angular diameter of the moon is very close, is a wonderful coincidence (the sun is about 400 times the diameter of the moon and our distance from the Earth-Moon distance is exactly 400 times), so that the eclipse looks particularly spectacular. Because much closer to the sun than other stars from us, its apparent magnitude reaches -26.8 become the brightest objects seen on Earth. The sun rotates once every 25.4 days (average period; equator rotates faster than the high latitudes), the galactic center one revolution around every 200 million years. The sun was due to a slight rotation and flat, with perfect spherical difference of 0.001%, equivalent to the equatorial radius and polar radius difference 6km (Earth this difference is 21km, the moon is 9km, Jupiter 9000km, Saturn 5500km). Although the difference is small, but the measurement of this flat is very important because any flat slightly larger degree (even if it is 0.005%) will change the gravitational effects of the sun on Mercury's orbit, leaving the precession of the perihelion of Mercury according to general relativity do tests to become credible.
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The basic physical parameters of the sun
Radius: 696,295 kilometers. Quality: 1.989 × 10 ^ 30 千克 Temperature: 5770 ℃ (surface) 15,600,000 ℃ (core) Total radiated power: 3.83 × 10 ^ 26 joules / second Average density: 1.409 g / cm Day average distance: 100 000 000 5 10,001,000 m Age: about 50 million years Solar radiation to reach the Earth's atmosphere is called the astronomical amount of solar radiation. The total energy of the full spectrum of solar radiation on the earth located at the average distance day when the sun is perpendicular to the Earth's atmosphere is light per unit area in unit time be called the solar constant. Common units of the solar constant of W / m 2. Observation by different methods and techniques, and the resulting value of the solar constant is different. Sun World Meteorological Organization constant value (wmo) 1981 was published in 1368 W / m 2. The sun on the earth's atmosphere is more than 99% of the radiation spectrum at a wavelength between 0.15 to 4.0 microns. About 50% of the solar radiation in the visible spectral region (wavelength of 0.4 to 0.76 microns), 7% in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum (wavelength <0.4 microns), 43% in the infrared spectral region (wavelength of> 0.76 m), the maximum energy in the wavelength 0.475 microns. Since solar radiation wavelength than the terrestrial and atmospheric radiation wavelength (about 3 to 120 microns) is much smaller, it is usually known as short-wave solar radiation is radiation, terrestrial and atmospheric radiation is called Longwave radiation. Changes in solar activity and the Sun-Earth distance, which would cause changes in solar radiation on the earth's atmosphere boundary. For humans, the shining sun is undoubtedly the most important objects in the universe. All things grow by the sun, no sun, the Earth would not have the attitude of thousands of biological phenomena, certainly not bred as intelligent creatures humans. The sun gives people a bright and warm, and the cycle of day and night, it brings the season, about the changes in the Earth's well-being for life on Earth provides a variety of forms of energy. In human history, the sun has been a lot of people pay homage to the object. Ancestors of the Chinese nation to respect for their ancestors Yan Sun God. In ancient Greek mythology, Apollo was the son of Zeus (the king of gods) of. The sun, the both daunting and revered by the people of the planet, it is exactly what the substance from the composition of its internal structure and how is it? In fact, the sun is just a very ordinary star, in the vast expanse of the starry world, brightness, size and material density of the sun is at a medium level. Just because it's closest to the Earth, so the sky appears to be the largest and brightest objects. Other stars are very far away from us, even the nearest star, is also 27 times more distant than the sun, looks just a flashing light spot. Sun consisting mostly of these conventional gas, which accounts for about 71% hydrogen, 27% helium, 2% other elements. The sun can be divided into nuclear reaction zone outward from the center, the radiation zone and convection zone, the solar atmosphere. The sun's atmosphere, the same as the Earth's atmosphere, according to different heights and different properties into various spheres, that ball of light, chromosphere and corona three. We usually see the sun's surface, is the bottom of the solar atmosphere, the temperature is about 6000 ℃. It is opaque, so we can not directly see the sun's internal structure. However, astronomers and theoretical studies of the physical phenomena of the solar surface, to establish a model of the solar interior structure and physical state. This model has also been confirmed for the Institute of other stars, at least in broad terms, is credible. Although the core area of the sun is very small, just a radius of 1/4 solar radii, but it is true that the source of the sun's tremendous energy. Sun's core high temperatures, up to 15 million ℃, the pressure is great, so that by the fusion of hydrogen into helium thermonuclear reactions to occur, thus releasing enormous energy. The transfer of energy through the material layer and the troposphere radiation, was able to send the ball reaches the bottom of the sun, and the light radiated outward through the ball. Sun ball is what we usually see the sun round face, commonly referred to as solar radius also refers to the radius of the photosphere. Optical surface of the ball is gaseous, the average density is only one of hundreds of millions of water, but because of its thickness of 500 km, the light opaque ball. There is intense activity in the photosphere of the atmosphere, with a telescope you can see the ball of light spots on the surface of many densely-like structure, much like the dolphin rice, called granulation. They are very unstable, in general the duration of only 5 to 10 minutes, the average temperature of the temperature higher than the ball of light 300 ~ 400 ℃. This organization is currently considered the phenomenon of intense convection rice ball of light caused by the gas below. Another ball of light surface phenomenon is known sunspot activity. Sunspots are huge ball of light layer flow vortex, mostly rendered nearly oval, bright ball of light in the background was relatively under contrasting dark, but in fact they are the temperatures up to about 4000 ℃, if alone can remove sunspots, a large sunspot it may issue the equivalent of a full moon light. Conditions at the surface of sunspots appear constantly changing, this change reflects the changes in solar radiation energy. The existence of complex changes in sunspot cycle phenomenon, with an average of 11.2 years of activity cycle. Close to the ball of light above a layer of the atmosphere called the chromosphere, usually can not easily be observed in the past in this area can only be seen during a total solar eclipse. When the moon is shining bright ball of light obscured the moment, people can find a layer of red roses on a glorious day round the edges, and that is the chromosphere. Chromosphere thickness of about 8000 km, its chemical composition and light balls are basically the same, but much lower than the density of matter and light ball pressure within the chromosphere. Everyday life, the more distant from the heat source, the lower temperature, while the case of the solar atmosphere in opposite directions, the top of the ball close to the temperature of the light-colored balls at almost 4300 ℃, to the top of the chromosphere temperatures as high as tens of thousands of degrees, and then further on , to the corona temperature suddenly rose to millions of degrees. People of this anomalous warming phenomenon puzzled, has yet to find the exact cause. In the chromosphere can also see a lot of people Jumping flame, which is on astronomy called "prominence." Prominence is rapidly changing events phenomenon, a full prominence in the normal course of tens of minutes. Meanwhile, the shape of the prominences can also be said to be a mix, some as a cloud of smoke, some like waterfalls, fountains, and some like curved arch, and some grass resembles round, too numerous to mention. Astronomers morphological changes according to the size and scale of change in the pace will be divided into prominence quiet prominences, active prominences and eruptive prominence three categories. The most spectacular eruptive prominence to the case, had a quiet activity, or prominence, sometimes suddenly "purple with rage", the gaseous substances desperately up the projectile, and then return to the rotation of the sun's surface, forming a ring, so called ring-shaped prominence. In the brief moment when a total solar eclipse, can often be seen around the sun in addition to brilliant color ball, there is a large white seeped blue, beautiful soft halo of light, which is the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere ─ ─ corona. Range of the corona above the chromosphere, has been extended to place several solar radii. Coronal material in thinner, it will expand outward movement, and makes continuous thermal ionization gas particles flowing outward from the sun and form the solar wind. The sun seemed very calm, in fact, does not happen all the time intense activity. Sun's surface and atmosphere of active phenomena, such as sunspots, flares and coronal mass ejections, etc., will greatly enhance the solar wind, causing many geophysical phenomena such as the aurora ─ ─ increased atmospheric ionosphere and geomagnetic. Enhanced solar activity and solar wind would seriously interfere with the operation of radio communications on Earth and aerospace equipment, make sophisticated electronic equipment on satellites suffer damage, ground power control network chaos, possibly even life on the space shuttle and space station astronauts threat. Therefore, monitoring solar activity and intensity of the solar wind, made timely "space weather" forecasts, more and more important. In more than one hundred billion stars in the Milky Way, the sun is just an ordinary one, which is located near the symmetry plane of the Milky Way, about 26,000 light years from the galactic center, in the north of the galactic plane 26 light years, which on the one hand around the silver Heart to rotate at a speed of 250 kilometers per second, on the other hand with respect to the stars at a rate of around 19.7 kilometers per second toward Vega near the direction of motion. The sun is about 4.6 billion years of age, it can continue to burn about 50 billion years. In the final stage of its existence, the sun will be transformed into helium in heavy elements, the volume of the sun also began to swell until it will engulf the Earth. After a billion years after the red giant phase, the sun will suddenly collapse into a white dwarf - the final stage of stellar all existence. Go through a few trillion years, it will eventually cool completely, then slowly disappeared in the darkness.
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Source of all things - the sun
Morning, when the sun gushing out from the sky Hongxia, the towering golden sprinkling the earth, a vigorous passion, will spontaneously. See this vibrant world, people can not help but love and praise given to us all things in life and strength to dominate - the sun. Ancestors of the Chinese nation to respect for their ancestors Yan Sun God. In the colorful Greek mythology, the sun god is called "Apollo." His right hand holding a lyre, left hand holding the symbol of the sun's golden goal, let the light shine on the earth, the warmth to the world, is the people admired the gods. In astronomy, the sun symbol "⊙" and our pictograph "day" is very similar, it symbolizes the cosmic egg. The equivalent mass of the sun 330,000 times Earth's mass, the volume is about 130 times the Earth's radius is about 700,000 km, is 109 times more than the Earth's radius. Nevertheless, she is also in the universe is just an ordinary star. Interior of the sun, from the inside out, from the nuclear reaction zone, radiation zone, convection zone composed of three levels.
