Diplomatic representatives, also known as the diplomatic corps, is sent to other countries, a country or an international organization representatives. On behalf of the State, responsible for foreign affairs. Diplomatic representatives of both permanent and temporary. Permanent means the accredited diplomatic representatives of a particular country or an international organization and is responsible for the organization with the State or representatives to maintain regular contact; temporary means temporary diplomatic missions abroad on behalf of a particular responsibility.
According to norms of international relations, where the independent sovereign state, have the right to send diplomatic representatives to implement their own diplomatic mission for the national interest. But the dispatch of the agreement must be based on the premise.
Permanent diplomatic representatives of a country, while the two countries and in several countries. But the diplomatic representatives of other countries serve as ambassador in the prior consent of the parties concerned agree.
Diplomatic representatives in any contributors can also serve as representatives of international organizations.
First, the level of diplomatic representation
The classification of permanent diplomatic representatives in 1815 the first international conference in Vienna uniform. At this meeting the decision adopted by the diplomatic representatives expressly designated as ambassadors, ministers and agency levels, which eliminates the previously graded due diplomatic dispute is not uniform and often ranking phenomenon. Although the November 1818 conference in Aachen in office to make a decision to increase, placed between the Minister and the agency, but in 1961, "the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations," then canceled in office to once again return to ambassadors, ministers and agency levels .
Determine the level of diplomatic representation was established diplomatic relations the two sides agreed to establish diplomatic relations with one of the points agreed upon when needed. The level of diplomatic representation should be equal, and clearly seen in the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations or other diplomatic instruments.
According to the development of bilateral relations and changes in the level of diplomatic relations can be upgraded and downgraded, upgraded or downgraded both countries should be negotiations between the parties reach an agreement by the parties. However, the country established diplomatic relations deteriorated due to recall envoys, embassy diplomat appointed by a charge d'affaires, Library Affairs, presided over, it is not by negotiations.
Now ambassadors, ministers, diplomatic representatives of three agents are as follows:
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, referred to as the Ambassador, the highest-level diplomatic representation, as a head of state to the other heads of state to send representatives. Enjoy full diplomatic privileges and immunities and to enjoy than the other two higher levels of diplomatic courtesy. Before World War II, only to the exchange of ambassadors between the major powers, which reflects the size of the country's unequal status. In the modern diplomatic practice, most countries have exchanged ambassadors.
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the name of "Extraordinary," the word is not the very beginning. According to records, the former Ambassador and Special Envoy of the Permanent often occur protocol order of the phenomenon of war, they have a special mission of Special Envoy to the ground, hope came in before the Permanent Ambassador. To this end, the late seventeenth century, the Permanent Ambassador of the book began with the appointment of the country, "Extraordinary" word. This Ambassador and Permanent Envoy to the order of the protocol is equal status.
In the "Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations" in the Vatican ambassador and the ambassador also listed as the same level of diplomatic representation. Apostolic Nuncio of the Vatican ambassador sent by the Pope. Some Catholic countries as the Vatican ambassador's position than the other envoys, and of course for the head of the diplomatic corps. However, diplomatic relations between China and the Vatican did not, so I joined the "Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations", the announcement of the relevant provisions of the Vatican envoy to be retained.
According to international practice, and the Ambassador of the diplomatic representatives of equal status as well as the High Commissioner. The High Commissioner was among the Commonwealth member states to send a diplomatic representative. In the Queen as head of the federal state between the High Commissioner sent by the Prime Minister to the Prime Minister, such as Australia, Fiji; such as itself and another member of the Commonwealth heads of state, such as India, Tanzania, the High Commissioner for the heads of state sent to the heads of state.
Minister Plenipotentiary, referred to Minister. Is also a head of state to send to another diplomatic representatives of heads of state, but inferior to the Ambassador privileges they suffered, but the minister enjoyed diplomatic privileges and immunities and the Ambassador of the same. Minister Plenipotentiary of the "Extraordinary" the word is derived the name of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to follow.
