Muridae (muridae) term for a variety of rodents, usually not related to a variety of undergraduate species, especially a mouse is (rattus, about 80 species throughout the Old World.) Like mice but larger body. English murine rat also alleged other is often even other branches of the animal. Malaysia's black rat (also known as Mus musculus; rattus rattus) and China's brown mouse (also known as the sewer rat, or Norway rat; rattus norvegicus) with human activities have spread around the world. These two species can spread the disease to humans, such as bubonic plague, the body may be black rodent flea. Lab rats are used in the albino Rattus norvegicus.
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Physiological characteristics
1. Rats of the mammalia, rodents, rats, Rats are animals. 2. Breed quickly. Sexually mature rats 2 months of age, sexual cycle, about 4 days, gestation 20 (19 ~ 22), lactation day 21 day average litter size 8, for the whole year, multi-estrous animals. 3. Hi bite, nocturnal, meat, crowded together like the rest during the day, evening activities, a large, eat more, so experiments have to crawl during the day and in addition, in general, do not get caught it. Feeding a wide range of animals like to eat a variety of cooked meat. More sensitive to light. 4. More ferocious temperament, resistance to disease. Rat incisors longer shock Shu, easy to bite when captured hand attacks, especially in lactating female rats even more fierce, and often the staff will take the initiative to bite the hand feeding cage when stretching. External environmental adaptability, adult rats rarely sick. Generally not aggressive, and can be kept in a large cage, it will not bite. 5. No gallbladder: rats, pigeons, deer, horse, donkey, elephant and other animals do not have the gallbladder bile of their total hepatic duct sphincter little resistance, the liver secretion of bile into the duodenum through the bile duct, duodenum by end of sphincter control. 6. Can not vomit: So pharmacological experiments should be noted. 7. Developed pituitary-adrenal system function, stress responsiveness. Various behavior and emotional sensitivity. 8. Sight, smell more sensitive experiments to do so was well conditioned, but easy to produce resistance to many drugs. 9. Blood pressure and vascular resistance is sensitive to drugs, but the role of cardiac glycosides 671 times lower than the sensitivity of the cat. 10. Liver regeneration ability, the removal of 60 to 70% of the lobe is still regeneration. 11. On nutrition, vitamins, amino acids lack of sensitivity, lack of typical symptoms can occur. The body can synthesize vitamin C. 12. Sensitive to the inflammatory response. The cornea is avascular. 13. Growth and development of a long, long bone epiphyseal line with long-term presence, not ossification. 14. Adult female rats at different stages in the estrous cycle, vaginal mucosa typical changes can occur, the use of vaginal smear (yaginal smear test) to observe the sexual cycle of changes in vaginal epithelial cells, may be extended to various periods in the intellectual cycle, ovarian, uterine and pituitary status hormone changes. Rat, mouse estrous cycle changes of the vaginal smear of cells as follows: Table 2-1 Histological changes of vaginal smears Stage of elapsed time (hours) changes of ovarian changes in cell Proestrus (p) (Proestrus stage) 18 17-21 follicles to accelerate the growth of all nucleated cells, sometimes a small amount of keratinocytes Estrus (e) (Estrus stag) 42 9-15 follicle, ovulation all non-nuclear cells or between a small amount of keratinized epithelial cells Metestrus (m) (Metestyus stage) 12 10-14 LH white blood cells, keratinocytes, epithelial cells are nucleated During estrus (di) (Ciestrus stage) 48-72 60-70 luteal leukocytes and a small amount of degradation of a large number of epithelial cells and mucus Estrous cycle: Mouse 120 ~ 144 hours; rats 96 ~ 120 hours 15. Rats (including the mouse) no electrocardiogram st segment, and even some leads have not seen t wave, where t wave and s wave is next to or on the descending branch of the r wave began, so do not see the other st section of the wire. However, other components of ECG stable and repeatable. Animals, guinea pigs were significantly larger than the st paragraph, the choice of animal species should be to pay attention. 16. Pituitary more vulnerable attached to the funnel bottom, do not need much suction to the saddle can be removed without damaging the diaphragm and the meninges, suitable for production to the pituitary model. Rat is also suitable for adrenal and ovarian and other endocrine surgery. 17. Intestinal short appendix is larger but less developed cecal function. Endure hunger, intestines can synthesize vitamin c. Double uterus. Chest and groin have three pairs of nipples. Pancreas is very scattered, the bend in the stomach and duodenum. 21 pairs of chromosomes, life expectancy 3 to 4 years. 18. Rat's body temperature 39 (38.5 ~ 39.5) ℃, heart rate 475 (370 ~ 580) / min, respiratory rate 85.5 (66 ~ 114) / min, ventilation 7.3 (5-10.1) ml / min, tidal volume 0.86 (0.6 ~ 1.25) ml, oxygen consumption 2000mm3 / g body weight, anesthesia, systolic blood pressure 116 (88 ~ 138) mmhg the total number of red blood cells 8.9 (7.2 ~ 9.6) million mm3, Hb 14.8 (12 ~ 17.5) g/100ml blood WBC: 5000 ~ 15000/mm3, platelets 10 300 000 / mm3, blood volume accounts for 7.4% of body weight, the proportion of red blood cells 1.090, total protein 7.2 (6.9 ~ 7.6) g%.