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Legends about the sun
Greek mythology the sun Apollo is the god Zeus and the goddess Leto (leto) child born to. God Hera (hera) due to the jealousy of Zeus and Leto's love, cruelly persecuted Leto, causing her to wander around. Then finally there is a floating island Wanderers shelter Leto, she struggled to Apollo and Luna gave birth on the island. So he sent Monty Python Pitot Hera went to kill Leto mother, but without success. Later, the mother made a fortune Leto, Hera is no longer an enemy with them, they went back into the ranks of the gods. Apollo was revenge for the mother, the sky with his crack shot and killed a tremendous disaster to mankind python Peto, in addition to harm people. After Apollo killed Python very proud, after meeting with small Eros (eros) ridiculed his small arrow when there is no power, so Eros on Solidago burning with the flame of love shot in the Apollo, but with a spark of love can dispel shot in the fairy Daphne (daphne), to make them painful. To get rid of Apollo's pursuit of Daphne, let father put himself into a laurel, behold Apollo still endless infatuation for her, it makes Daphne was touched. And since then, Apollo put the bay as ornaments, 桂冠成 a symbol of victory and honor. Daily dawn, the sun god Apollo will board the Sun King Car, took the reins, holding Kamimuchi, patrol the earth, brought light and warmth to humans. Therefore, it is bright and the sun seen as a symbol of life. Nordic mythology the sun 弗蕾 Feng Jiao, prosperity, love, god of peace, a beautiful fairy country Alfheim king. Bender said he and a fellow Baltic god of light, also known as Helios. Elf under his good deeds in the world applied. He often rode a long blonde mane of wild boar go out inspections. Everyone enjoying his gift of peace and happiness. He has a sword, shine, clouds can. He also has a pocket magic boat, can carry all the gods and their weapons if necessary. Chinese solar myths and legends: Houyisheri According to legend, in ancient times, the king on behalf of a poor summer is a handsome man named Hou Yi. Not only did he look handsome, but civil and military, astronomy, geography omniscient, strategy, martial arts, nothing is fine, especially good hand also shoot arrows. There are poor countries under the wise governance Hou Yi, thriving, Megatron Quartet. People clothed, live, sunrise, sun_set_, vivacious rich and peaceful scene. Yi finished with the country every day afterwards, the bow and arrow to bring the beloved (I heard this arrow is the gift of the gods), to archery practice, day after day, year after year, never stopped. Archery has come to his superb, unparalleled proportions. In the days of peace, happy one day in the past, there are poor countries is booming. Just when people are immersed in happiness, satisfaction among Suddenly, Huocongtianxiang. It was mid-summer day, that morning, and no different past can be made to the sunrise, when suddenly rose out of the ten Eastern sun. In front of all the people watching, stunned. You know, what it means ten suns hanging from the sky. Immediately, crying, praying sound one. People have tried all means pray to God for mercy, to recover more than nine out of the sun, but all to no avail. Day after day, the fields withering crops, dried up river water slowly, one after the sick and elderly who fall ...... Yi looked all eyes, pains, but can not do anything. He Yuduan feeling of sadness, anxiety, extreme, people increasingly haggard haggard. One day, he just catch the endless sleepy eyes, suddenly dreamed of a white Hu old man, pointing to him, made the nine flak sun shape, aligned bull's-eye every day, practicing forty-nine days later, you can shoot off the sun in the sky, and told him that the matter should not be published, only to be fifty days to let people know. Yi opened his eyes, pleasantly surprised, flak hands immediately after flak do, they hid in the mountains bring arrows, practicing day and night together. To the fiftieth day after the day the king to shoot the news, in the spirit of people dying suddenly excited, as if to see the birth of hope. People fear that the sun never _set_s Hou Yi shot, young and old braved the fiery sun, with the shortest possible time, put up a few meters of the house, and carried to the drums, as Yi cheer. Hou Yi was the deafening drums, step by step boarded the house, behind him, countless double desire, looking eyes around him, is groaning land, in his head, a hot, insolent sun. He told himself only succeed, not fail. Despite knowing is taking the road of no return, but in order to rescue the suffering of the people, he regrets. Finally reached the roof, and Yi looked back the last of his subjects, his palace, then raised his head and raised his arrow, slowly pull the bow. "Whoosh", just listen to loud noise, being hit by falling sun crashed, then disappeared. The audience cheering, cries, war drums penetrate clouds. Yi bang, bow again and again, and shot down a seven. Left the last two, and this time, he has been exhausted, but he knew, leaving only one sun in heaven, if at this time to give up, it means naught. He again raised his arrow, exhausted body strength, after the ninth shot suns, they ran straight down to the ground, never up. Everything back as it was, and brave, honorable Yi has never closed his eyes ...... The nine were shot in the sun, falling to nine different places. Which one, fell into the Yellow Sea on the edge, and punched a lake, the lake later known Sheyang lake. Soon, a river flowing from the lake Sheyang, called Sheyang River. "Shan Hai Jing" in the myths and legends about the sun In the far southeast overseas, there is a Xi and country, the country has an exceptionally beautiful woman named Xi and she washed every day in the sun Gan Yuan. After Sun night will be contaminated, wash Xi and through, and that was contaminated sun rises the next day, when still bright as ever. The Xi and, in fact, the legendary ancient emperor Wangdi Jun's wife, she gave birth to ten suns, and let the sun turns ten on duty in the air, the light and warmth to the world. From these ten sun very wild and lonely, and that where there are mountains, hills have trees hibiscus trees, tree Middle Barry, but its leaves are like the size of mustard. Trees have a ravine called Tang valley, which is sun bathing place. They finished bathing, hidden in the branches rub rub the body. Every day that one of the top bird parade riding sky, others will turn on the board, ready to go ......
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Sunspot
Observing the sun through the general optical telescope, observed the activities of the photosphere (the innermost layer of the solar atmosphere) of. On the ball of light can often see many black spots, called sunspots. Sunspots in size at the surface, and how much, location and morphology, not the same day. Sunspots are localized regions photosphere strong magnetic material formed by strenuous exercise, is an important symbol photosphere activities. Long-term observation of sunspots will find some multi-year sunspot, some years less sunspots, sometimes even days, dozens of days at the surface are not sunspots. Astronomers have long noticed from sunspot maximum (or minimum) next year to a maximum (or minimum) of the year, separated by about 11 years. In other words, there is an average of sunspot activity cycle 11, which is the whole solar activity cycle. Astronomers Year of the largest sunspot called "solar maximum", the sunspot minimum year called "solar quiet years."
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The internal structure of the Sun
Sun's interior can be divided into three core areas, radiation zone and convection zone. The sun's energy comes from its core. The sun's core temperature up to 15 million degrees Celsius, atmospheric pressure equivalent to 250 billion. Gas core area is highly compressed to 150 times the density of water. Here undergoing nuclear fusion, there are seven hundred million tons of hydrogen per second is converted into helium. In this process, about five million tons of net energy is released (roughly equivalent to 3.86 trillion trillion joules, 3.86 behind 26 0). Fusion energy is generated by convection and radiation transfer out process. Core energy needs generated by millions of years to reach the surface. Radiation zone outside the core area of the package This layer also in the gas state under high temperature and pressure (but below the core region), frequent collisions between the particles, so that the energy generated in the core region after long (several years) to reach the convection zone through the layer . Outside the radiation zone is the convection zone Energy transfer in the convection zone is much faster than the radiation area, this layer of gas in a large amount of energy transported convectively outwardly. (Somewhat like boiling water, to the heated portion to rise, the decrease in the cooled portion. ) bubble-like structure convection is what we see in the solar photosphere layer of the atmosphere, "granulation." The sun is to shine their own hot gas planet. It is the surface temperature of about 6000 ℃, the center temperature of up to 15 million ℃. The radius of the sun is about 696,000 kilometers, or about 109 times the Earth radius. Its mass is 1.989 × 10 ^ 27 tons, about 332,000 times that of Earth. The average density of the sun is 1.4 grams per cubic centimeter, the density of the Earth is about 1/4. An average of about 150 million kilometers from the sun and our planet. The Sun is a normal star in the Milky Way, located in the north of the galactic plane Orion spiral arm, about 2.3 light-years away from the galactic center, it is 250 kilometers per second rotation around the galactic center, one revolution takes about 250 million years . Sun also rotates, its period in heliographic equatorial belt about 25 days; polar region is about 35 days. Through the analysis of the solar spectrum, that the chemical composition of the sun and the Earth is almost the same, but the ratio vary. The sun is the most abundant element hydrogen, followed by helium, and carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and various metals.
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The structure of the sun
The structure of the sun from the inside out mainly divided into: Center for the thermonuclear reaction zone, outside of the core layer is radiation, the radiation level is the troposphere, the atmosphere outside the troposphere is the sun. Theoretical nuclear physics from the inferred center of the sun is a thermonuclear reaction zone. Sun central area accounted for 1/4 of the entire solar radius is about more than half of the entire mass of the sun. This indicates that the density of the material is very high center of the sun. Up to 160 grams per cubic centimeter. Sun in its powerful gravity attracts, the sun is in the central area of high density, high temperature and high pressure. Solar energy is the birthplace of the great. Transfer the energy generated by the solar center mainly by radiation in the form. Solar radiation outside the central area is the layer of radiation layer is 0.25 solar radii from the center of the top of the thermonuclear outward 0.86 solar radii, temperature, density and pressure here is decremented from the inside out. From the volume, the volume of the entire solar radiation layer representing the vast majority. In addition to the internal energy of the solar radiation spread outwards, as well as convection process. That reaches the bottom of the solar atmosphere 0.86 solar radii from the sun outwards, this interval is called the troposphere. This layer changes the nature of the gas very, very unstable and form a distinct upper and lower convection. This is the outermost layer of the sun's internal structure. The troposphere is the sun outside the solar atmosphere. The sun's atmosphere can be splitting ball from the inside out, chromosphere and corona. We see the sun shining, the sun's atmosphere is intense visible light emitted by the light ball. Photosphere is located outside of the troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere is the sun or the innermost layer, about 500 km thickness photosphere, compared with about 70 million kilometers radius of the sun, like the ratio of the skin and muscles of people. We say that the average temperature of about 6000 degrees Celsius solar performance, refers to this layer. Outside the photosphere is the chromosphere. Usually due to the Earth's atmosphere to intense visible light scattered by the ball, color ball will be submerged into the blue sky. Only in a total solar eclipse, when a chance to enjoy the chromosphere directly Hongyan looks. Solar chromosphere is filled with magnetic plasma layer thickness of about 2500 km. Its temperature increases from the inside out, with the dome light convergence part of about 4,500 degrees Celsius, the outer layer of tens of thousands of degrees Celsius. Density is increasing with height reduced. Inhomogeneous structure of the entire chromosphere, due to the instability of the magnetic field, the sun's upper atmosphere often produce eruptive activity, resulting flare phenomenon. Corona is the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere. The substance is also coronal plasma, its density is lower than the chromosphere, and inversely proportional to its temperature chromosphere storey, up to millions of degrees Celsius. See the total solar eclipse day face radially around a very bright silver-white light that is the corona.
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The sun's energy
In addition to atomic energy on Earth and volcanoes, earthquakes, solar energy is the total source of all energy. So, the whole earth received there? The sun emits a large energy? Scientists in the Earth's atmosphere contemplated putting a measuring instrument solar radiation energy, in each square centimeter area of the received solar radiation energy per minute 8.24 coke. This value is called the solar constant. If the date of the solar constant is multiplied by the average distance to the spherical area of radius, which give the total solar energy emitted per minute, the energy is about 2.273 × 10 ^ 28 coke per minute. The Earth receives only 2.2 billion to one of these energies. Annually to the Earth's solar energy equivalent to 10 billion billion kWh of energy. Solar inexhaustible, and pollution, is the best source of energy.