In addition, as a minister-level diplomatic envoy was also the Holy See, the Apostolic Nuncio to send the same situation.
Charge d'affaires, Foreign Minister by a Minister of Foreign Affairs sent to another country, it is the lowest level of diplomatic representation. Courtesy agency suffered less than the ambassador, minister, but enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities with the ambassador, minister the same.
China has since 1954 with the United Kingdom, the Netherlands under the agreement the two governments had exchange agent, whose task is to continue negotiations to establish diplomatic relations and business matters, and for Overseas Business. This is before the establishment of normal diplomatic relations with a special approach.
Unlike the permanent charge d'affaires charge d'affaires, he was diplomatic (ambassadors, ministers, charge d'affaires) leave, leave, for some reason can no longer serve (such as prolonged hospitalization or death), the Museum hosted the temporary agency services for foreign diplomatic personnel. Not a diplomatic representative of a charge d'affaires level. Charge d'affaires charge of the general government by the diplomatic representation of the highest-level diplomatic personnel in a single term, and its appointment, which normally takes a formal diplomatic note on behalf of my Minister for Foreign Affairs inform the host country or by the foreign representative agencies to notify the host countries a note verbale Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in the same way other countries known to diplomatic representative agencies in the country.
Charge d'affaires in case I am unable to host museum services, and to be re-appointed as charge d'affaires, another diplomat, the appointment of the new agent, I can not give notice, such as diplomats and some foreign countries are required by the sending Minister issued a notice to effectively.
If diplomats leave, the diplomatic representative agencies in the host countries have no diplomatic officials, according to "the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations," provides that the consent of the sending State with the approval of the host countries, could be assigned to the embassy hosted a staff of routine administrative matters, However, this non-diplomatic personnel from the Library Affairs presided over the people, not as charge d'affaires.
After the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, in the first post in the former envoy, was sent to the host countries build a museum for the chief diplomatic personnel matters, also known as charge d'affaires. Because there is no diplomatic representation in the sending State in the country, so you have to by the sending State Minister for Foreign Affairs sent to the Minister for Foreign Affairs accepted the book describes charge d'affaires, Embassy with a note verbale known by other embassies. Some countries do not send the book describes the practice, by the Minister for Foreign Affairs inform the other party by telegram.
Was appointed as charge d'affaires diplomats without prior approval of both the consent of the host countries.
Second, temporary diplomatic representatives
Special Envoy for the implementation of a temporary mission to send a diplomatic representative. Envoy usually sent heads of state or government leaders, called the President (King) special envoys or representatives of the Government. Commonly known as the Special Envoy of the People's Republic sent special envoys or representatives of the Government said. In 1975 I was sent a special envoy, Deputy Prime Minister was invited to Nepal as a Republic of China, participated in Shah Dev of Nepal His Majesty the King 比兰德拉比尔比克 Ram's coronation ceremony. In 1980, I had to send government representatives to participate in Zimbabwe's independence celebrations. June 1981 also vice chairman of the PRC to send a special envoy to attend inauguration ceremony of President of the Philippines.
Permanent diplomatic representatives was appointed special envoy temporarily.
The mission of Special Envoy in accordance with representations can be divided into ceremonial and political categories. Ceremonial is to attend the National Day, the president took office, wedding ceremony, and appointed other countries; political matters for a particular treaties and negotiations and negotiations appointed. Attend international meetings or to pass a personal letter and other pieces of state leaders also are political.
As usually by the Special Envoy Envoy certificate, an official note or other official to confirm the telegrams. Special Envoy of the Special Envoy of the identity of the certificate and according to the nature of the task, respectively, by the head of state, government leaders or foreign ministers signed. To negotiate and sign as a representative of the treaty is to establish the credentials. The credentials of the following format:
Example One:
Credentials
Hereby appoint × × × (title )×××( name) as the Plenipotentiary × × × country with plenipotentiary to negotiate and sign × × × s Republic of China and the name of the country ××××( Treaty) treaty.
