Amphibians, long, flat body, small eyes, mouth, limbs, short forelimbs four toes, hind toe. Living in the valley of the brook, fish, frogs, shrimp and other small animals. Cry baby cry for like, so-called giant salamander. Prolific in Guangxi in China. Is a valuable food.
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又称“娃娃鱼”
Also known as "giant salamander." Amphibia, hidden gills salamander families. Amphibians have the largest existing tail. Flat head and trunk, tail side flat. Short limbs, forelimb four fingers, hind toe. Stream habitat in the valley, the sounds like baby cry. Distributed in southwestern China. Chinese specialties, for the second class state protection animals.
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Basic information
【Chinese Name】: giant salamander 【Latin name】: andrias davidianus 【Common name】: giant salamander, mermaid, baby fish, pike, cod, pin fish, fish crow, dog wax 【】 Key state-level protection of animals: two 【The World Conservation Union (iucn)】: undetermined (i) Endemic】 【: Yes Grade】 【Endangered: Endangered 【Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (cites)】: Appendix i 【Ecological environment: stream or a pool 【Elevation limit】: 2800 【】 altitude limit: 100 【】 Endangered Cause: Because the trade is hunted, hunted as a pharmaceutical ingredient, has been hunted for food, migration was cut off, and environmental pollution 】 【Protection measures: artificial breeding, artificial breeding, the national level, protected areas have been Domestic Distribution】 【: Hebei, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai
The largest existing project has a tail, in amphibians the number of its body to the maximum length of up to 1 to 1.5 meters, the heaviest weight can be super-jin, and the shape is similar to lizards, but compared with more fat flat. Giant salamander habitat in the mountain streams into the clear water, sediment small, fast-flowing, and have returned to live in the cave water. Giant salamander head flat, rounded, mouth large, underdeveloped eyes, no eyelids. The front of the body flat to the rear side is turning into a flat. Obvious on both sides of the body skin fold, short limbs, flat, fingers, toes five after four, with slightly webbed. Last round, tail fin and down there. Surface smooth, covered with mucus. The body is black and reddish brown hue on the back of mixed, light colored belly.
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Habits
It is not good at hunting, but hidden in the beach between the mouth of the rocks found passing game, a surprise attack. Because of its dense population of teeth pitched, after the prey into the mouth is difficult to escape. Teeth can not chew it, just mouth the food bolted down, and then slowly digested in the stomach. Salamander has a strong ability to anti-hunger, or even two or three years do not eat will not starve to death. It also can be gluttony, meal one-fifth of the weight increase. When lack of food, but also the phenomenon of cannibalism occurred, and even eat eggs. Eating fish, crabs, shrimp, frogs, snakes and other aquatic animals.
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Distribution
In the Northeast and southeastern Yunnan Yunnan mountain streams are found in China are distributed in 17 provinces. Living in the clear mountain streams, usually hiding in rock crevices home in Sun City, the cave is located below the water surface. May also wish to call the baby crying, it is commonly known as "giant salamanders." Endemic species in China, produced in the northern, central, southern and southwestern provinces. Heart of special structure, there have been some of the characteristics of reptiles, has important research value. Scarce, the need to strengthen protection.
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Breeding habits
Month of year 7 to 8 eggs, more than 300 eggs per tail, the female salamander eggs, the "task" will come to an end. Salamander's egg hung around in the back with 2 to 3 weeks after hatching. Male salamander will play all of the hatchery from the task, until 15-40 days later, the small "salamander" fragmented life so far.
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Endangered
Because of its tender and delicious, so long a lot of people have been killed. The sharp drop in the number of origin, and some origin on the verge of extinction. The reality is that the giant salamander is currently facing this precious wildlife resource, mainly due to human factors, especially habitat loss, habitat destruction and over-utilization of a serious threat to the survival of giant salamander, leading to a sharp decline in population, distribution exponentially reduced in endangered.
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Reproductive status
Chinese giant salamander of wild resources. It is estimated that the accumulation of the total amount of 50,000, the true nature of wild giant salamander is still may not reach 50,000, and of course more realistic number to be in-depth research to assess; artificial propagation of giant salamander breeding every year volume, was reported as 100,000 may actually be enough. According to one fan point of the major domestic situation in 80,000 or so. To attach great importance to save and protect the salamander's germplasm resources, because there are "species" have seedlings, otherwise, it will become a river without water, without trees. That is the seed giant salamander breeding, germplasm resources from the first source, to the rapid establishment of germplasm resources of Chinese giant salamander and Chinese giant salamander breeding base of the original species, seed giant salamander breeding solve the "provenance" problem.