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Solar Flares
Solar flares are one of the most intense solar activity. Generally thought to occur in the chromosphere, and it is also called "color ball broke out." The main observation is characterized by daily surface (often over the sunspot group) suddenly shine bright spots of rapid development, and its life expectancy is only a few minutes to tens of minutes between brightness rising rapidly, down slowly. Especially in the peak years of solar activity, flares occur frequently and strength becomes stronger. Although it is just a bright spot, once there, is simply a shattering outbreak. This is equivalent to the energy released by brightening 100,000 to 1,000,000 times the total energy of a strong volcanic eruption, or the equivalent of tens of billions of pieces of 100-ton explosive hydrogen bomb; while a larger flare, in one or two minutes 10 to 25 joules releasable enormous energy, In addition to the sudden brightening of the solar surface localized phenomenon, but mainly in the more flares from radio band until suddenly enhanced x-ray radiation flux; radiation emitted by many types of flares, in addition to visible light, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray, infrared and radio emissions, as well as shock waves and high-energy particle stream, even ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Flares great impact on the Earth's space environment. Solar chromosphere layer bang, the Earth's atmosphere appears instantly filled reverberation. Flares when issuing a large number of high-energy particles reach the vicinity of Earth's orbit, it will seriously endanger the safety of astronauts and spacecraft instruments inside. When the flare radiation comes near Earth and atmospheric molecules violent collision damage ionosphere, the reflected radio waves so that it loses function. Shortwave radio communications, especially communications, as well as television, radio, may be disturbed or even interrupted. Energetic charged particles flow and the role of Earth's upper atmosphere flares emitted to produce the aurora, and interfere with the Earth's magnetic field caused by the storm. In addition, flares and other aspects of meteorological and hydrological also has a direct or indirect impact to varying degrees. Because of this, people are increasing the degree of concern flare detection and prediction, is trying to uncover the mysteries of flares maze. Legend, when the Second World War, one day, the German frontline war tight, after 方德军 Command officer Brooke is busy manipulating the radio station, to convey commands. Suddenly, the sound of the headphones is no. He checked the machine, radio intact; toggle knob to change the frequency, still to no avail. As a result, the front promote contact, like a rudderless like chaos, the battle ended in failure. Brooke so by a military court and sentenced to death. He sky and shouts "wrong! Wronged!" Later ascertained, the radio blackouts, the "culprit" is the flare. Brooke's death, it is wrong. His death, that people do not know the time for flares.
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Spot (plage)
Sunlight ball layer brighter than the surrounding tissue porphyritic. When observing with a telescope it can often be found: on the surface layer of some bright ball of light and some darker. This is due to the light and dark spots where the high and low temperatures and the formation of relatively darker spots called "sunspots" relatively bright spot is called "spot." Often spot "performance", but rarely seen in the central area of the solar surface at the edge surface of the sun. Because the center of the surface area of the solar radiation are deep gas reservoirs photosphere, while the higher parts of the edge of the main light source photosphere, so the surface of the sun spot higher than those that can be regarded as a "ball of light layer on the plateau . " Spot is also a strong storm on the sun, astronomers dubbed it "plateau storm." However, with clouds rolling, heavy rain, strong winds volume compared to Herbs storm off the floor, "Highland Storm" character to be much more moderate. The brightness of the spot is only slightly stronger than 宁静光 ball layer number, usually only 10% larger; temperature than 宁静光 ball storey 300 ℃. Many spots and sunspots also struck, often around the sunspot around "performance." Small part of the spot has nothing to do with sunspots, active regions at 70 ° latitudes, the area is relatively small, the average life expectancy of about 15 days the spot, the larger life of up to three months spot. Spot not only in the photosphere, also has its place on the activities of the chromosphere. When the position it on the chromosphere when "performance", activities and appearances on the photosphere roughly identical. However, in the chromosphere is not called "spot", and called "plage." In fact, the same spot and plage a whole, simply because their "home" height is different, which is like a building, spot lives downstairs, plage lived upstairs.
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Granulation
Granulation tissue surface structure is a day of sunlight ball layer. Small particles were polygonal shape, starting a telescope to observe. Granulation tissue temperature than the temperature region between rice height of about 300 ℃, therefore, appear relatively bright and easy to see. Although they are small particles, actually there are 1,000 kilometers in diameter - 2000 km. Bright granulation is likely to rise from the troposphere to the ball of light warm air does not change with time and evenly distributed, and showed intense ups and downs movement. Granulation tissue rises to a certain height, will soon be cold, and immediately fell down at the hot air rising gap between; life expectancy is very short, come and gone, from generation to disappear, almost more than the Earth's atmosphere Smoke and scattered clouds faster, the average life expectancy is only a few minutes, in addition, supergranulation discovered in recent years, which scales up to 30,000 km or so, life is about 20 hours. Interestingly, in the old rice tissue disappear, while new granulation and soon appeared in the original position, this continuous phenomenon as seen on our daily gruel boiled down constantly churning hot bubble .
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Literary Images
In classical Chinese poetry, the number of sun images only appear, but the content is also very rich involving Its origins can be traced back to primitive worship of the sun, then gradually rise to the imperial family warmth, time is short, do not hate, etc. away from the situation a variety of meanings. formed the sun imagery, deep ignited the evolution of our entire nation's spirit and will become one of the literary image of ancient writers like to use a good use of. Album: The Sun Singer: Fan Fan Company: Decca Records Release Date: August 4, 2004 TSU Finalist Award for Best Newcomer Award Fan Fan, popularity and strength are being pretty sure that in this period the production of her second album, Fan Fan, not only for himself wrote some songs, but also help the company to write new songs, in addition also invited her fans to help 'hand', Fanfan creative comps' pink elephant ', on the network open for Chinese lyrics, Taipei First Girls of students Pan Yinghua personal feelings, wrote' Angels Wings', apart from the more than five thousand pieces of work. "The Sun" album is still a little alternative folk and pop music genre based, in addition to the creation of Fanfan, you can also hear Fanfan more personalized and softer singing bass. Songs as follows: Long hair The right people Top-secret A day every day Sweetie If you love Handkerchief post He is not wrong Sun Angel wings Then contact
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Brief introduction
The sun is the central body of the solar system. The sun was the sun from the inside out nuclear reaction zone, the sun troposphere, the sun's atmosphere. Be kept in their central region thermonuclear reaction energy generated by radiation emitted into space. Wherein the energy radiated 2.2 billion one-to-Earth, a major source of light and heat on the planet. Stellar also has its own life history, from their birth, growth to aging and eventually dying. They are different sizes, different colors, the evolution of the course are not the same. Contact Stellar and life not only in it provides light and heat. In fact the process of heavy atoms outbreak of planets and living matter is that at the end of life occurred in some stellar created.
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The basic physical parameters of the sun
Astronomical symbol: ☉ sun Diameter: 1.392 million kilometers (109 times the diameter of the Earth) Volume: 1.412 × 10 ^ 27 m3 (130 times Earth) Quality: 1.989 × 10 ^ 30 kg (332,946 times Earth) Temperature: about 6000K (surface) 15,600,000 K (core), 5 million K (corona) Average density: 1.409 g / cm Cosmic year: 225 million years Join the rotation period: equatorial = 26.9 days, polar = 31.1 days Sun Age: about 4.57 × 10 ^ 9 years Solar activity cycle: 11.04 years Total radiated power: 3.86 × 10 ^ 26 joules / second Solar constant f = 1.97 cm ^ 2 · card · -1 points Spectral Type: G2V Visual magnitude = -26.74, etc. Absolute visual magnitude = 4.83, etc. Hot magnitude = -26.82, etc. Absolute bolometric magnitude = 4.75, etc. Sun's surface gravity = 2.74 × 10 ^ 2 m / s ^ 2 (Earth's surface gravity is 27.9 times) Sun's surface escape velocity = 618 km / sec The solar wind speed near the Earth: 450 km / sec Sun velocity (direction α = 18h07m, δ = +30 °) = 19.7 km / sec Sun-Earth distance: Day average distance (1 astronomical unit) = 1.49597870 × 10 ^ 11 meters (150 million km) Day to the most remote = 1.5210 × 10 ^ 11 米 May be the closest distance = 1.4710 × 10 ^ 11 米
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The orbit of the sun
The sun is located in the north galactic plane of the Orion spiral arm, about 26,000 light years from the galactic center, in the north of the galactic plane 26 light years, which on the one hand around the galactic center to the rotation speed of 250 kilometers per second (period probably 250 million years), on the other hand with respect to the surrounding stellar speed of 19.7 kilometers per second, close to the direction of movement toward Vega. Sun also rotates, its period in heliographic equatorial belt about 25 days; polar region is about 35 days.
