[Biological characteristics] Perennial ryegrass is the grass is a perennial ryegrass lawn plants. It has a thin rhizome, dense fibrous roots. Stalk clusters, soft, leaves are soft, slightly hairy. Spikes, caryopsis seeds oblong, brown to dark brown, the top fluffy. Grains per kilogram of seed was 504,400. Perennial ryegrass hi warm humid climate, suitable for a 1500 annual precipitation of 1000 Mimi, winter cold, summer heat, fertile, moist, well drained soil condition, good for the ph value 6-7. Optimal growth temperature is 20 ℃. Trampling resistance of perennial ryegrass, cut and then nature are strong, but intolerant of low shear, the general green stubble height of 4-6 cm is appropriate. It's somewhat less shade-tolerant capability, hi in the sun at the growth. [Reproduction and cultivation] Perennial ryegrass seed as normal, and is often used seed propagation. Need to fine soil preparation before sowing, early days of deep irrigation land l, the next day in the surface wet planting conditions. If conditions permit, plowing into the amount of land should be applied as basic fertilizer, on the grass seedlings benefit. Ryegrass seed germination rapidly, usually 5-7 days after sowing to emergence, seedling after emergence should be noted that the supply of water and removal of weeds. Because of its strong tillering ability, must be regularly pruned to control their growth and height, and to promote its base increase tiller density, allows them to quickly cover the shape. In order to form a turf ryegrass, and keep the green, nitrogen fertilizer is very important to the Yangtze River in the rainy season generally applied, the amount of 3kg/100 m 2. Ryegrass seeding rate is 15-30g / m 2, both autumn and spring, but autumn is most suitable for autumn sowing weeds less maintenance and management of provincial workers seedling stage. Perennial vegetative propagation can be applied. Usually in the expansion of breeding varieties or seed supply, under the circumstances. L m 2 grass generally wedge block can be expanded about 5 to 10 m 2 transplant, and survival after planting, rapid, seedling rate is high. [Characteristics and uses] In parks, gardens and small green space on the perennial ryegrass often used as a "pioneer grass" to the rapid formation of much-needed lawn, or early changes in environmental outlook. Some countries in order to increase the resistance of grass, often to perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, red fescue and other grasses mixed planting, for general golf course fairways green and the green material, but only 10% rye grass mix a ratio of 20 %, because of its ability to multiply and occupation. Also in Bermuda, Bermuda and other warm season, and in the autumn to early winter sowing ryegrass catch that in warm season into brown dormant cases, use it to make up for the winter and keep the lawn green. As perennial ryegrass resistant to sulfur dioxide and other harmful gases, can be put around the area as the purification of metallurgical industrial lawn applications. In addition to cultivation of perennial ryegrass for lawns outside. Plants and soil can also be secured with artificial grass planting material, it can not only unicast, but also with the slope of white clover and other plants mixed planting, generally good results can be compared
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Plant name
Perennial ryegrass
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Botanical Name
LoliumperenneL. 【English name】 Perennial Ryegraas
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Origin and Distribution
Perennial ryegrass origin Southwestern Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia temperate. States have cultivated the world. In China is mainly distributed in east, central and southwest, the mountain areas to the growth of the Yangtze River is best. Is a good pasture with a wide range of feeding value, can be used to develop animal husbandry.
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Plant morphology
Perennial rye grass is a clump-type grasses estranged for many years. Height of 80 to 100 cm. Fibrous roots developed, mainly distributed in 15 cm deep soil layer. Stem erect, smooth hollow, colored light green. Tillers per plant usually 60 to 100, more than those of up to 250 ~ 300. Shiny dark green leaves, long 15 ~ 35 cm, width 0.3 to 0.6 cm, many times, Phi. Sheaths longer than or equal to the section, the tight phimosis; Ligule membranous, about 1 mm. 20 to 30 cm long spikes, spikelets per spike are 15 to 25, spikelets sessile, closely alternate sides of the cob, length 10 ~ 14 mm; have to spend 5 to 11, strong and 3 to 5 . Ying often degraded first, second Ying hard, veined 3 to 5, the length of 6 to 12 mm. Lemma 4 to 7 mm long, thin quality, end obtuse, awnless; palea and lemma of equal length, top of the sharp, clear, while there are fine hairs. Caryopsis spindle. Seed weight 1.5 grams.
