Qin Dynasty : Three Kingdoms > literati and officialdom in feudal china
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概况
  【士大夫】旧时指官吏或较有声望、地位的知识分子。《师说》:“士大夫之族,曰师曰弟子者,则群聚而笑之。”《石钟山记》:“士大夫终不肯以小舟夜泊绝壁之下,故莫能知。”《训俭示康》:“当时士大夫家皆然。”《五人墓碑记》:“郡之贤士大夫请于当道。”
  “士大夫”是战国出现的一个新概念。 在此之前,士均排在大夫之后。战国典籍中表示等级序列仍用“大夫士”。《荀子·礼论》载:“大夫士有常宗。”《吕氏春秋·上农》载:“是故天子亲率诸侯耕帝籍田,大夫士皆有功业。”大夫士与士大夫表面看去只是前后颠倒了一下,实际上反映了一个重大变化:大夫士强调的是等级;士大夫指的是阶层,它的特点是知识分子和官僚的混合体。分而言之,无论在春秋以前或战国,大夫都指有一定官职和爵位的人,社会地位比士高。为什么从战国开始,士常常冠在大夫之前呢?这是随着官僚制度的兴起,士大显身手的结果。一些出身士的人,靠着自己的才能,平步青云,出现了一批布衣卿相。另一方面,战国时期的大夫与春秋时期也不大一样。春秋时期的大夫,大部分是靠宗亲分封而来的,并且是世袭的。战国时期的大夫正演变为官僚体系中的一个职位和爵位,大夫中多数不再是靠宗亲分封,一般的也不再世袭,它们中的多数是由士升上来的。"士大夫"是上述情况在观念上的反映。从时代看,这一概念在战国中叶以后才流行开来。从内涵上考察,士大夫主要包含如下两方面内容:
  士大夫其一
  指居官与有职位的人。《周礼·考工记》云:“坐而论道谓之王公。作而行之谓之士大夫。”用现代话说,士大夫是职能官。《墨子·三辩》批评“士大夫倦于听治”。这里泛指一切官吏。《战国策·秦策二》载:“诸士大夫皆贺。”这里的士大夫指楚朝廷之臣与王之左右。《荀子·王霸》云:“农分田而耕,贾分货而贩,百工分事而劝,士大夫分职而听。”这里的士大夫指一切居官在职之人。《君道》又讲:“论德而定次,量能而授官,皆使人载其事而各行其所宜。上贤使之为三公,次贤使之为诸侯,下贤使之为士大夫,是所以显设之也。”士大夫指诸侯以下的官吏。文官称士大夫,武官也称士大夫,《荀子·议兵》载:“将死鼓,御死辔,百吏死职,士大夫死行列。”《吴子·励士》:“于是(魏)武侯设座庙廷,为三行,飨士大夫。”
  哪一层官吏称士大夫,无明确规定,从一些材料看,大抵为中上层官僚。《荀子·君子》讲:“圣王在上,分义行乎下,则士大夫无流淫之行,百吏官人无怠慢之事,众庶百姓无奸怪之俗。”这里把士大夫置于百吏官人之上。《君道》把士大夫列于“官师”之前。官师,百吏之长。《强国》篇讲:“大功已立,则君享其成,群臣享其功,士大夫益爵,官人益秩,庶人益禄。”《正论》讲:“爵列尊,贡禄厚,形势胜,上为天子诸侯,下为卿相士大夫。”以上材料都说明士大夫在官僚层次中是比较高的。因士大夫是比较高级的官吏,所以享有不同的田邑。《荀子·荣辱》说:“志行修,临官治,上则能顺上,下则能保其职,是士大夫之所以取田邑也。”《礼论》中记载士大夫占有的田邑多寡不同,“有五乘之地者”,“有三乘之地者”。有些士大夫似乎还有私兵。《战国策·齐策五》:“甲兵之具,官之所私也,士大夫之所匿……”
  其二
  指有一定社会地位的文人。齐孟尝君失势之后,门客纷纷离去,这些门客在《史记·孟尝君列传》中称为“士”,在《战国策·齐策四》记述同一事件时则称之为“士大夫”。《韩非子·诡使》载:“今士大夫不羞污泥丑辱而宦。”意思是士大夫无德行而任官。在这里,士大夫与官宦是两个含义,士大夫指文化人。可见,士大夫可以指在位的官僚,可以指不在位的知识分子,也可兼指。士大夫从此时起在中国历史上形成一个特殊的集团。他们是知识分子与官僚相结合的产物,是两者的胶着体。
English Expression
  1. n.:  literati and officialdom in feudal china,  scholar-bureaucrat,  a person with official rank,  an official,  an army man,  a general,  a person of learning,  a scholar
French Expression
  1. n.  fonctionnaire, mandarin, gens cultivés
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