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The structure of the sun
Sun block diagram of the sun is just a very ordinary star, in the vast expanse of the starry world, brightness, size and material density of the sun is at a medium level. Just because it's closer from Earth, so appears to be the largest and brightest sky objects. Other stars are very far away from us, even the nearest star, is also 27 times more distant than the sun, looks just a flashing light spot. Sun consisting mostly of these conventional gas, which accounts for about 71.3% hydrogen, 27% helium, 2% other elements. The sun can be divided into nuclear reaction zone outward from the center, the radiation zone and convection zone, the solar atmosphere. The sun's atmosphere, the same as the Earth's atmosphere, according to different heights and different properties into various spheres, that is, from the outside into the ball of light, chromosphere and corona three. We usually see the sun's surface, is the bottom of the solar atmosphere, the temperature is about 6000 ℃. It is opaque, so we can not directly see the sun's internal structure. However, astronomers and theoretical studies of the physical phenomena of the solar surface, to establish a model of the solar interior structure and physical state. This model has also been confirmed for the Institute of other stars, at least in broad terms, is credible. Nuclear reaction zone Sun's interior can be divided into three layers: the core area, the radiation zone and convection zone. The radius of the sun's core area is 1/4 solar radii, which is about more than half of the entire mass of the sun. Sun's core high temperatures, up to 15 million ℃, the pressure is great, so that by the fusion of hydrogen into helium thermonuclear reactions to occur, thus releasing enormous energy. The transfer of energy through the material layer and the troposphere radiation, was able to send the ball reaches the bottom of the sun, and the light radiated outward through the ball. The central area of the solar matter density is very high. Up to 160 grams per cubic centimeter. Sun in its powerful gravity attracts, the sun is in the central area of high density, high temperature and high pressure. Solar energy is the birthplace of the great. Transfer the energy generated by the solar center mainly by radiation in the form. Solar radiation outside the central area is the layer of radiation layer is 0.25 solar radii from the center of the top of the thermonuclear outward 0.86 solar radii, temperature, density and pressure here is decremented from the inside out. From the volume, the volume of the entire solar radiation layer representing the vast majority. In addition to the internal energy of the solar radiation spread outwards, as well as convection process. That reaches the bottom of the solar atmosphere 0.86 solar radii from the sun outwards, this interval is called the troposphere. This layer changes the nature of the gas very, very unstable and form a distinct upper and lower convection. This is the outermost layer of the sun's internal structure. Ball of light Sun ball is what we usually see the sun round face, commonly referred to as solar radius also refers to the radius of the photosphere. Photosphere is located outside of the troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere is the sun or the innermost layer. Optical surface of the ball is gaseous, the average density is only one of hundreds of millions of water, but because of its thickness of 500 km, the light opaque ball. There is intense activity in the photosphere of the atmosphere, with a telescope you can see the ball of light spots on the surface of many densely-like structure, much like the dolphin rice, called granulation. They are very unstable, in general the duration of only 5 to 10 minutes, the average temperature of the temperature higher than the ball of light 300 ~ 400 ℃. This organization is currently considered the phenomenon of intense convection rice ball of light caused by the gas below. Another ball of light surface phenomenon is known sunspot activity. Sunspots are huge ball of light layer flow vortex, mostly rendered nearly oval, bright ball of light in the background was relatively under contrasting dark, but in fact they are the temperatures up to about 4000 ℃, if alone can remove sunspots, a large sunspot it may issue the equivalent of a full moon light. Conditions at the surface of sunspots appear constantly changing, this change reflects the changes in solar radiation energy. The existence of complex changes in sunspot cycle phenomenon, with an average of 11.2 years of activity cycle. Chromosphere Close to the ball of light above a layer of the atmosphere called the chromosphere, usually can not easily be observed in the past in this area can only be seen during a total solar eclipse. When the moon obscured rosy light began to reveal the chromosphere ball bright shining moment, one can find a layer of red roses on a glorious day round the edges, and that is the chromosphere. Chromosphere thickness of about 8000 km, its chemical composition and light balls are basically the same, but much lower than the density of matter and light ball pressure within the chromosphere. Everyday life, the more distant from the heat source, the lower temperature, while the case of the solar atmosphere in opposite directions, the top of the ball close to the temperature of the light-colored balls at almost 4300 ℃, to the top of the chromosphere temperatures as high as tens of thousands of degrees, and then further on , to the corona temperature suddenly rose to millions of degrees. People of this anomalous warming phenomenon puzzled, has yet to find the exact cause. In the chromosphere can also see a lot of people Jumping flame, which is on astronomy called "prominence." Prominence is rapidly changing events phenomenon, a full prominence in the normal course of tens of minutes. Meanwhile, the shape of the prominences can also be said to be a mix, some as a cloud of smoke, some like waterfalls, fountains, and some like curved arch, and some grass resembles round, too numerous to mention. Astronomers morphological changes according to the size and scale of change in the pace will be divided into prominence quiet prominences, active prominences and eruptive prominence three categories. The most spectacular eruptive prominence to the case, had a quiet activity, or prominence, sometimes suddenly "purple with rage", the gaseous substances desperately up the projectile, and then return to the rotation of the sun's surface, forming a ring, so called ring-shaped prominence. Coronal Corona is the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere. The substance is also coronal plasma, its density is lower than the chromosphere, and inversely proportional to its temperature chromosphere storey, up to millions of degrees Celsius. See the total solar eclipse in the radial plane around the day very bright silver-white light that is the corona. Range corona corona above the chromosphere, has been extended to place several solar radii. Coronal there will be outward expansion movement, and makes thermoelectric continuously flowing outward from the sun to form the solar wind particles from the gas.
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Surface activity
The sun seemed very calm, in fact, does not happen all the time intense activity. Sun's surface and atmosphere of active phenomena, such as sunspots, flares and coronal mass ejections (prominence), etc., will greatly enhance the solar wind, causing many geophysical phenomena such as the aurora ─ ─ increased atmospheric ionosphere and geomagnetic. Enhanced solar activity and solar wind would seriously interfere with the operation of radio communications on Earth and aerospace equipment, make sophisticated electronic equipment on satellites suffer damage, ground power control network chaos, possibly even life on the space shuttle and space station astronauts threat. Therefore, monitoring solar activity and intensity of the solar wind, made timely "space weather" forecasts, more and more important. Sunspot Sunspots ancestors 4,000 years ago in ancient times have seen the naked eye like a three-legged crow sunspot general optical telescopes by the sun, observed the activities of the photosphere. On the ball of light can often see a lot of black spots, they are called "sunspots." Sunspots in size at the surface, and how much, location and morphology, every day is different. Sunspots are localized regions photosphere strong magnetic material formed by strenuous exercise, but also an important symbol of the photosphere activities. Long-term observation of sunspots will find some multi-year sunspot, some years less sunspots, sometimes even days, dozens of days at the surface are not sunspots. Astronomers have long noted that the sunspot maximum or minimum from year to the next, or at least up to the year, separated by about 11 years. In other words, there is an average of sunspot activity cycle 11, which is the whole solar activity cycle. Astronomers sunspot maximum year called "solar maximum years", the sunspot minimum year called "low peak in solar activity." Solar Flares Solar flares are one of the most intense solar activity. Generally thought to occur in the chromosphere, and it is also called "color ball broke out." The main observation is characterized by daily surface (often over the sunspot group) suddenly shine bright spots of rapid development, and its life expectancy is only a few minutes to tens of minutes between brightness rising rapidly, down slowly. Especially in the peak years of solar activity, flares occur frequently and strength becomes stronger. Although solar flare erupted when it was just a bright spot, once there, is simply a shattering outbreak. This is equivalent to the energy released by brightening 100,000 to 1,000,000 times the total energy of a strong volcanic eruption, or the equivalent of tens of billions of pieces of 100-ton explosive hydrogen bomb; while a larger flare, in one or two minutes can release enormous energy power of 25 joules 10. In addition to the sudden brightening of the solar surface localized phenomenon, but mainly in the more flares from radio band until suddenly enhanced X-ray radiation flux; radiation emitted by many types of flares, in addition to visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma ray, infrared and radio emissions, as well as shock waves and high-energy particle stream, even ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Flares great impact on the Earth's space environment. Solar chromosphere layer bang, the Earth's atmosphere appears instantly filled reverberation. Flares when issuing a large number of high-energy particles reach the vicinity of Earth's orbit, it will seriously endanger the safety of astronauts and spacecraft instruments inside. When the flare radiation comes near Earth and atmospheric molecules violent collision damage ionosphere, the reflected radio waves so that it loses function. Shortwave radio communications, especially communications, as well as television, radio, may be disturbed or even interrupted. Energetic charged particles flow and the role of Earth's upper atmosphere flares emitted to produce the aurora, and interfere with the Earth's magnetic field caused by the storm. In addition, flares and other aspects of meteorological and hydrological also has a direct or indirect impact to varying degrees. Because of this, people are increasing the degree of concern flare detection and prediction, is trying to uncover the mysteries of flares. Spot (plage) Sunlight ball layer brighter than the surrounding tissue porphyritic. When observing with a telescope it can often be found: on the surface layer of some bright ball of light and some darker. This is due to the light and dark spots where the high and low temperatures and the formation of relatively darker spots called "sunspots" relatively bright spot is called "spot." Often spot "performance", but rarely seen in the central area of the solar surface at the edge surface of the sun. Because the center of the surface area of the solar radiation are deep gas reservoirs photosphere, while the higher parts of the edge of the main light source photosphere, so the surface of the sun spot higher than those that can be regarded as a "ball of light layer on the plateau . " Spot is also a strong storm on the sun, astronomers dubbed it "plateau storm." However, with clouds rolling, heavy rain, strong winds volume compared to Herbs storm off the floor, "Highland Storm" character to be much more moderate. The brightness of the spot is only slightly stronger than 宁静光 ball layer number, usually only 10% larger; temperature than 宁静光 ball storey 300 ℃. Many spots and sunspots also struck, often around the sunspot around "performance." Small part of the spot has nothing to do with sunspots, active regions at 70 ° latitudes, the area is relatively small, the average life expectancy of about 15 days the spot, the larger life of up to three months spot. Spot not only in the photosphere, also has its place on the activities of the chromosphere. When the position it on the chromosphere when "performance", activities and appearances on the photosphere roughly identical. However, in the chromosphere is not called "spot", and called "plage." In fact, the same spot and plage a whole, simply because their "home" height is different, which is like a building, spot lives downstairs, plage lived upstairs. Granulation Granulation tissue surface structure is a day of sunlight ball layer. Small particles were polygonal shape, starting a telescope to observe. Granulation tissue temperature than the temperature region between rice height of about 300 ℃, therefore, appear relatively bright and easy to see. Although they are small particles, actually there are 1000 km in diameter ~ 2000 km. Bright granulation is likely to rise from the troposphere to the ball of light warm air does not change with time and evenly distributed, and showed intense ups and downs movement. Granulation tissue rises to a certain height, will soon be cold, and immediately fell down at the hot air rising gap between; life expectancy is very short, come and gone, from generation to disappear, almost more than the Earth's atmosphere Smoke and scattered clouds faster, the average life expectancy is only a few minutes, in addition, supergranulation discovered in recent years, which scales up to 30,000 km or so, life is about 20 hours. Interestingly, in the old rice tissue disappear, while new granulation and soon appeared in the original position, this continuous phenomenon as seen on our daily gruel boiled down constantly churning hot bubble .
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Sun lifecycle
Currently the sun in which the main sequence star stage, through mathematical models of stellar evolution and the age of the computer simulation of the universe, has experienced about 4.57 billion years. According to the study, the rapid collapse of 4.59 billion years ago, a group of molecular hydrogen clouds formed a third generation of the first family of T Tauri stars, namely the sun. Fengyun star freshman running along the center of the galaxy about 27,000 light-years away from the near-circular orbit. The sun in its main sequence stage has come to middle age, at this stage it is stellar nucleosynthesis reactions occurring within the core hydrogen fusion into helium. At the core of the sun, more than 4 million tons per second can matter into energy, generating neutrinos and solar radiation. At this rate, the sun still has about 100 Earth masses of material converted into energy. As a main sequence star sun time around for 100 million years. Mass of the sun is not enough to erupt into a supernova. In the 50 to 60 billion years, the sun will be transformed into a red giant, when its core core hydrogen depletion leads to shrinkage and temperature rises, the outer layer of the sun will swell. When the core temperature is raised to 100,000,000 K, fusion will occur and produce carbon helium to enter the asymptotic giant branch. The ultimate fate of the Earth is unclear. When the sun becomes a red giant, it may be more than one astronomical unit radius beyond the Earth's current orbit is 260 times the current radius of the Sun. However, when used as asymptotic giant branch stars, the sun will be lost due to the stellar wind of about 30% of the current quality of the planetary orbits will therefore be extrapolated. Only this regard, the earth swallowed the sun might be spared. However, new research suggests that Earth will still affect tidal action and because the sun swallow. Even if the sun melted the Earth can escape the fate of Earth's water is evaporated and the atmosphere will fugitive. In fact, even when the sun is a main sequence star, it will gradually become brighter, the surface temperature to rise slowly. The sun will rise in temperature leads to 900 million years after the Earth's surface temperature, resulting in the current life as we know it can not survive. Subsequently another 10 billion years, the Earth's surface water will completely disappear. After the red giant phase, intense pulse of heat generated by the sun will throw away the shell, forming a planetary nebula. After losing the shell leaving only extremely hot stellar core, it will become a white dwarf in a long time to cool slowly and dim. This is typical of low-mass star evolution.