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Conservation value
Giant salamander species endemic to China, may also wish to call their baby cries, it is commonly known as "giant salamanders." The heart of special structure giant salamander, there have been some features of reptiles, has important research value. Chinese giant salamander is the second-class protected animals, and its high economic value, in the food, health, medicine, ornamental, etc. all have broad prospects for development and utilization, and thus popular concerns of the community. Rare giant salamander is a traditional medicinal animals. Modern clinical observations, giant salamander with a kidney yin, blood and qi and the effectiveness of the anemia, cholera, malaria and other significant effect. Meanwhile, the giant salamander is also a high economic value as food animals, the meat tender, unique flavor, high nutritional value, the meat protein contains 17 amino acids, including eight kinds of essential amino acids the human body.
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Artificial breeding
1, the giant salamander breeding pool design and construction Giant salamander living in nature at an altitude of 300 ~ 800m of the mountain streams, pregnant negative fear of the wind, quiet fear of surprise hi, hi Pazang features clean, artificial pond construction giant salamander Andrias should best be modeled on the living conditions of nature such as to carry out. 1.1 The requirements of breeding site _select_ion 1.1.1 Water requirements According to my analysis of water samples for many years that giant salamander breeding general requirement for water is: plenty of water, non-toxic and harmless, conform fishery water standards. Specifically in the water on to mountain stream water, reservoir water, groundwater and other clean, cool, flowing water as well, irrigation and drainage can be done freely; in water temperature, and should be strictly controlled within the 0 ~ 28 ℃ to 10 ~ 22 ℃ for good ; in the water, the required dissolved oxygen rich in the 3.5mg / l or more, ph value of 6.5 ~ 7.5. The total water hardness and total alkalinity and chloride, sulfate, silicate, ammonia and so can not exceed standards for fishery water. 1.1.2 Environmental Requirements Ponds four weeks requires quiet, cool, fresh air, the towering mountains all around, wooded, sparsely populated, relatively independent of the environment as well, In addition, the requirements of accessibility, local Yuxia Xie food or animal offal and other resources. 1.2 The design and construction of farm 2, the giant salamander identification of seed and seedling stocking 2.1 Disinfection of ponds The new pond, especially concrete ponds, to soak more than two months, until after the disappearance of basic seed before stocking. For existing ponds should be disinfected, disinfection of drugs for general use bleach or 0.5ppm 1ppm for 90% of the crystal trichlorfon predators kill bacteria or parasites, biological, and then washed with water before stocking of fingerlings into the new water . 2.2 salamander species disinfection Salamander species in order to prevent pathogenic microorganisms into the breeding pool, the salamander species should be stocked with all the drugs furans per cubic meter of water or methylene 0.2g 0.5g exchange water for 5 minutes, then lightly with syrup and salamander species into the breeding pool. 2.3 Seed Identification 2.3.1 Giant Salamander difference between seed and other seed In the amphibian class. Caudate head in Hynobiidae, Salamandridae, holes and other types of sources and the giant salamander families are very similar, except they are the most important is to compare their morphological characteristics, mainly in the following three points: implicit salamander gills Branch (salamander), Hynobiidae , Comparison of morphological characteristics Salamandridae 2.3.2 Identification of the merits of giant salamander Andrias seedling seed physical body is directly related to the merits of the success of breeding. Giant salamander quality seed should be robust body, muscle hypertrophy, body surface without injuries, and parasites, no abnormal lesions before the integrity of the outer gill. On the contrary, was poor salamander seedlings. Stocking density of 2.4 Giant salamander breeding pond stocking density as their size and giant salamander breeding farm water, water, food and other factors. In general, seed stage to take giant salamander smaller scope of their activities, feeding capacity is weak, too large stocking densities may be appropriate to facilitate centralized management of breeding. Into consideration the stage of giant salamander salamander large range of activities, feeding ability, coupled with another attack, the stocking density should be small. We believe that years of farming practices, seed stage of the stocking density of 60 ~ 100 / m, into a salamander Stage 5 ~ 20 / square meter. Stocking, the requirements specification as far as possible to ensure uniformity, the difference between individuals should not be more than 0.5 times. 3, breeding management 3.1 feed fed 3.2 regulate water quality Giant salamander giant salamander breeding pool should be kept fresh water pollution, water transparency large, high dissolved oxygen, ph value of 6.8 ~ 7.8. In the actual breeding process, to clear the bait, and waste time, regular water with lime conditioning, long-term water flow. 3.3 The adjustment of water temperature and light Giant salamander on the water temperature is strictly demanded, beyond its tolerance will cause giant salamander hibernation or aestivation, during the hot summer and cold in winter, cooling or warming need to take measures to ensure a suitable temperature giant salamander habitat. In addition, the giant salamander photophobia, farms should take measures to avoid sunlight was shot, night inspections, can not light on fire. 3.4 Fangtao anti-theft Exceptionally strong ability to escape giant salamander, which is more agile on land or water exercise, and can climb the top weight, the slightest mistake would be to escape, must keep in mind Fangtao, in particular, should pay attention to when the next storm. Ponds and the breeding sites and land with water inlet and outlet openings to be fitted Fangtao facilities. Giant salamander of its high economic value, in the breeding process should always guard against the theft criminals. 