Chinese President (signature)
Chinese Foreign Minister (signature) (countersigned)
In × × year × month × day in Beijing
Example Two:
Credentials
PRC State Council appointed × × × (name) with the × × × as plenipotentiary plenipotentiary of the Government negotiated and signed agreements between the two governments ××××( name) agreement.
Example Three:
Credentials
PRC State Council appointed × × × (name) name for the Republic of China attended the meeting ××××() meeting of the delegation ,×××,×××( name) as the representative of ,×××,××× (name) as deputy representative.
(Cover the State with the national emblem Tongyin)
In × × year × month × day in Beijing
Credentials issued by the Foreign Ministry, the body of the content above, but in the text after the words "hereby certify that the" character, signed by the Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs covered with the national emblem Tongyin.
Example four:
Credentials
PRC State Council appointed × × × (name) to attend the meeting ××××( name) Conference. Hereby certify that.
Chinese Foreign Minister (Signed)
In × × year × month × day in Beijing
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the National Emblem Tongyin cover)
Special Envoy returned in its mission accomplished, its special envoy will cease.
Some countries have established ambassador-at, also known as roving ambassador, is a diplomatic one, he is not a resident of a country's diplomats, but the government of a full-time, of course, there are temporary assigned. Ambassador-Head of State on behalf of the task is to discuss with the Government with the country of an important issue, to submit a personal letter from the Head of State visited embassies and consulates abroad, or pieces of work.
Third, the foreign representative's appointment and arrival activities
The appointment of ambassadors in accordance with international practice, the appointment of diplomatic representatives in the official before sending the new diplomatic representative shall provide the other party resumes, and oral or written consent of the receiving country's consent. The receiving State shall, as soon as the appropriate way (verbally or in writing) to respond. Under the agreement, the government by sending duly appointed by the national legislative process and the public. Some countries to be submitted to parliament by the appointment of some countries directly appointed by the Head of State.
Envoys of the new post as the new envoy in the receiving country to obtain the formal consent and by their appointment, contributing to their government to do the preparatory work before his new post.
This is the head of state credentials in order to send or recall sending ambassadors, ministers accept the heads of state caused by the formal instruments. Credentials, there are two kinds of sending the book and recall his credentials.
The book is sending the heads of sending credentials. States generally stated in the book the appointment of diplomatic representatives and grade, expressed the desire to develop bilateral relations as well as the heads of state accepted the request on behalf of the diplomatic work carried out to give confidence and so on. Credentials of the text concise, standardized format, must be signed by the heads of the sending State, Foreign Minister countersignature of the ambassador or minister to personally present to accept the heads of state.
Recall his credentials, typically by the ambassador or minister to accept the termination of the office to submit the heads of state, but in practice are often submitted by the successor to be submitted when sending the book. China has recalled his credentials are written into one with the credentials of the sending State, be submitted by the new envoys. The format is as follows:
President × × × × × × × (full name) you
You:
For the consolidation and development of the PRC and the × × × friendly and cooperative relations between the country, I appointed Mr. × × × extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador to the country.
I believe Mr. × × × undertake every effort to complete his mission, you favorably received, and he represents the work carried out by the PRC government to give confidence and help.
Has been completed, Mr. × × × × × × country of its extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador of the mission, is to be recalled. I would like to take this opportunity during his tenure helped by the reception and expressed his thanks.
Chinese President (signature)
Chinese Foreign Minister (signature) (countersigned)
In × × year × month × day in Beijing
State Zi No. × × ×
Introduction agency holding books, signed by the sending State Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister for Foreign Affairs sent to the recipient countries, the general recalled in the introduction the former agents and other matters mentioned in the book, so no recall of the book.
Commonwealth with the Queen as head of the exchange among member countries of the High Commissioner presented his credentials do not, but the Prime Minister to the host countries to submit their introduction to the Prime Minister signed the book.