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The sun's energy
As a star the sun, its overall appearance nature, the luminosity of 38.3 billion billion billion watts, the absolute magnitude of 4.8, he is a type G2 yellow dwarf star, the effective temperature is equal to 5800 degrees Kelvin. Earth's average distance from the Sun in its orbit around the revolution is 149597870km (499.005 light seconds or 1 astronomical unit). By mass, its material composition is 71% hydrogen and 26% helium and small amounts of heavier elements. The angular diameter of the sun in the sky is 32 arc minutes round face, seen from the Earth with the angular diameter of the moon is very close, is a wonderful coincidence (the sun is about 400 times the diameter of the moon and our distance from the Earth-Moon distance is exactly 400 times), so that the eclipse looks particularly spectacular. Because much closer to the sun than other stars from us, its apparent magnitude reaches -26.8 become the brightest objects seen on Earth. The sun rotates once every 25.4 days (average period; equator rotates faster than the high latitudes), the galactic center one revolution around every 200 million years. The sun was due to a slight rotation and flat, with perfect spherical difference of 0.001%, equivalent to the equatorial radius and polar radius difference 6km (Earth this difference is 21km, the moon is 9km, Jupiter 9000km, Saturn 5500km). Although the difference is small, but the measurement of this flat is very important because any flat slightly larger degree (even if it is 0.005%) will change the gravitational effects of the sun on Mercury's orbit, leaving the precession of the perihelion of Mercury according to general relativity do tests to become credible. The solar wind The solar wind is a continuous presence of the plasma from the sun and 200-800km / s flow rate movements. Although this substance on earth and the air is different than the composition of the gas molecules, but by a simpler one level smaller than the atoms of the particle - such protons and electrons, but they are generated when the effect of flow and Air flow is very similar, so called the solar wind. Of course, the solar wind density compared with the density of the wind on Earth, is very, very thin and insignificant, under normal circumstances, in interplanetary space near Earth, each cubic centimeter to a few tens of particles. The density of the Earth's upper hand as compared to 268.7 billion cubic centimeter per billion molecules. Although the solar wind is very thin, but it came violently blowing strong, but far better than the wind on Earth. On Earth, 12 typhoon wind is 32.5 meters per second or more, and the solar wind velocity, in the vicinity of the Earth has always been maintained at 350 to 450 one thousand meters per second, is the velocity of the Earth times, each time up to the most violent s 800 km or more. Solar wind from the sun's corona outermost atmosphere, space continued to material particles flow out of the projectile. This stream of particles ejected from the coronal hole is out, its main ingredient is hydrogen and helium particles particles. There are two types of solar wind: A continuously radiated, the smaller the speed of the particle content is less called "continuous solar wind"; the other is out in the solar radiation, greater speed, than the particle content is more, this solar wind is called "solar wind disturbances." A great influence on the Earth's solar wind disturbances when it reaches Earth, often cause a lot of storms and strong aurora also produce ionospheric disturbances. The existence of the solar wind, the sun and its relationship to our study of the Sun and the Earth provided for convenience only. Sunlight Solar radiation to reach the Earth's atmosphere is called the astronomical amount of solar radiation. The total energy of the full spectrum of solar radiation on the earth located at the average distance day when the sun is perpendicular to the Earth's atmosphere is light per unit area in unit time be called the solar constant. Common units of the solar constant of W / m 2. Observation by different methods and techniques, and the resulting value of the solar constant is different. Sun World Meteorological Organization constant value (WMO) 1981 was published in 1368 W / m 2. The sun on the earth's atmosphere is more than 99% of the radiation spectrum at a wavelength between 0.15 to 4.0 microns. About 50% of the solar radiation in the visible spectral region (wavelength of 0.4 to 0.76 microns), 7% in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum (wavelength <0.4 microns), 43% in the infrared spectral region (wavelength of> 0.76 m), the maximum energy in the wavelength 0.475 microns. Since solar radiation wavelength than the terrestrial and atmospheric radiation wavelength (about 3 to 120 microns) is much smaller, it is usually known as short-wave solar radiation is radiation, terrestrial and atmospheric radiation known as longwave radiation. Changes in solar activity and the Sun-Earth distance, which would cause changes in solar radiation on the earth's atmosphere boundary. In addition to atomic energy on Earth and volcanoes, earthquakes, solar energy is the total source of all energy. Solar radiation to reach the Earth's atmosphere is called the astronomical amount of solar radiation. The total energy of the full spectrum of solar radiation on the earth located at the average distance day when the sun is perpendicular to the Earth's atmosphere is light per unit area in unit time be called the solar constant. Common units of the solar constant of W / m 2. Observation by different methods and techniques, and the resulting value of the solar constant is different. Sun World Meteorological Organization constant value (WMO) 1981 was published in 1368 W / m 2. If the date of the solar constant is multiplied by the average distance to the spherical area of radius, which give the total solar energy emitted per minute, the energy is about 2.273 × 10 ^ 28 coke per minute. (Solar radiation into space per second is equivalent to one million tons of thermal coal sum of complete combustion to produce heat, the equivalent of an engine power 5200000000000000 million horsepower with sun per square meter of surface area equivalent to a 85,000 horsepower Power Station) and to receive only one on Earth 2.2 billion of these energies. Annually to the Earth's solar energy equivalent to 10 billion billion kWh of energy. Solar inexhaustible, and pollution, is the best source of energy. The sun on the earth's atmosphere is more than 99% of the radiation spectrum at a wavelength between 0.15 to 4.0 microns. About 50% of the solar radiation in the visible spectral region (wavelength of 0.4 to 0.76 microns), 7% in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum (wavelength <0.4 microns), 43% in the infrared spectral region (wavelength of> 0.76 m), the maximum energy in the wavelength 0.475 microns. Since solar radiation wavelength than the terrestrial and atmospheric radiation wavelength (about 3 to 120 microns) is much smaller, it is usually known as short-wave solar radiation is radiation, terrestrial and atmospheric radiation known as longwave radiation. The sun all the time in the light and heat transmission to Earth, with the sunlight, the plant can carry out photosynthesis on Earth. Most leaves are green plants, because they contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll only use the energy of sunlight to synthesize a variety of substances, this process is called photosynthesis. It is calculated that the whole world can produce green day, about 400 million tons of protein, carbohydrate and fat, while also releasing nearly 500 million tons of oxygen into the air, provide adequate human and animal food and oxygen. Overall, there are 300 million sun's life for many years.
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Literary Images
For humans, the shining sun is undoubtedly the most important objects in the universe. All things grow by the sun, no sun, the Earth would not have the attitude of thousands of biological phenomena, certainly not bred as intelligent creatures humans. The sun gives people a bright and warm, and the cycle of day and night, it brings the season, about the changes in the Earth's well-being for life on Earth provides a variety of forms of energy. In human history, the sun has been a lot of people pay homage to the object. Ancestors of the Chinese nation to respect for their ancestors Yan Sun God. In ancient Greek mythology, Apollo was the son of Zeus (the king of gods) of. Greek mythology the sun Apollo is the god Zeus and the goddess Leto (Leto) child born to. God Hera (Hera) due to the jealousy of Zeus and Leto's love, cruelly persecuted Leto, causing her to wander around. Then finally there is a floating island Wanderers shelter Leto, she struggled to Apollo and Luna gave birth on the island. So he sent Monty Python Pitot Hera went to kill Leto mother, but without success. Later, the mother made a fortune Leto, Hera is no longer an enemy with them, they went back into the ranks of the gods. Apollo was revenge for the mother, the sky with his crack shot and killed a tremendous disaster to mankind python Peto, in addition to harm people. After Apollo killed Python very proud, after meeting with small Eros (Eros) ridiculed his small arrow when there is no power, so Eros on Solidago burning with the flame of love shot in the Apollo, but with a spark of love can dispel shot in the fairy Daphne (Daphne), to make them painful. To get rid of Apollo's pursuit of Daphne, let father put himself into a laurel, behold Apollo still endless infatuation for her, it makes Daphne was touched. And since then, Apollo put the bay as ornaments, 桂冠成 a symbol of victory and honor. Daily dawn, the sun god Apollo will board the Sun King Car, took the reins, holding Kamimuchi, patrol the earth, brought light and warmth to humans. Therefore, it is bright and the sun seen as a symbol of life. Nordic mythology the sun Feng Jiao, prosperity, love, god of peace, a beautiful fairy country Alfheim king. Bender said he and a fellow Baltic god of light, also known as Helios. Elf under his good deeds in the world applied. He often rode a long blonde mane of wild boar go out inspections. Everyone enjoying his gift of peace and happiness. He has a sword, shine, clouds can. He also has a pocket magic boat, can carry all the gods and their weapons if necessary. China Sun Myth In classical Chinese poetry, the number of sun images only appear, but the content is also very rich involved. Its origins can be traced back to primitive worship of the sun, then gradually rise to the imperial family warmth, time is short, do not hate the situation from a variety of meanings. Houyisheri According to legend, in ancient times, the king on behalf of a poor summer is a handsome man named Hou Yi. Not only did he look handsome, but civil and military, astronomy, geography omniscient, strategy, martial arts, nothing is fine, especially good hand also shoot arrows. There are poor countries under the wise governance Hou Yi, thriving, Megatron Quartet. People clothed, live, sunrise, sun_set_, vivacious rich and peaceful scene. Yi finished with the country every day afterwards, the bow and arrow to bring the beloved (I heard this arrow is the gift of the gods), to archery practice, day after day, year after year, never stopped. Archery has come to his superb, unparalleled proportions. In the days of peace, happy one day in the past, there are poor countries is booming. Just when people are immersed in happiness, satisfaction among Suddenly, Huocongtianxiang. It was mid-summer day, that morning, and no different past can be made to the sunrise, when suddenly rose out of the ten Eastern sun. In front of all the people watching, stunned. You know, what it means ten suns hanging from the sky. Immediately, crying, praying sound one. People have tried all means pray to God for mercy, to recover more than nine out of the sun, but all to no avail. Day after day, the fields withering crops, dried up river water slowly, one after the sick and elderly who fall ...... Yi looked all eyes, pains, but can not do anything. He Yuduan feeling of sadness, anxiety, extreme, increasingly haggard. One day, he just catch the endless sleepy eyes, suddenly dreamed of a white Hu old man, pointing to him, made the nine flak sun shape, aligned bull's-eye every day, practicing forty-nine days later, you can shoot off the sun in the sky, and told him that the matter should not be published, only to be fifty days to let people know. Yi opened his eyes, pleasantly surprised, flak hands immediately after flak do, they hid in the mountains bring arrows, practicing day and night together. To the fiftieth day after the day the king to shoot the news, in the spirit of people dying suddenly excited, as if to see the birth of hope. People fear that the sun never _set_s Hou Yi shot, young and old braved the fiery sun, with the shortest possible time, put up a few meters of the house, and carried to the drums, as Yi cheer. Hou Yi was the deafening drums, step by step boarded the house, behind him, countless double desire, looking eyes around him, is groaning land, in his head, a hot, insolent sun. He told himself only succeed, not fail. Despite knowing is taking the road of no return, but in order to rescue the suffering of the people, he regrets. Finally reached the roof, and Yi looked back the last of his subjects, his palace, then raised his head and raised his arrow, slowly pull the bow. "Whoosh", just listen to loud noise, being hit by falling sun crashed, then disappeared. The audience cheering, cries, war drums penetrate clouds. Yi bang, bow again and again, and shot down a seven. Left the last two, and this time, he has been exhausted, but he knew, leaving only one sun in heaven, if at this time to give up, it means naught. He again raised his arrow, exhausted body strength, after the ninth shot suns, they ran straight down to the ground, never up. Everything back as it was, and brave, honorable Yi has never closed his eyes ...... The nine were shot in the sun, falling to nine different places. Which one, fell into the Yellow Sea on the edge, and punched a lake, the lake later known Sheyang lake. Soon, a river flowing from the lake Sheyang, people call it Sheyang River. "Shan Hai Jing" in the myths and legends about the sun In the far southeast overseas, there is a Xi and country, the country has an exceptionally beautiful woman named Xi and she washed every day in the sun Gan Yuan. After Sun night will be contaminated, wash Xi and through, and that was contaminated sun rises the next day, when still bright as ever. The Xi and, in fact, the legendary ancient emperor Wangdi Jun's wife, she gave birth to ten suns, and let the sun turns ten on duty in the air, the light and warmth to the world. From these ten sun very wild and lonely, and that where there are mountains, hills have trees hibiscus trees, tree Middle Barry, but its leaves are like the size of mustard. Trees have a ravine called Tang valley, which is sun bathing place. They finished bathing, hidden in the branches rub rub the body. Every day that one of the top bird parade riding sky, others will turn on the board, ready to go ......