4, disease control Giant salamander breeding in artificial environments, due to environmental, food, density and other effects of artificial breeding giant salamander Andrias morbidity than in the wild, more than a few times higher than mortality, to improve the survival rate of breeding giant salamander must strengthen the premise of the daily management, focus prevention, giant salamander breeding success can guarantee good results. 4. Breeding conditions: Both indoor and outdoor cultivation. Purpose-built for the open-air outdoor culture pool, indoor facilities for a variety of idle transformed into the breeding pool. Only to ensure a safe and secure pond does not leak water, to keep water or with oxygen machine. The size of the indoor pond can range from 1 square meter to several square meters. Before stocking ponds in the flood pool of 1 month required to make ph value of 6.4 the following, in general not strong light, dim light or no light can be maintained only. 5. Seedling stocking: Giant salamander breeding more than 10 cm in the general introduction of the young salamander, salamander per square meter of surface can hold 20 or so. Before stocking aquaculture seedlings to use copper sulfate 2 mg / L 5 hours immersion disinfection, sodium chloride 5% of salamander body with medicated bath for 10 minutes. Granite pool _set_ up in advance with the caves, giant salamander hiding place for aquatic plants. 6. Feeding: Ponds located bait station, a little above the water table. Fed feed with natural food is better, mainly plankton classes, insects, meat and fish, shellfish and so on. Twice daily feeding, the time for the morning before 7:30 and before 10:30 pm as well. In the food should be cleaned up to vote last bait. Ration for the 5-10% of body weight. When the water temperature at 16-23 ℃ feeding should increase the amount, frequency and time can be maintained. 7. Daily management. The daily management of giant salamander is simple, but very important. Sanding keep feeding: timing, location, quantitative. Understanding of the ecological habits of giant salamander is very important, giant salamander static Pachao hi, hi, fear of muddy water, hi the dark fear of light, its culture, we should try to take care of those habits. In addition, the time of the salamander breeding pool disinfection of the body and disease prevention, attention to water temperature changes, control the water temperature in summer does not exceed 26 ℃, to prevent "aestivation" to prevent the water temperature below freezing winter temperatures.
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Disease control schedule
First, the giant salamander disease occurs because the schedule (A) water quality Often grows in a giant salamander water streams among the mountains, refreshing water of new life, no pollution. The water quality of artificial breeding giant salamander easily contaminated, polluted water often reproduce a large number of pathogenic microorganisms, body trauma when the giant salamander, these take advantage of pathogenic microorganisms, causing disease. (B) environmental conditions Raising the salamander field of artificial construction, it is difficult to reach the wild natural environment, in particular, support the new salamander pool wall (bottom) is more rough and easy to make giant salamander skin abrasions, when the giant salamander crawling activities, stop by the tail swing, more easily damaged. (C) the impact of stocking size disparity between the size of In general the density of artificial stocking large giant salamander, such as the size difference between the size of the poor, lack of food, often fought over the place for the fighting, fought over a small weak individuals often suffer from large individual attacks and biting its tail and often the object of attack. (D) the impact of malnutrition, food Giant salamander is a carnivorous amphibians, often the staple food of animal feed, when fed a diet of the poor palatability, and lack of essential nutrients, especially animal protein and some trace elements, such as zinc, iron, calcium, micro- antibiotics, etc., may give rise to the carnage between salamander. Second, the giant salamander symptom schedule Giant salamander contracting this disease early, the tail end of the tail base to often appear red dots or red spots like, congestive inflammation of surrounding tissue, skin slightly off-white, when the stage of disease is too long to form a sore-like lesions, the lesions often large number of pathogen adhesion and debris, severe muscle necrosis occurs when the lesion site, the tail bones exposed, sick salamander loss of appetite or stop eating, activity was significantly reduced, the tail swings, weakness, would soon die. Third, the prevention (A) to create a comfortable environment conditions Salamander in the construction field support should take into account lighting, irrigation and drainage water, food units, habitat land and other facilities. As fear of giant salamander with a hi light of the characteristics of living alone, more than bricks available labor pool tunnel, the hole diameter of 12 ~ 20cm, more spacious