The new envoys before leaving, often through their Ministry of Foreign Affairs Protocol Department to contact, call their diplomats accredited to the receiving country, receiving envoys met as soon as possible. Out of courtesy, the newly appointed envoys leave his post, the receiving State envoys should go to see them off.
New envoys arrived in the receiving country and the capital of the time the border shall promptly notify the receiving State Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Arrived in the capital, generally by the Chief of Protocol (Deputy Director) meet; agency officials from a lower capacity to meet.
Envoys present credentials arrived in the receiving country, it should be as soon as possible to see the Chief of Protocol, presented his credentials to understand the etiquette, procedures and other matters, and requested the meeting with Minister of Foreign Affairs. In the case of agent (including the new Museum of the charge d'affaires) should be submitted to the Chief of Protocol to introduce a copy, and requested the meeting with Minister of Foreign Affairs in order to submit a written introduction agency.
Foreign Minister meets ambassadors when the receiving country, shall, together with a copy of his credentials, copies of tributes (such as the provisions of the receiving State shall be addressed and hymns) of the one to the other side. These documents may be attached to the receiving country or international common language text (such as English, French, Arab, Russian, Western) translation. According to international custom, general envoy presented his credentials or the credentials that the replica and then began to discharge his duties before, generally do not participate in ceremonial activities. In China, the foreign envoys to arrive after the start activity, but presented his credentials to arrival date to the date shall prevail.
Envoy presented his credentials to date, receiving no special reasons such as delayed too long, generally considered unfriendly said. Some countries used in a concentrated period of a few accepted the credentials of new ambassadors, is another matter.
Credentials ceremony different countries, there is prosperity there are simple, but very seriously and solemnly. Some monarchies still retain the old style, such as in Spain, the new Chief of Protocol Ambassador or the palace, accompanied by the official ceremony, the luxurious antique carriage ride to the palace, the embassy ceremony participants (that is to participate in the ceremony) taking the foreign officials trailing vehicle. Convoy escort knights dressed in court costume. Ambassador arrived in the palace courtyard, the band played the national anthem, arranged on both sides of the house armed with spears, the Office of the Ambassador bow to the warrior. Ambassador to present his credentials from the court officials into the hall. King of Spain wearing a dress standing in the hall, Foreign Minister and the King stand on both sides of the General Office of civil and military officials. When the ambassador to the king in front of the line, to the solemn tone, said: "I have the honor to submit to His Majesty I was appointed as × × × the credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Spain." Forthwith handed his credentials, the king took over the country After shaking hands with the Ambassador of the book. Ambassador Li will visit each of the other diplomatic officials introduced to the king. The King and the Ambassador in the living room after a brief conversation, the ambassador got up to leave, still chief of protocol or court marshal sent to the ambassador's residence. Ambassador prepared a wine point of honor token of gratitude. Britain and other sovereign countries are also generally the case presentation ceremony.
Ceremony of his credentials has experienced a move from the simple process. China now has more credentials ceremony is simple, the procedure is as follows:
Protocol on behalf of Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Embassy by limousine to meet the ambassador, and accompanied by the Ambassador to present his credentials to the place of one car (currently are in the Great Hall.) Soldiers at the gate ceremony to pay tribute to the Ambassador. Ambassador and Embassy staff participate in ceremony by the chief of protocol (or Deputy Director) into the hall.
Ambassador to the Republic of China President (or Vice-Chairman) presented his credentials. Submitted after the ceremony, the Ambassador and Embassy staff participate with the President (or Vice-Chairman), Minister of Foreign Affairs (or deputy ministers) and so shook hands and posed for pictures. Then, the Ambassador with the Chairman (or Deputy) to the drawing room conversation. Finally, on behalf of the Protocol by Ambassador limousine escort to return the embassy.