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Observing the sun's history
Observing the human can be traced back to the sun in 2000 BC, recorded occurred in the summer on behalf of a solar eclipse in ancient Chinese classics "Book" in. Ancient Chinese characters using ⊙ represents the sun, that China has long been seen sunspots. "Five Elements Chi Han" in the records of the earliest human sunspot record: "sunrise yellow, black big as gas money, Habitat Day Central." 400 BC, the Greeks had seen sunspots, but in Europe forgotten until 1605 Galileo rediscovered it through a telescope. 1239, Russia has been mentioned in the annals of prominences, called "tongues of fire" in a solar eclipse in 1842 rediscovered prominences. In 1843, Schwabe discovered the 11-year cycle of solar activity, solar eclipse in 1851 in a shot to the first photos of the solar corona. In 1859 it was discovered that solar flares. British physicist Newton prism sunlight using spectral decomposition and found a mix of sun light is made of seven colors of light. British astronomer William Herschel discovered infrared rays in sunlight. In 1824, the Fraunhofer discovered the solar spectrum lines, in 1868 and discovered a new element in the solar spectrum, named helium (helium, meaning the sun god), the following year and found a new The line that is another element named coronium, after proof of this is just common lines of highly ionized elements. In 1908, American astronomer Hale discovered sunspots has a strong magnetic field. 1930 invented the coronagraph, making it possible to readily observing the corona. In 1938, Hans Bethe proposed stellar interior proton - proton chain reaction and CNO cycle of the two nuclear reaction process to clarify the mechanism of the sun's energy. Since the 1970s, the rapid development of space astronomy has greatly facilitated the study of the sun. 1971, OSO-7 satellite observations to CMEs, in 1975 laid the foundation for Japanese earthquake Deubner school. American Skylab X-ray telescope equipped with X-ray radiation from the sun. 1980 SMM satellite for the first time in the hard X-ray band for the flares were imaged. In 1990, the United States launched the Ulysses spacecraft observing the sun's polar regions. There are other solar observation satellite SOHO satellite launch in the U.S. in 1995, TRACE satellite launched in 1998, RHESSI satellite launched in 2002, STEREO satellites launched in 2006, the sun satellite (Solar-A) launched in Japan in 1991, 2006 Hinode (Solar-B) and other emissions.
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Chinese medicine and ancient Chinese philosophical concept
Wood, fire, earth, metal, water constitutes five movements; sun, Yangming, Shaoyang, lunar, Shao, Jueyin constitute six gas. So, with luck changes, dividing the meridian, the name of the acupuncture points. The sun here is the concept of luck in ancient Chinese medicine and science. Nie Wentao said, do not know the patient has no understanding of the power of rehabilitation medicine. "Thirty-Six" first count sneak Original: "Preparation Week is intended to relent, no doubt common in Yang Yin, Yang is not for the sun, moon ..."
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Album
Album Chinese name: the sun Artist: Cheer Music style: Pop Release Date: January 22, 2009 Country: Taiwan Language: Mandarin Tracklist: 01 Hand Prophecy 02. Violently 03 The sun 04 Fish 05. The distance 06. Stubborn victory of love 07. Loser fly 08. Visit to Britain next week 09 Another calm 10. Pyrotechnics 11 a song, so you can take back Album Description: Cheer 2009 after nearly three years of the creation of the album Flower trilogy of two [Sun] From free from outside influence, She has been using her own pace, Her posture, writing her life. She works in sync with life, Flower theme is her attitude thinking, Never stop dreaming does not change his mind, She will continue to be quiet ahead Cheer's fifth work, definitely worth your collection. By a two-time Golden Melody Award winner Zhong Chenghu surgeon making, Grammy Award winner Bernie Grundman Mastering post-processing, using the full live musicians synchronized recording, album 2009 will become the year fans of lively discussion. Currently these dashing meet again in the new generation of heavyweight music players, designed for Cheer creation of life in the fifth album fullest. Wonderful and moving. Cheer I was responsible for seven more acoustic guitar, an accordion and two piano accompaniment. Intelligence and originality simple notes. String part went to Beijing to record by Chung, Baby and Li Qi two veteran musicians surgeon writing and directing, emotional abundant fine. Excavated by singer best at the Golden Melody Award winner two qualities Zhong Chenghu featuring production, Not only for mature works have been given full life, simultaneous recording of orchestration and singers efforts complement each other, Leaving the singer's voice filled with emotion free extension, emotional integrity and show the most sincere moments. Production sites across Taiwan, Los Angeles, Beijing. Excellent quality, making heart, called the 2009 pop masterpiece.
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Structure
Sun block diagram of the sun is just a very ordinary star, in the vast expanse of the starry world, brightness, size and material density of the sun is at a medium level. Just because it's closer from Earth, so appears to be the largest and brightest sky objects. Other stars are very far away from us, even the nearest star, is also 27 times more distant than the sun, looks just a flashing light spot. Sun consisting mostly of these conventional gas, which accounts for about 71.3% hydrogen, 27% helium, 2% other elements. The sun can be divided into nuclear reaction zone outward from the center, the radiation zone and convection zone, the solar atmosphere. The sun's atmosphere, the same as the Earth's atmosphere, according to different heights and different properties into various spheres, that is, from the outside into the ball of light, chromosphere and corona three. We usually see the sun's surface, is the bottom of the solar atmosphere, the temperature is about 6000 ℃. It is opaque, so we can not directly see the sun's internal structure. However, astronomers and theoretical studies of the physical phenomena of the solar surface, to establish a model of the solar interior structure and physical state. This model has also been confirmed for the Institute of other stars, at least in broad terms is credible.
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Structure
Internal structure Sun's interior can be divided into three layers: the core area, the radiation zone and convection zone. The radius of the sun's core area is 1/4 solar radii, which is about more than half of the entire mass of the sun. Sun's core high temperatures, up to 15 million ℃, the pressure is great, so that by the fusion of hydrogen into helium thermonuclear reactions to occur, thus releasing enormous energy. The transfer of energy through the material layer and the troposphere radiation, was able to send the ball reaches the bottom of the sun, and the light radiated outward through the ball. The central area of the solar matter density is very high. Up to 160 grams per cubic centimeter. Sun in its powerful gravity attracts, the sun is in the central area of high density, high temperature and high pressure. Solar energy is the birthplace of the great. Transfer the energy generated by the solar center mainly by radiation in the form. Solar radiation outside the central area is the layer of radiation layer is 0.25 solar radii from the center of the top of the thermonuclear outward 0.86 solar radii, temperature, density and pressure here is decremented from the inside out. From the volume, the volume of the entire solar radiation layer representing the vast majority. In addition to the internal energy of the solar radiation spread outwards, as well as convection process. That reaches the bottom of the solar atmosphere 0.86 solar radii from the sun outwards, this interval is called the troposphere. This layer changes the nature of the gas very, very unstable and form a distinct upper and lower convection. This is the outermost layer of the sun's internal structure. Ball of light Sun ball is what we usually see the sun round face, commonly referred to as solar radius also refers to the radius of the photosphere. Photosphere is located outside of the troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere is the sun or the innermost layer. Optical surface of the ball is gaseous, the average density is only one of hundreds of millions of water, but because of its thickness of 500 km, the light opaque ball. There is intense activity in the photosphere of the atmosphere, with a telescope you can see the ball of light spots on the surface of many densely-like structure, much like the dolphin rice, called granulation. They are very unstable, in general the duration of only 5 to 10 minutes, the average temperature of the temperature higher than the ball of light 300 ~ 400 ℃. This organization is currently considered the phenomenon of intense convection rice ball of light caused by the gas below. Another ball of light surface phenomenon is known sunspot activity. Sunspots are huge ball of light layer flow vortex, mostly rendered nearly oval, bright ball of light in the background was relatively under contrasting dark, but in fact they are the temperatures up to about 4000 ℃, if alone can remove sunspots, a large sunspot it may issue the equivalent of a full moon light. Conditions at the surface of sunspots appear constantly changing, this change reflects the changes in solar radiation energy. The existence of complex changes in sunspot cycle phenomenon, with an average of 11.2 years of activity cycle. Chromosphere Close to the ball of light above a layer of the atmosphere called the chromosphere, usually can not easily be observed in the past in this area can only be seen during a total solar eclipse. When the moon is shining bright ball of light obscured the moment, people can find a layer of red roses on a glorious day round the edges, and that is the chromosphere. Chromosphere thickness of about 8000 km, its chemical composition and light balls are basically the same, but much lower than the density of matter and light ball pressure within the chromosphere. Everyday life, the more distant from the heat source, the lower temperature, while the case of the solar atmosphere in opposite directions, the top of the ball close to the temperature of the light-colored balls at almost 4300 ℃, to the top of the chromosphere temperatures as high as tens of thousands of degrees, and then further on , to the corona temperature suddenly rose to millions of degrees. People of this anomalous warming phenomenon puzzled, has yet to find the exact cause. In the chromosphere can also see a lot of people Jumping flame, which is on astronomy called "prominence." Prominence is rapidly changing events phenomenon, a full prominence in the normal course of tens of minutes. Meanwhile, the shape of the prominences can also be said to be a mix, some as a cloud of smoke, some like waterfalls, fountains, and some like curved arch, and some grass resembles round, too numerous to mention. Astronomers morphological changes according to the size and scale of change in the pace will be divided into prominence quiet prominences, active prominences and eruptive prominence three categories. The most spectacular eruptive prominence to the case, had a quiet activity, or prominence, sometimes suddenly "purple with rage", the gaseous substances desperately up the projectile, and then return to the rotation of the sun's surface, forming a ring, so called ring-shaped prominence. Coronal Corona corona is the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere. The substance is also coronal plasma, its density is lower than the chromosphere, and inversely proportional to its temperature chromosphere storey, up to millions of degrees Celsius. See the total solar eclipse in the radial plane around the day very bright silver-white light that is the corona. Range of the corona above the chromosphere, has been extended to place several solar radii. Coronal there will be outward expansion movement, and makes thermoelectric continuously flowing outward from the sun to form the solar wind particles from the gas.