inside, as do wall smooth, support salamander pond stocking not immediately after the completion of salamander species because the new concrete ponds have a strong alkaline, while the giant salamander ph appropriate value of 6 ~ 7. Newly constructed cement pool can be filled with water, soak 2 to 3 days continuously, add dry, and repeat several times, so that water ph value close to neutral and the wall, glue a layer of smooth wall attachments, the then put salamander species. (B) Disinfection Salamander species stocking before the application of 1% of the concentration of crystal violet solution for disinfection, the method is a drug and water better than 1:100 against, will salamander species Soak for 20 minutes, gentian violet solution on the giant salamander skin irritation, can effective in preventing fungal and bacterial infection of the body surface. (C) control of water quality and water temperature Yang salamander pond water to keep fresh, clean, streams or springs as application of water. And do replace the water regularly, as conditions permit, the raising of salamander pond water can be maintained year round. Optimum growth temperature of giant salamander is 14 ℃ ~ 28 ℃, the hot summer months, the replacement of water is even more important. (D) the individual specifications of neat stocking Sources at this stage of the salamander species, by artificial propagation, individual specifications are basically the same, but after a period of feeding, body size, more and more obvious differences. At this time should be screened, graded sub pool feeding, can avoid the big bullying the small, the bullying phenomenon. (E) quality of food fed Giant salamander diets should be rich in protein and trace elements and other nutrients, such as fresh water fish, animal offal, animal blood, waste, etc. is a good food giant salamander. When fed diets adhere to the "timing, positioning, qualitative, quantitative," scientific feeding methods, should not the animal offal, blood clots, and other waste directly into the water, otherwise, could easily lead to water pollution, it is necessary to prevent food waste, but also to prevent some individuals to eat less or eat well. Fourth, treatment (A) of the schedule when that giant salamander disease patients, the disease should be promptly isolated salamander breeding, feeding and endless trouble if not separated, it could ruin the whole support salamander field. First, the continuous spread of pathogens in the water, infecting other individuals; Second, healthy individuals at any time salamander lesion can suck the blood of patients, resulting in even more serious disease salamander disease, and pathogens to infect healthy individuals. (B) with a strong concentration of 0.3 ~ 0.4ppm Chlorine or chlorine dioxide concentration of 0.2 ~ 0.3ppm Quanchiposa (including habitat for land, food and etc) once a day, once every 3 to 4 days for a course of treatment. (C) of the serious condition of the giant salamander, first with the 15 ~ 25ppm concentration of potassium permanganate solution or 0.3 ~ 0.5ppm malachite green salamander disease dipping 15 to 20 minutes, and thoroughly clean the wound surface attachment, followed by treatment with the elimination of sulfur ointment ointment or Dragon anti-inflammatory drugs such as coating the affected area once a day, 4 to 7 days cure. (D) with chloramphenicol 2 ~ 3g ten cards that the original powder 2g + vc2g + ve2g + vb2g (dosage per kg body weight), mix in the diets of these drugs even feeding, use 3 to 4 days.
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The same name snacks
Heze a snack. Made of small water droplets with a jelly-like, also similar to the small fish, so called giant salamander. When do the giant salamander cooked, the bowl into the soy sauce, vinegar, cumin and other spices, cooked in giant salamander will then pour into bowl. A bowl of small, white, flexible, non-stop tour will be a move a little giant salamander, eating with a spoon, you can add spices according to your taste.
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Basic information
【Chinese Name】: giant salamander 】 【Latin name: Andrias davidianus 【Common name】: giant salamander, mermaid, baby fish, pike, cod, pin fish, fish crow, dog wax 【】 Key state-level protection of animals: two 【The World Conservation Union (IUCN)】: To be determined (I) Endemic】 【: Yes Grade】 【Endangered: Endangered 【Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)】: Appendix I 【Ecological environment: stream or a pool 】 【Altitude ceiling: 2,800 m 】 【Lower elevation: 100 m 【】 Endangered Cause: Because the trade is hunted, hunted as a pharmaceutical ingredient, has been hunted for food, migration was cut off, and environmental pollution 】 【Protection measures: artificial breeding, artificial breeding, the national level, protected areas have been Domestic Distribution】 【: Ningxia, Hebei, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Liaoning, Giant salamander is the world's largest remaining and most valuable amphibians. It sounds like children crying, so people called it "salamander" is a national second-class protection of aquatic wildlife, agriculture industrialization and focus on developing varieties of agricultural features; is to protect species of wild animal genes. Twenty years, the salamander not yet achieved large-scale propagation. In this regard, our in-depth study of the giant salamander of developmental biology, developmental physiology and reproductive biology, neural basis of theory. The use of modern molecular biology, genetics and other new technology, innovation, the giant salamander breeding technology, large-scale reproduction of the salamander, which is protection, the proliferation of its resources to provide a technology platform.