Credentials, the ambassador's wife generally does not participate in the ceremony. In the credentials ceremony, pay attention to the following questions:
Dress is the envoy presented his credentials ceremony attended by the clothing. Some countries, especially Western countries, the Ambassador and the embassy asked participants who wore a dress or the ceremony of national costume to the ceremony. I have no special requirements for this country, to participate in ceremony of our staff have no specific clothing. When I presented his credentials to diplomatic envoys, clothing should respect the request of host countries, the current general can be a dark Zhongshan Fu, military, ceremony, participants should be in uniform.
Limo is the envoy presented his credentials to place and from the transport vehicles, prepared by the receiving country. Most countries limo for the car, the car flying the flag or hanging recipient countries sending and receiving countries flags. Also useful for limo coach, which is particularly common in some monarchies. Some countries (such as Japan) equipped with two vehicles, car and carriage for the envoys choice. Our limo are used cars.
Guard of honor is usually composed by dozens of armed soldiers, the capital of the column in front of the yuan, by the marshal or captain of the guard of honor accompanied by envoys review, but there are also lined up without the review of. In my country, only ceremony in the Great Hall located at the entrance to both sides of the soldiers, salute to the envoys of the line.
National anthem is usually played in sending envoys arrived the national anthem, when the envoys left the country receiving the national anthem played.
Reception after the ceremony in some countries, heads of state or their representatives by the receiving _set_ small reception, welcome to diplomats and participate in officiating staff. Most countries only on the arrival of something to drink on the envoys congratulated.
Conference call on arrival and the ambassador, minister or charge d'affaires at the credentials described in the submission of the book, you can proceed to the recipient country (also known as host country) government officials paid a courtesy call on arrival. Made by the envoys met with the general list of host countries, as the bilateral relations and customary practices of local arrangements. Mrs. envoys also met with heads of state according to local customs officials, his wife and the wife of the above, women's circles, but a smaller range. Ambassadors and envoys met his wife through the host country Ministry of Foreign Affairs Protocol Department is usually given, I feel China is no different. However, some countries allow themselves to contact the embassy.
The local diplomatic corps should be assumed by an official note issued notices generally issued diplomatic envoys from other countries, to countries with no diplomatic relations between the two countries depends on your relationship. Paid a courtesy call on the diplomatic corps diplomatic corps met with general start, and then met with envoys of diplomatic relations and friendly countries with no diplomatic relations ambassadors. The first call on friendly countries have ambassadors, learn about the situation to them. As usual, head of the diplomatic corps can not Huibai new ambassadors, other diplomats should accept the call in a timely Huibai. As a general practice, the new minister and ambassador to accept the call agent, minister to accept the call agent, which may not be Huibai.
Arrival of the new envoys to hold a reception, invite the relevant host country officials and foreign ambassadors. Some host countries is also a newly appointed official ambassador held a reception or banquet, invite the new envoys and diplomats, attended the couple.
Fourth, the termination of diplomatic representatives and outgoing activity posts
Duties as a diplomatic representative of one of the following circumstances shall be terminated: a term, by their government recalled another appointment; envoy's death; by host government declared "persona non grata"; the two countries due to war or rupture of diplomatic relations between other events leaving the interrupt; diplomatic relations coup, and one was dismissed or the envoys envoys voluntary redundancy and so on.
Under normal circumstances the departure of an official note shall be notified envoys Foreign Minister of the host countries and have contacts with the countries in the local diplomatic corps, or the honor to inform the Foreign Ministry and in-country to the States in the diplomatic representative agencies. And should be reported in the note in the name of the charge d'affaires; to the host countries and heads of state, government leaders, officials and envoys of contacts made on weekdays farewell call; farewell receptions.
Host government envoys leave their practices at a farewell event for the general meeting, including leaders, organizations and honors such as a farewell banquet.
States diplomats often come out by the head of the diplomatic corps to hold a farewell reception and other activities and get a silver plate (silver plate inscribed with the names of the participants), and other souvenirs.
Envoys leave home, the host countries usually send the Chief of Protocol Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Deputy Director) went to the airport (station) off. Ambassadors for their countries, where appropriate, off. |