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Solar activity
The sun seemed very calm, in fact, does not happen all the time intense activity. The sun was the sun from the inside out nuclear reaction zone, the sun troposphere, the sun's atmosphere. Be kept in their central region thermonuclear reaction energy generated by radiation emitted into space. Wherein the energy radiated 2.2 billion one-to-Earth, a major source of light and heat on the planet. Sun's surface and atmosphere of active phenomena, such as sunspots, flares and coronal mass ejections (prominence), etc., will greatly enhance the solar wind, causing many geophysical phenomena such as the aurora ─ ─ increased atmospheric ionosphere and geomagnetic. Enhanced solar activity and solar wind would seriously interfere with the operation of radio communications on Earth and aerospace equipment, make sophisticated electronic equipment on satellites suffer damage, terrestrial communication networks, power control network chaos, and even the space shuttle and space station may Aerospace who pose a threat to life. Therefore, monitoring solar activity and intensity of the solar wind, made timely "space weather" forecasts, more and more important. Sunspot Sunspots ancestors 4,000 years ago in ancient times have seen the naked eye like a three-legged crow sunspot general optical telescopes by the sun, observed the activities of the photosphere. On the ball of light can often see a lot of black spots, they are called "sunspots." Sunspots in size at the surface, and how much, location and morphology, every day is different. Sunspots are localized regions photosphere strong magnetic material formed by strenuous exercise, but also an important symbol of the photosphere activities. Long-term observation of sunspots will find some multi-year sunspot, some years less sunspots, sometimes even days, dozens of days at the surface are not sunspots. Astronomers have long noted that the sunspot maximum or minimum from year to the next, or at least up to the year, separated by about 11 years. In other words, there is an average of sunspot activity cycle 11, which is the whole solar activity cycle. Astronomers sunspot maximum year called "solar maximum years", the sunspot minimum year called "low peak in solar activity." Solar Flares Solar flares are one of the most intense solar activity. Generally thought to occur in the chromosphere, and it is also called "color ball broke out." The main observation is characterized by daily surface (often over the sunspot group) suddenly shine bright spots of rapid development, and its life expectancy is only a few minutes to tens of minutes between brightness rising rapidly, down slowly. Especially in the peak years of solar activity, flares occur frequently and strength becomes stronger. Although solar flare erupted when it was just a bright spot, once there, is simply a shattering outbreak. This is equivalent to the energy released by brightening 100,000 to 1,000,000 times the total energy of a strong volcanic eruption, or the equivalent of tens of billions of pieces of 100-ton explosive hydrogen bomb; while a larger flare, in one or two minutes can release enormous energy power of 25 joules 10. In addition to the sudden brightening of the solar surface localized phenomenon, but mainly in the more flares from radio band until suddenly enhanced X-ray radiation flux; radiation emitted by many types of flares, in addition to visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma ray, infrared and radio emissions, as well as shock waves and high-energy particle stream, even ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Flares great impact on the Earth's space environment. Solar chromosphere layer bang, the Earth's atmosphere appears instantly filled reverberation. Flares when issuing a large number of high-energy particles reach the vicinity of Earth's orbit, it will seriously endanger the safety of astronauts and spacecraft instruments inside. When the flare radiation comes near Earth and atmospheric molecules violent collision damage ionosphere, the reflected radio waves so that it loses function. Shortwave radio communications, especially communications, as well as television, radio, may be disturbed or even interrupted. Energetic charged particles flow and the role of Earth's upper atmosphere flares emitted to produce the aurora, and interfere with the Earth's magnetic field caused by the storm. In addition, flares and other aspects of meteorological and hydrological also has a direct or indirect impact to varying degrees. Because of this, people are increasing the degree of concern flare detection and prediction, is trying to uncover the mysteries of flares. Spot (plage) Sunlight ball layer brighter than the surrounding tissue porphyritic. When observing with a telescope it can often be found: on the surface layer of some bright ball of light and some darker. This is due to the light and dark spots where the high and low temperatures and the formation of relatively darker spots called "sunspots" relatively bright spot is called "spot." Often spot "performance", but rarely seen in the central area of the solar surface at the edge surface of the sun. Because the center of the surface area of the solar radiation are deep gas reservoirs photosphere, while the higher parts of the edge of the main light source photosphere, so the surface of the sun spot higher than those that can be regarded as a "ball of light layer on the plateau . " Spot is also a strong storm on the sun, astronomers dubbed it "plateau storm." However, with clouds rolling, heavy rain, strong winds volume compared to Herbs storm off the floor, "Highland Storm" character to be much more moderate. The brightness of the spot is only slightly stronger than 宁静光 ball layer number, usually only 10% larger; temperature than 宁静光 ball storey 300 ℃. Many spots and sunspots also struck, often around the sunspot around "performance." Small part of the spot has nothing to do with sunspots, active regions at 70 ° latitudes, the area is relatively small, the average life expectancy of about 15 days the spot, the larger life of up to three months spot. Spot not only in the photosphere, also has its place on the activities of the chromosphere. When the position it on the chromosphere when "performance", activities and appearances on the photosphere roughly identical. However, in the chromosphere is not called "spot", and called "plage." In fact, the same spot and plage a whole, simply because their "home" height is different, which is like a building, spot lives downstairs, plage lived upstairs. Granulation Granulation tissue surface structure is a day of sunlight ball layer. Small particles were polygonal shape, starting a telescope to observe. Granulation tissue temperature than the temperature region between rice height of about 300 ℃, therefore, appear relatively bright and easy to see. Although they are small particles, actually there are 1000 km in diameter ~ 2000 km. Bright granulation is likely to rise from the troposphere to the ball of light warm air does not change with time and evenly distributed, and showed intense ups and downs movement. Granulation tissue rises to a certain height, will soon be cold, and immediately fell down at the hot air rising gap between; life expectancy is very short, come and gone, from generation to disappear, almost more than the Earth's atmosphere Smoke and scattered clouds faster, the average life expectancy is only a few minutes, in addition, supergranulation discovered in recent years, which scales up to 30,000 km or so, life is about 20 hours. Interestingly, in the old rice tissue disappear, while new granulation and soon appeared in the original position, this continuous phenomenon as seen on our daily gruel boiled down constantly churning hot bubble .
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Life Cycle
Stellar also has its own life history, from their birth, growth to aging and eventually dying. They are different sizes, different colors, the evolution of the course are not the same. Contact Stellar and life not only in it provides light and heat. In fact the process of heavy atoms outbreak of planets and living matter is that at the end of life occurred in some stellar created. Currently the sun in which the main sequence star stage, through mathematical models of stellar evolution and the age of the computer simulation of the universe, has experienced about 4.57 billion years. According to the study, the rapid collapse of 4.59 billion years ago, a group of molecular hydrogen clouds formed a third generation of the first family of T Tauri stars, namely the sun. Fengyun star freshman running along the center of the galaxy about 27,000 light-years away from the near-circular orbit. The sun in its main sequence stage has come to middle age, at this stage it is stellar nucleosynthesis reactions occurring within the core hydrogen fusion into helium. At the core of the sun, more than 4 million tons per second can matter into energy, generating neutrinos and solar radiation. At this rate, the sun still has about 100 Earth masses of material converted into energy. As a main sequence star sun time around for 100 million years. Mass of the sun is not enough to erupt into a supernova. In the 50 to 60 billion years, the sun will be transformed into a red giant, when its core core hydrogen depletion leads to shrinkage and temperature rises, the outer layer of the sun will swell. When the core temperature is raised to 100,000,000 K, fusion will occur and produce carbon helium to enter the asymptotic giant branch. The ultimate fate of the Earth is unclear. When the sun becomes a red giant, it may be more than one astronomical unit radius beyond the Earth's current orbit is 260 times the current radius of the Sun. However, when used as asymptotic giant branch stars, the sun will be lost due to the stellar wind of about 30% of the current quality of the planetary orbits will therefore be extrapolated. Only this regard, the earth swallowed the sun might be spared. However, new research suggests that Earth will still affect tidal action and because the sun swallow. Even if the sun melted the Earth can escape the fate of Earth's water is evaporated and the atmosphere will fugitive. In fact, even when the sun is a main sequence star, it will gradually become brighter, the surface temperature to rise slowly. The sun will rise in temperature leads to 900 million years after the Earth's surface temperature, resulting in the current life as we know it can not survive. Subsequently another 10 billion years, the Earth's surface water will completely disappear. After the red giant phase, intense pulse of heat generated by the sun will throw away the shell, forming a planetary nebula. After losing the shell leaving only extremely hot stellar core, it will become a white dwarf in a long time to cool slowly and dim. This is typical of the evolution of low-mass stars in the process [4].