Giant salamander ferocious, carnivorous, to aquatic insects, fish, crabs, shrimp, frogs, snakes, turtles, rats, birds for food. Predatory manner, "sit back and wait." Static guard at the beach at night giant salamander population rubble, once the game after that, they were suddenly attacked, because of its dense population of teeth pitched, after the prey into the mouth is difficult to escape. Teeth can not chew it, just mouth the food bolted down, and then slowly digested in the stomach. Salamander has a strong ability to anti-hunger, kept in cool water two or three years without eating will not starve to death. It also can be gluttony, meal one-fifth of the weight increase. When lack of food, but also the phenomenon of cannibalism occurred, and even eat eggs.
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Distribution
Chinese giant salamander except Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Taiwan has not been reported, the other provinces are distributed mainly in the Yangtze River, Yellow River and tributaries upstream of Pearl River in the mountain streams, usually living in the stream of anonymous rock crevices, the cave is located below the water surface. May also wish to call the baby crying, it is commonly known as "giant salamanders." Chinese giant salamander natural origin mainly concentrated in China's four major areas: First, Zhangjiajie, Hunan, Jiang Yong, Yueyang and Xiangxi; Second, the county of Hubei room, Shennongjia; third, Shaanxi Ankang, Hanzhong, Shangluo; Fourth, Zunyi, Guizhou and Sichuan Yibin, Man Hing and other places. Other scattered Hefeng in Hubei, Enshi, Jiang Xi Jingan, Liuzhou, Guangxi, Yulin, Gansu Province, Henan Lushi County, Artemisia County, Guizhou Southeast Guizhou, Guiyang, Guizhou Guiding County in which rocks the countryside as "the hometown of Chinese giant salamander" . According to statistics, the salamander natural resource endowment of about 90,000, the amount of hilly mountain resources for the more economically developed regions increased due to industrial pollution, lack of resources even more.
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Breeding habits
Female salamander month of year 7 to 8 eggs, eggs on the rocks inside the cave, more than 300 eggs per tail, the remaining task of tending to the male salamander. The male salamander-shaped body curved into a semicircle, surrounded the eggs to avoid being washed away or being predators, until 2 to 3 weeks after hatching baby salamander ,15-40 days, the small "salamander" fragmented lives, the male salamander before they agree to leave. Giant salamander's life is the longest in amphibians, the conditions in captivity can live 130 years.
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Reproductive status
Chinese giant salamander of wild resources. It is estimated that the accumulation of the total amount of 50,000, the true nature of wild giant salamander is still may not reach 50,000, and of course more realistic number to be in-depth research to assess; artificial propagation of giant salamander breeding every year volume, was reported to be 100,000, and now has surpassed 200,000 artificial breeding. To attach great importance to save and protect the salamander's germplasm resources, because there are "species" have seedlings, otherwise, it will become a river without water, without trees. That is the seed giant salamander breeding, germplasm resources from the first source, to the rapid establishment of germplasm resources of Chinese giant salamander and Chinese giant salamander breeding base of the original species, seed giant salamander breeding solve the "provenance" problem. China's first eco-park giant salamander has Jing'an County, Jiangxi Province Forest Park Sanzhualun national model construction. The total investment is 15 million yuan, covers an area of 80 hectares, is a key construction project of the Ministry of Agriculture. The first phase of the project will be completed in October this year, can form giant salamander 50,000 in fan support, the ability to rescue giant salamander 1000. _Set_ of giant salamander conservation ecological park, ornamental aquaculture, tourism and leisure, cultural exchange and utilization as one of the country and created a comprehensive Resource Protection and Development of giant salamander precedent. Chinese giant salamander in Jing'an County is the main source of resources is the unique "hometown of Chinese giant salamander." The first county in the country protect the salamander notices issued, the first nature reserve established giant salamander, Andrias the first establishment of specialized research, the first artificial breeding of the giant salamander first generation, second filial generation, sub-three generations. In 2001, the Jing'an County, in turn salamander as a mascot to be protected.