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Medical Research
大鼠 医学研究
1. Nervous - Endocrine Study: pituitary - adrenal system developed, the stress response, and if stress ulcer model can be replicated. Removal of endocrine glands in rats commonly used method, the adrenal, pituitary, ovary and other endocrine experiments. 2. Nutrition and metabolic diseases research: Rats are an important animal nutrition research, has used it made a lot of vitamin a, b, c, and a lack of protein and other nutritional metabolism. Also often used in rats as amino acids (phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, methionine, lysine and arginine) and calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Atherosclerosis can also be carried out, amyloidosis, alcoholism, duodenal ulcer, malnutrition and other research. 3. Drug Study: blood pressure and vascular resistance is sensitive to the drugs, the most suitable for screening new drugs and study of cardiovascular pharmacology. Usual blood pressure by direct _select_ion of a large number of tracings method of antihypertensive drugs; limb vascular perfusion of rat isolated heart and cardiovascular or pharmacological experiments; physostigmine pressor response induced by experimental models used to study the effects of epinephrine to neurotransmitter release of the drug. 4. Cancer Research: Rats can be copied into a variety of tumor models, the tumor most commonly used experimental animal studies. It is particularly susceptible to cancer, can be used diethylnitrosamine, dimethyl-azobenzene (dab) rat animal model of liver cancer; with methyl benzyl nitrosamine induced rat esophageal cancer and so on. 5. Infectious diseases research: is the study of bronchial pneumonia, paratyphoid important experimental animals. Young rats were _select_ed passage of influenza virus, the anaerobic bacteriological experiments, but also to leave tuberculosis, leprosy, mycoplasma disease, pasteurellosis, staphylococcal infection (treated with hormone), rosary-like chain of Bacillus disease Huang smut, Aspergillus fumigatus and other fungal diseases and other research. 6. Septic arthritis and multiple lymph nodes go far in the study: rat paw edema method is the most commonly used method for screening anti-inflammatory drugs. Ankle joint of rats is very sensitive to inflammation, arthritis and used it to conduct drug research. 7. Behavior Analysis: At present, rats have been widely used in studies of higher nervous activity. It has the characteristics of behavioral changes in mood, behavior, diversity, emotional sensitivity. 8. Middle ear disease and inner ear infections in the study. 9. Teratology studies and contraceptive research. 10. Rats are often used in radiology research. Because no gallbladder, common bile duct intubation for collection of bile which, for digestion of. 11. Liver surgical research: the rat liver Kupffer cells 90% of phagocytic capacity, so 60 to 70% liver resection even after regeneration, commonly used in experimental liver surgery. 12. Genetics: Rats type a lot of hair discoloration, with a lot of coat color gene classes, such as wild color (a) mutant [wild color allele (a) and the albino allele (c)], yellow (d) , pink eye (p), red-eye (r), silver (s), sandy (sd), yellow (e), white-gray (wb), etc., often can be used in genetic research.