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Solar energy
As a star the sun, its overall appearance nature, the luminosity of 38.3 billion billion billion watts, the absolute magnitude of 4.8. G2 is a yellow dwarf star, the effective temperature is equal to 5800 degrees Kelvin. Earth's average distance from the Sun in its orbit around the revolution is 149597870km (499.005 light seconds or 1 astronomical unit). By mass, its material composition is 71% hydrogen and 26% helium and small amounts of heavier elements. The angular diameter of the sun in the sky is 32 arc minutes round face, seen from the Earth with the angular diameter of the moon is very close, is a wonderful coincidence (the sun is about 400 times the diameter of the moon and our distance from the Earth-Moon distance is exactly 400 times), so that the eclipse looks particularly spectacular. Because much closer to the sun than other stars from us, its apparent magnitude reaches -26.8 become the brightest objects seen on Earth. The sun rotates once every 25.4 days (average period; equator rotates faster than the high latitudes), the galactic center one revolution around every 200 million years. The sun was due to a slight rotation and flat, with perfect spherical difference of 0.001%, equivalent to the equatorial radius and polar radius difference 6km (Earth this difference is 21km, the moon is 9km, Jupiter 9000km, Saturn 5500km). Although the difference is small, but the measurement of this flat is very important because any flat slightly larger degree (even if it is 0.005%) will change the gravitational effects of the sun on Mercury's orbit, leaving the precession of the perihelion of Mercury according to general relativity do tests to become credible. The solar wind The solar wind is a continuous presence of the plasma from the sun and 200-800km / s flow rate movements. Although this substance on earth and the air is different than the composition of the gas molecules, but by a simpler one level smaller than the atoms of the particle - such protons and electrons, but they are generated when the effect of flow and Air flow is very similar, so called the solar wind. Of course, the solar wind density compared with the density of the wind on Earth, is very, very thin and insignificant, under normal circumstances, in interplanetary space near Earth, each cubic centimeter to a few tens of particles. The density of the Earth's upper hand as compared to 268.7 billion cubic centimeter per billion molecules. Although the solar wind is very thin, but it came violently blowing strong, but far better than the wind on Earth. On Earth, 12 typhoon wind is 32.5 meters per second or more, and the solar wind velocity, in the vicinity of the Earth has always been maintained at 350 to 450 one thousand meters per second, is the velocity of the Earth times, each time up to the most violent s 800 km or more. Solar wind from the sun's corona outermost atmosphere, space continued to material particles flow out of the projectile. This stream of particles ejected from the coronal hole is out, its main ingredient is hydrogen and helium particles particles. There are two types of solar wind: A continuously radiated, the smaller the speed of the particle content is less called "continuous solar wind"; the other is out in the solar radiation, greater speed, than the particle content is more, this solar wind is called "solar wind disturbances." A great influence on the Earth's solar wind disturbances when it reaches Earth, often cause a lot of storms and strong aurora also produce ionospheric disturbances. The existence of the solar wind, the sun and its relationship to our study of the Sun and the Earth provided for convenience only. Sunlight In addition to atomic energy on Earth and volcanoes, earthquakes, solar energy is the total source of all energy. Solar radiation to reach the Earth's atmosphere is called the astronomical amount of solar radiation. The total energy of the full spectrum of solar radiation on the earth located at the average distance day when the sun is perpendicular to the Earth's atmosphere is light per unit area in unit time be called the solar constant. Common units of the solar constant of W / m 2. Observation by different methods and techniques, and the resulting value of the solar constant is different. Sun World Meteorological Organization constant value (WMO) 1981 was published in 1368 W / m 2. If the date of the solar constant is multiplied by the average distance to the spherical area of radius, which give the total solar energy emitted per minute, the energy is about 2.273 × 10 ^ 28 coke per minute. (Solar radiation into space per second is equivalent to one million tons of thermal coal sum of complete combustion to produce heat, the equivalent of an engine power 5200000000000000 million horsepower with sun per square meter of surface area equivalent to a 85,000 horsepower Power Station) and to receive only one on Earth 2.2 billion of these energies. Annually to the Earth's solar energy equivalent to 10 billion billion kWh of energy. Solar inexhaustible, and pollution, is the best source of energy. The sun on the earth's atmosphere is more than 99% of the radiation spectrum at a wavelength between 0.15 to 4.0 microns. About 50% of the solar radiation in the visible spectral region (wavelength of 0.4 to 0.76 microns), 7% in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum (wavelength <0.4 microns), 43% in the infrared spectral region (wavelength of> 0.76 m), the maximum energy in the wavelength 0.475 microns. Since solar radiation wavelength than the terrestrial and atmospheric radiation wavelength (about 3 to 120 microns) is much smaller, it is usually known as short-wave solar radiation is radiation, terrestrial and atmospheric radiation known as longwave radiation. Changes in solar activity and the Sun-Earth distance, which would cause changes in solar radiation on the earth's atmosphere boundary. The sun all the time in the light and heat transmission to Earth, with the sunlight, the plant can carry out photosynthesis on Earth. Most leaves are green plants, because they contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll only use the energy of sunlight to synthesize a variety of substances, this process is called photosynthesis. It is calculated that the whole world can produce green day, about 400 million tons of protein, carbohydrate and fat, while also releasing nearly 500 million tons of oxygen into the air, provide adequate human and animal food and oxygen.
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Encyclopedia of Astronomy
The sun is able to shine a celestial body, such objects called stars. The sun is in the hundreds of thousands of stars in the sky an ordinary member, but because it is much more recent than the other stars are from Earth, so we looked it also big and bright. The sun is about 150 million kilometers from Earth. Proxima Centauri is the closest sun except a star, its distance from Earth is over 40 trillion kilometers. The sun's diameter is about 140 million kilometers, is 109 times the diameter of the earth. Quality of 2,000 billion billion tons, is 330,000 times the mass of Earth. Sun's surface temperature up to 5500 ° C. At least in the center of the sun's temperature 15 million degrees Celsius. Steelmaking furnace temperature is just over 2000 degrees Celsius, the electric arc furnace up to 5000 degrees Celsius, the temperature of the sun's surface but also keep up with it! How high melting point of the material at high temperatures so long as the gas. The sun is a hot gas planet. Astronomers solar atmosphere at different depths according to the different nature and characteristics of it from the inside is divided into several levels. Central part is called the Day of nuclear, its radius is about 0.25 solar radii. Most of the mass of the sun are concentrated here, and the sun's light and heat are also produced here. Theoretical studies show that it is released from the nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium nuclei in the process, so Japanese nuclear also called "nuclear reaction zone." Japanese nuclear radiation zone outside layer is, the fusion reaction energy released by this layer to spread. Outside the radiation zone is the convective layer, the troposphere is the ball of light outside. Ball of light is what we usually see bright sun with a round face. Outside the ball of light that we usually can not see the beauty of the chromosphere. Outside the chromosphere, but there is very thick compared to the thin layer of the solar atmosphere called the corona, usually can not see, such as when the only total solar eclipse or with a special instrument to see. The sun looks very calm, but in fact there's rich variety of activities, the most important are sunspots, prominences, flares and other types. Sunspots appear in the solar photosphere. Sunspots are actually not black, because it is lower than the ambient temperature of some and appears dark. Prominences occur in the chromosphere. Chromosphere like "sea of fire", prominence is channeling up from the flames in a high graceful, ever changing pillar of fire, very spectacular. Flares occurred in the lower corona, ferocious, in just twelve minutes to release the energy equivalent of 100 thousand to one million times on Earth strong volcanic eruptions. Earth remote communication have a strong interference. Various active phenomena of the sun, there are changes in the strength of a 11-year period. These activities phenomenon is how it happened? 11-year change cycle is formed? These are the astronomers have not yet solved the mystery.
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Wikipedia Encyclopedia: Point
Sun [points] Outside the cave. In the temporal, between the brow and head when canthus, a cross-refers back about depression.
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Encyclopedia
taiyang Sun Sun The central body of the solar system, the solar system's nine planets and other celestial bodies all around it moves. In astronomy, often represented by the symbol ⊙. It is an ordinary star in the Milky Way. Located away from the galactic center about 10 kpc spiral arms, galactic plane at NATO eight seconds gap. On the one hand, and the spiral arms of stars around the galactic center along with exercise, on the other hand relative to the local standard of rest (silver by 56 °, galactic latitude +23 °) stars around it as prescribed in the second 19.7 km action. In the central area of the solar hydrogen energy generated by nuclear fusion, mainly in the form of steady emission of radiation into space. Since the generation and transmission of energy has been substantially balanced, the current on the whole, it is in a stable equilibrium state. Basic research in particular solar system objects asteroid Eros movement, and the earth around it for celestial perturbation can be measured at the distance, radius of the sun, the sun obtained quality than the Earth-Moon system, and thus obtain its quality. By spectral analysis of the sun can learn the chemical composition of the sun. Hydrogen and helium in the solar atmosphere accounted for most of the other are some of the heavier elements, by mass, accounting for about 71% hydrogen, 27% helium, 2% other elements. Photometric measurements can be obtained by the total radiant energy of the sun and the effective temperature. Using these data and observations have confirmed that the laws of physics on Earth, such as the rate of hydrogen fusion reaction, the material spread radiation mechanism, we can infer the structure of the solar interior. The following table is a fundamental data currently known sun, sun schematic cross section in Figure 1 is a sectional schematic view of the sun. The sun basic data The sun is our only atmosphere can be observed stellar surface details. We directly observed the sun's atmosphere, it is divided into the photosphere, chromosphere and corona triple from the inside out. Although on the whole, the sun is a stable, balanced, glowing ball of gas, but its atmosphere is at a local intense movement. The most obvious example is a sign of growth and decay of solar active region sunspot group haunt, H □ monochromatic images (see the sun monochrome image) observed changes in prominences, flares erupt, and so on. It is because of these intense exercise, the surface structure of the sun is necessarily uneven. In addition, we also see the constant movement and changing granulation, plage, chromospheric network, needles (day Mans), flame spraying, surfing. Space around the sun is also full of spray from the sun out of strenuous exercise with gas and magnetic fields, and its sphere of influence extends to the edge of the solar system. Therefore, we now understand the sun on the understanding and early twentieth ─ ─ sun has just issued a clear edge light and heat of the gas ball, very different from his. Solar radiation accounted for 99.9% of the total energy radiated radiation is concentrated in the 0.2 to 5.0 micron band, this part of the radiation is stable (see solar constant). However, the γ-rays from ultraviolet rays and infrared rays from the radio band to UHF radiation, the total energy, the solar radiation, although only a negligible part of the total energy, but their range of variation is large and unstable The. The main band radiation from sunlight until the ball above the chromosphere corona plasma density is very thin. These bands often produce various types of outbreaks, indicating the presence of intense physical exercise (see solar radio, solar soft X-ray bursts, the sun γ-ray burst) above areas. Figure 2 solar electromagnetic radiation (excluding radio) electromagnetic radiation spectrum of the sun (excluding radio) spectrum. Sun Hai Ba launched into space a lot of material particles, these particles must be greater than the kinetic energy required to escape the sun's surface. This kinetic energy of the upper surface of the sun or by the various heating mechanisms to accelerate obtained in these layers due to the electromagnetic coupling caused by the force and motion. Solar radiation is through these stable and broke through the steady stream of particles of the solar wind and explosive as well and they are linked to the magnetic field affects the earth, causing various geophysical phenomena and climate variability, which affects our daily Life and sounding career (see the Sun-Earth relationship). Dynamic internal structure caused by solar radiation from the sun and activities inside. Center of the sun is bound gas under pressure from the sun's gravity caused the whole. As the great mass of the sun, high center of pressure of gas in the center of the sun is bound to have a very high temperature (1.5 × 10 □ K or so). Here, hydrogen-rich gas by solar proton - proton-proton reaction and the fusion of carbon and nitrogen cycles □ particles, thereby releasing
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English Expression
n.: the Lamp of Phoebus, any of the dark patches that sometimes appear on the sun's surface, causing electrical disturbances and interfering with radio communications （, sunspot, the star around which the earth orbits and from which it receives lightand warmth, Taiyang, sol, the sun, the car of the sun, the great luminary, apollo, eye of day, sunning, Sun, globe
v.: rise
adj.: westering
vt.: parch
French Expression
n. soleil
Thesaurus
rize, day, xiri sunspot Taiyang Village Taiyang Town taiyang Township apollo Community, apollo Community Juweihui, Apollo Juweihui