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Plant characteristics
Hi warm and humid climate of perennial ryegrass. Not high temperature, cold intolerance. Case of high temperature above 35 ℃ stunted, or even dead, the case of -15 ℃ the following winter unstable low-temperature, or can not survive the winter. Requires cool summer and winter cold. In 500 ~ 1500 mm annual precipitation can be planted where the most desirable 900 ~ 1000 mm of rainfall conditions. The optimum temperature for growth and development of 20 ~ 25 ℃, can also better at 10 ℃ growth. Likes the fat, suitable for fertile, moist, well drained loam or clay plant, can grow in slightly acidic soil, the appropriate value of 6 to 7 ph. But should not be planted in sandy or wet ground. Is short-lived perennial grass on the fan, and can be used 3 to 4 years, but the conditions are right, they can not decline for years. Rapid growth and development, growth of 100 to 110 days, the annual growth of number of days 250 days or so. Regeneration, good tillering ability, it was determined an average of 44 tillers, the same conditions of smooth bromegrass, curved spike 5 times goose grass crown. Resistance to cutting, mowing a year, 2 to 3 times. Regeneration after cutting branches more than the total number of tillers before mowing.
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Feeding Value and use of technology
Excellent quality of perennial ryegrass, leaf-rich, tender stems and leaves, palatability, and is a horse, cattle, sheep, rabbit grazing livestock forage quality; is also a good fish feed. High yield, generally fresh grass per mu 3000 ~ 5000 kg. In Tianshui planting, sowing fresh year can be 1500 kg per mu. To fresh forage, silage or hay modulation, also suitable for grazing. And white clover, red clover, trefoil and other mixtures that can build high quality grazing and clipping use either grass. High nutritional value, make hay before flowering Kariya, digestible protein per 100 kg with 4.9 kg. Perennial ryegrass is an excellent multi-purpose forage grass. Because of its root system, rapid growth, increased cultivation of arable land planted soil organic matter, improve soil physical structure of cultivation; slope cultivation, can be fixed slope soil, prevent soil erosion, reduce soil erosion.
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Cultivation Techniques
(A) site preparation and fertilization of perennial ryegrass seed is small, thin seedlings, top soil is weak, rake pine plantations to deep plowing, crushing clods, leveling the ground, Xushuibaoshang, under the soil on the virtual reality, as seed germination to create a good soil conditions. Combination of tillage, soil conditions, as the base fertilizer applied enough. General organic fertilizer per acre from 1000 to 1500 kg, or compound fertilizer 25 to 30 kg. (B) of the seed and sowing seeds of field grade Ⅰ Sowing seeds of national standards, to close at Grass seeding national standards can be Ⅰ ~ Ⅲ grade seed. Or purchase, whether self-produced seeds are required to test the quality before sowing to determine the level, calculate the actual seeding rate. Spring, summer and autumn can be planted, according to local conditions to determine the general close species can be planted in the fall, easy to close the following year and turned over to other crops species. Single broadcast seed fields, the grass can receive unicast, can be mixed. Drill row spacing, seed fields should be 40 cm wide and 35 to close the narrow grass field should be 20 to 30 cm. Sowing should be uniform when the shattering. Casing to the depth of the same, so as not to affect the emergence. 0.75 acres of seeding species close to 1.0 kg, received acres of grass seeding 1.0 to 1.25 kg. And white clover, red clover, trefoil mixture, its mixture ratio varies depending on the purpose of grassland use, grazing perennial ryegrass-based grass accounted for 50 to 60%. Perennial ryegrass based lawn mowing accounts for 60 to 70% is appropriate. Sowing depth of 2 to 3 cm. (C) the emergence of field management before the rain after sowing, the soil surface to form a compacted layer, attention should be get rid of hardened layer, to facilitate emergence, the preservation of seedlings. Weed seedling stage in time, and pay attention to pest control. The root system, more tillers, renewable fast, each time after cutting nitrogen fertilizer, 5 to 10 kg per mu. For acid soil, P fertilizer per acre can be increased 10 to 15 kg. (D) harvest the grass by closing in the heading to milk stage should be carried out; grazing should be 15 to 20 cm in height when. Either grazing or mowing, stubble height of not less than 7 cm, the formation of high grass waste, low re-growth of grass. When the growth of mixed grassland perennial ryegrass appears excessive, inhibiting the growth of legumes when mowing or grazing can be suppressed to protect the normal growth of legumes. Because irregular heading perennial ryegrass, seed maturity has inconsistencies, to be self-shattering high in the whole field should be 70% of the species of yellow white ear timely harvesting, transportation drying, threshing, and collection. To extend the useful life of grassland, with particular emphasis in the management of timely and adequate irrigation and fertilization.