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Variety of strains
大鼠 品种品系
Albino rat in biomedical research model occupies an important position, it is the wild brown rat (rattu norvegicus) and black house mice obtained by the domesticated varieties, is generally believed that it originated in the warm regions of Asia, in particular, caspina sea areas along the Soviet Union, about the 18th century spread to Europe, arrived in 1728 ~ 1730 England, arrived in the United States in 1775. Initially, rats were observed in Europe as a domesticated animal in the family, about 1850 years ago, first as a nutrition experiment, first reported in 1856 for the rat adrenal gland resection of the experimental observations, before 1880 3 had bred homozygous recessive coat color genes: albino type, color and black non-wild mottled color, about the 19th century, the introduction of these hidden lines Jibei United States to be nurtured. As biomedical research, and now the world has bred more than 100 items of Health inbred lines (see the name of rat inbred strains of table). Commonly used inbred strains of rats have more than a dozen such as aci, bvf, f344, pa, m520, wab, wac, wka, sd, rf and other strains. Commonly used non-inbred rats have 7 purebred, which wistar rats were most used, the application of medical research is also more extensive. Such a white rat, the equivalent of the Swiss mice (swiss) species. Other 6 rats were also more common: sherman rats, for the albino rat; oshorne-mendel rats, albino mice; sprague dawley rat, albino rat; long evans rats, the most widely used, the genotype hh, head wool spots such as the turban (hooded), genotype if the hhaa, then the tail base with black hair, usually black and white; august rats, pink eye, hair and hhaa similar spot, but the mouse dilute gene gene hhpp role is to dilute the gene, the mice also developed for many drugs and mutant strains of rats, in all areas of medicine has also been widely used, such as epilepsy rats, stimulation with the rotating dance-ling sound a few seconds, side of the fell to the ground, epilepsy, seizures similar to human, for the study of human epilepsy. Another example is hypertensive rats (hypertension rat): shr rats and aoki by the okamoto breeding success, systolic blood pressure in normal rats 110 ~ 120mmhg, high blood pressure after incubation 200mmhg. Was born five weeks shr blood pressure up to 150mmHg, the average adult blood pressure, 170 ~ 180mmhg, up to 200mmhg or more, so shr also known as spontaneously hypertensive rats (spontaneously hypertensive rat), the mice in addition have a high characteristics of spontaneous blood pressure was 100%, there are hypertensive cardiovascular disease. For human hypertension research. At present the successful cultivation of such genetic hypertensive rats many rodent species, in addition to the successful cultivation of the above by the Kyoto okamoto species such as rats (shr), there are the successful cultivation of the smirk and other New Zealand species of rats (ghr), the successful cultivation of the biachi Milan and other types of rats (mhs), by the successful cultivation of brookhaven dahl and other sensitive types of hypertension in rats (hsr). In addition, okamoto also developed a number of sub-system. Genetic hypertensive rats was significantly shorter life expectancy.
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_Select_ Application
大鼠 选择应用
With the need for serological studies, has developed into reaction with the sensitized animals with injections of serum antibody to the same species or closely related xenogeneic normal animal skins, the 24 to 72 hours after intravenous injection of antigen, observed local allergic skin reaction, referred to pca reaction. Pca drugs on the response of various animals are different. Antihistamines are a variety of animals pca response inhibition, indicating a variety of animals pca reactions, both histamine release. However, disodium cromoglycate inhibited rat pca reaction, and reaction in mice and rabbits pac was not affected, therefore, the application pac reaction to determine the anti-allergic effect of a drug, it is best not to respond in accordance with an animal pac results. pac reaction test often used in animals are rats, mice are used. Sometimes need to use the experimental rabbits. These animals pac (24 ~ 72 hours) response is mediated by the ige. Guinea pigs rarely used, mainly because of pca response mediated by the igg.
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Disease Control and Prevention
First, salmonellosis This disease is a zoonotic disease, is a general level of all experimental animals should be excluded from a disease. 1. Pathogen Salmonella (salmonella sp), short Gram-negative bacteria, no spore flagella. Weak resistance to this fungus, 60 ℃ above and some conventional disinfectants can kill it, but in water, soil and faeces can survive for several months. 2. Epidemiology Source of infection for the sick and dead animals. And various types of experimental animals can be infected with human intestinal disease after infection, showed food poisoning symptoms. The level of the disease can be spread through contact such as dead animals or contaminated feed and contaminated drinking water and disease, flies, and voles are important media. 3. Clinical symptoms Was fulminant acute, clinical symptoms do not see any large number of dead animals, often from work as usual, that animals have work the next day 1 / 3 of death. Subacute disease mice showed loss of appetite, want to diminish or even cease for drinking, dull hair disheveled, conjunctival inflammation, eyelid adhesion; diarrhea, frothy stool mucus, yellow-green, taste odor, with bloodshot eyes, severe fecal , normally visible diseased mice abdominal swelling, hand drum playing can be heard clear sound, the general course of two weeks. Are the symptoms of chronic, but mild symptoms, mice suffering from progressive weight loss, two, three weeks gradually restored. 4. Diagnosis Based on clinical symptoms and necropsy initial diagnosis, confirmed to be for bacteriological examination. 5. Prevention Strengthen the feed, water, cages, litter disinfection to prevent voles, flies contaminated feed, water. Breeding room disinfected regularly. Regular microbiological testing and found that diseased mice and carrier mice timely manner. Normal mice infected with the disease groups, it is difficult to completely eliminate, take out the whole group, re-introduction. Second, mycoplasma disease 1. Pathogen Pulmonary mycoplasma (mycoplasma pulmonis), Gram-negative, typical mycoplasma colonies were round, mycoplasma no cell wall, showing a variety of forms, such as round, rod-shaped, radial, ring. Is widely found in nature, can cause a variety of human and animal diseases. 2. Epidemiologic source of infection for the disease or recessive carrier animals. It is mainly for the transmission of respiratory tract infection, but there is no strict host, who can be the incidence of various experimental animals, plants can also be infected. 3. Clinical symptoms The main symptoms of pneumonia caused by rats. Animal sudden on_set_, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, bronchial pneumonia, bronchiectasis and lung abscess symptoms or fine. Diseased mice, weight loss, rough hair disorder, often squatting in the corner box kept shrinking. Rats are the most vulnerable parts of the respiratory tract and joints, pathological changes can be seen the site of infection, mainly as inflammatory reactions, including congestion, edema and serous discharge form. 4. Diagnosis Rats wipe derived nasopharyngeal culture, check out the mycoplasma can be confirmed. 5. Prevention and Control Measures to prevent this disease is to strengthen the breeding room of the sanitation and disinfection work on keeping the environment around the room disinfection chemicals. Control of this disease the most effective way is to keep the animals free of Mycoplasma species, can be taken to purify the population caesarean section. Third, epidemic hemorrhagic fever (ehf) Epidemic hemorrhagic fever is a zoonotic disease, China is re-infected in recent years frequently reported occurrence of epidemic hemorrhagic fever resulting in death. In experimental animals, the disease can be a variety of laboratory animals, especially rats occurred more, it is also known as epidemic hemorrhagic fever in rats. 1. Pathogen Epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus is mainly (epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus, ehfv). In 1978, the first Korean Lee Ho Wang Lung from Apodemus isolated the virus. Subsequently, our researchers also isolated from the rat lungs of the virus. The virus rna virus nuclear capsid enveloped virus particle structure and coarse, more focused, with an average diameter of 100um (50-150), its ether-sensitive, not acid, not heat, at 50 ℃ 30 minutes or ph3 .0 under 37 ℃ 1 hour can be inactivated. 2. Epidemiology Voles are the main source of infection, of infected voles with Apodemus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus and other Dalin. Wide range of susceptible target of the disease, including human and various experimental animals, especially rats occurred more. It can be transmitted through various channels, there are insect-borne, gastrointestinal communication, contact, respiratory tract, whether the manner in which spread mainly be studied. 3. Clinical symptoms Mainly as fever, bleeding tendency, renal damage. Rat body temperature to 40 ℃ (normal body temperature 37.8 -38.7 ℃). Anatomy shows serosa, organ bleeding obvious, capillary damage, kidney swelling, the volume increases, surface and subcapsular hyperemia, hemorrhage, pale section shows cortex and medulla was purple, a high degree of congestion, hemorrhage, focal lack of a hemorrhagic necrosis. 4. Prevention First, the eradication of wild mice, whether residential or breeding area should make great efforts to eliminate voles work, regular, regular unified action. Second, establish a strict cleaning and disinfecting system, feed, litter, cages, clothes should be thoroughly disinfected. Third, good personal protection, feeding people, exposure to animals in scientific research personnel strictly follow the rules and operations, complete and total replacement of work clothes, wash hands with soap and water. Fourth, the regular test animal, bird flu and to report promptly take appropriate measures to health and epidemic prevention departments.
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Original: President:
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Rodents Name
Rat (Rat; Rattus norregicus)
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<<Strange >>--- rats Original: President: See this situation then, to know the original to avoid the cat, not afraid, but tired after waiting for channeling jumping mouse. I will return it to attack, I attack him back, the use of this trick Ah. Hey, emotional force is fighting it alone individual people, what is different with this mouse it?