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Common Diseases
Brome grass mosaic virus disease, yellow grass type strain Aster original actinomycosis
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Common pests
Asian locusts, ants, locusts be wide, Chorthippus fallax, narrow Chorthippus fallax, Siberia locusts, caterpillars grassland type, stalk flies, armyworms, Italy locusts, grubs, mole crickets class, lily insects, black cutworm, yellow cutworms, the earth tiger, white edges cutworms, large pad locust wing tip, small oatmeal thrips, wheat armyworm, leafhoppers class, barley ear fly Ryegrass cultivated good "Four Gates" How to improve ryegrass yield and seed yield fresh? Should be a good seeding, fertilizing, harvesting, leaving four related species. First, the sowing ryegrass prefer warm and humid climate, suitable for seed germination of temperature above 13 ℃, 10 ℃ above the seedlings will be able to better growth. Therefore, the ryegrass sowing longer, both autumn, but also spring sowing. Autumn is generally 9 months, both late 11 early April, mainly to see Previous Crops crops. If the special feed, you can early sowing in order to take full advantage of favorable weather in March 9,10, efforts to improve ryegrass yield. Second, the seeding rate within a certain area, planting less, individual development is good. But the rational close planting, to give full play to the individual groups ryegrass production potential, can increase yield per unit area. 1-1.5 kilograms per mu, the most appropriate seeding rate. Production, the specific seeding rate should be based on sowing time, soil conditions, seed quality, seedling rate, purpose, etc. may be planted. Seed plots autumn general, mu planting density should be about 35-40 million, about 1 kg seeding for forage use, and the need to increase early yield, it can multicast some 2.5-3 kg per mu . Third, the seeding method tiny ryegrass seeds require shallow sowing, rice stubble fields with high soil moisture, heavy clay soil, often continuous rain fall planting or harvest season due to labor tensions. To make quick and neat ryegrass emergence where conditions permit, available calcium magnesium phosphate 10 kg / mu, fine soil 20 kg / mu after mixing with the sowing of seed. This will enable the impact of the seed from wind to avoid the growth of lush rice, ryegrass seed is not easy to reduce a small landing, to ensure uniform seeding. Rice panel live, the question after sowing, one every 2-4 meters in open drains, and ditch the earth crack, covering the Qimian on the seed used for cover. V. ryegrass harvest regeneration ability, and can be harvested repeatedly, so when the rye grass as a feed, it should be timely harvest. How many times ryegrass harvest, mainly affected by sowing date, temperature during the growing period, the level of fertilization. Good autumn growth of ryegrass can be harvested several times. In addition, high levels of fertilizer, rye grass grow fast, to advance the harvest, while increasing the number of harvest; In contrast, fertility is poor, ryegrass growth was also poor, not in a short time to reach a certain biomass, it can not harvest use. Timely harvest, that is, when the ryegrass is more than 25cm long when to harvest, if the plant is too short, fresh yield is not high, and difficult harvesting operations. Harvested stubble height when each owned about 5 cm to facilitate the regeneration of ryegrass stubble.
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Scientific knowledge
Perennial ryegrass (perennial ryegrass) is a species of grass ryegrass, the scientific name Lolium perenne l., short-term perennial pasture crops. Native to southern Europe, North Africa and southwestern Asia. Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places have large scale cultivation promotion. Developed root system, mainly in fibrous roots 15cm alluvium; more tillers, stalk flat upright, narrow leaves, veins obvious, young leaves were folded buds, leaves and small ears, small and blunt tongue leaves. Split or closed sheath, spike, slender, up to 30cm, with a few up to 35 small cob, spikelet solitary, sessile. Flowers with 5-10 flowers per spike. Shorter than spikelet outer Ying. Cross-pollination; seed flat, slightly smaller, outer Ying awnless. Grain weight 1.5-2.0g. Hi cool and humid climate, should be cool in summer, winter not too cold area growth. Intolerable -15 ℃ ,10-27 ℃ low temperature growth can fit. Above 35 ℃ easily and die. No shade, to moisture, not drought, hi fat intolerance barren, suitable well-drained, moist fertile, pH value of 6-7 on the cultivation of the soil. Spring planting can be, but better to autumn. Seeding rate per hectare, 11-15kg, spaced 15-20cm, overburden depth of 1-2cm. Application of nitrogen fertilizer, autumn next year could be mowing 3-4 times per hectare or seed fresh 45-60t 750-1125kg. Dry matter content of up to 18.6% crude protein, and alfalfa, clover, milk vetch, Ru sub-legume mixtures for grazing, etc., fresh forage, silage, hay modulation to improve the yield and soil fertility were favorable. 19.2% with fresh dry matter, crude protein 3.3%, 0.6% crude fat, crude fiber 4.8%, 8.1% nitrogen free extract, ash 2.4%.
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Grass Wikipedia
Name of perennial ryegrass pasture Lolium perenne L. grass scientific name Grass picture Origin and distribution of perennial ryegrass from Southwestern Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia temperate. States have cultivated the world. In China is mainly distributed in east, central and southwest, the mountain areas to the growth of the Yangtze River is best. Is a good pasture with a wide range of feeding value, can be used to develop animal husbandry. Cultivation techniques (a) site preparation and fertilization of perennial ryegrass seed is small, thin seedlings, top soil is weak, rake pine plantations to deep plowing, crushing clods, leveling the ground, Xushuibaoshang, under the soil on the virtual reality for seed germination to create a good soil conditions. Combination of tillage, soil conditions, as the base fertilizer applied enough. General organic fertilizer per acre from 1000 to 1500 kg, or compound fertilizer 25 to 30 kg. (B) of the seed and sowing seeds of field grade Ⅰ Sowing seeds of national standards, to close at Grass seeding national standards can be Ⅰ ~ Ⅲ grade seed. Or purchase, whether self-produced seeds are required to test the quality before sowing to determine the level, calculate the actual seeding rate. Spring, summer and autumn can be planted, according to local conditions to determine the general close species can be planted in the fall, easy to close the following year and turned over to other crops species. Single broadcast seed fields, the grass can receive unicast, can be mixed. Drill row spacing, seed fields should be 40 cm wide and 35 to close the narrow grass field should be 20 to 30 cm. Sowing should be uniform when the shattering. Casing to the depth of the same, so as not to affect the emergence. 0.75 acres of seeding species close to 1.0 kg, received acres of grass seeding 1.0 to 1.25 kg. And white clover, red clover, trefoil mixture, its mixture ratio varies depending on the purpose of grassland use, grazing perennial ryegrass-based grass accounted for 50 to 60%. Perennial ryegrass based lawn mowing accounts for 60 to 70% is appropriate. Sowing depth of 2 to 3 cm. (C) the emergence of field management before the rain after sowing, the soil surface to form a compacted layer, attention should be get rid of hardened layer, to facilitate emergence, the preservation of seedlings. Weed seedling stage in time, and pay attention to pest control. The root system, more tillers, renewable fast, each time after cutting nitrogen fertilizer, 5 to 10 kg per mu. For acid soil, P fertilizer per acre can be increased 10 to 15 kg. (D) harvest the grass by closing in the heading to milk stage should be carried out; grazing should be 15 to 20 cm in height when. Either grazing or mowing, stubble height of not less than 7 cm, the formation of high grass waste, low re-growth of grass. When the growth of mixed grassland perennial ryegrass appears excessive, inhibiting the growth of legumes when mowing or grazing can be suppressed to protect the normal growth of legumes. Because irregular heading perennial ryegrass, seed maturity has inconsistencies, to be self-shattering high in the whole field should be 70% of the species of yellow white ear timely harvesting, transportation drying, threshing, and collection. To extend the useful life of grassland, with particular emphasis in the management of timely and adequate irrigation and fertilization. Brome grass pasture disease common mosaic virus disease, yellow grass Aster strains of the original bacterial disease category Asian migratory pests common pasture, to be ants wide locust, Chorthippus fallax, narrow Chorthippus fallax, Siberia locusts, caterpillars grassland type, stalk flies, armyworms, Italy locusts, grubs, mole crickets class, lily insects, small to tiger, yellow cutworms, ground tiger, white edges cutworms, large pad locust wing tip, small oatmeal thrips, wheat armyworm, leafhoppers class, barley ear fly