Xinjiang, an irrigation project using water in ancient times called "Well Drainage." Slope to the field to dig a series of wells, bottom hole connected to the mountain snow melt and groundwater irrigation attracted
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音译
Uyghur kariz (from Persian karez) transliteration. An irrigation area of Xinjiang. From the slopes until the field every second, 30 m digging a shaft, then dug through the bottom, and even into the Ditch, the melting of mountain snow and groundwater led to water the fields. Mao Dun, "Landscape on": "There is no uplift of the sand dunes, nor were there a half mud room, look around just a sudden, so flat, even a 'Kaner' could not find." Guo Xiaochuan "west, Yang Guan" poem: "Kaner yo, such as Brilliant Silver Needle, the wilderness became a warm human being sewn quilt."
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雪水和地下水引来浇灌田地
An irrigation area of Xinjiang, from the fields to dig up the hillside into a series of wells, then dug through the bottom hole, and even into the Ditch, the melting of mountain snow and groundwater led to water the fields.
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No. 4
Telephone complaints Turpan Karez complaints Tel :0995 -8520171 Tourism Xinjiang tourism complaints Tel :0991 -8,831,902 National Tourist Complaint Phone :010-65275315 Karez 30 yuan ticket price Xinjiang, the man who created the ancient Karez underground irrigation projects, as early as the Han Dynasty 2,000 years ago appear to have been taking shape, after the spread to Central Asia and Persia. Turpan Karez area total more than 1100 channel, the annual runoff volume of 294 million cubic meters, which is the source of the life of the oasis. Karez Turpan Basin, according to geographical conditions and characteristics of water evaporation, groundwater irrigation using ground reference slope farmland, which consists of open channels, culverts, flood dam shaft and four parts. The length of each Karez vary up to 20 kilometers long, short, only 100 meters. Kaner is the oldest child spit Vulcan Zi, which is located in the city of Turpan Cat Kale Township, Zhuang Village, length of 3.5 km, water can be poured on 20 acres of land, has been in use for 470 years. Karez long history. Han Dynasty in Shaanxi Province have in this underground pit mining techniques to create well, saying, "Well Drainage Act." Han, after the Western Regions, beyond the Great Wall and the lack of water, sand, loose easy to collapse, it will be "Well Drainage Law" water method to teach the local people, after hard work by people of all nationalities, and gradually perfected, the development of suitable conditions in Xinjiang Karez. Turpan Karez existing since the Qing Dynasty gradually built. According to historical records, the Qing government adopted measures to promote and _set_tlement, Kaner has been a lot of development. Qing Dynasty who were demoted because of smoking and strongly patriotic minister Lin exile in Xinjiang Turpan, the praise of the Karez. 1845 (twenty-five years of the Qing dynasty) the first month, Lin went to the south of the Tianshan Lvkan cultivated land, through Turpan County, wrote in his diary that day: "See more along the pit, exercise its name, said, 'Well Card' who can be cross-flow diversion from the south and weak, gradually introduced gradually, the water from the soil through hole and the line, Cheng incredible things! "clear spring water moisture Turpan Karez the land, so that Fire Island Oasis in Gobi Desert into fertile farmland, producing the famous grapes, fruits and grain, cotton and oil. Now, despite the Turpan has a large newly built canals, reservoirs, however, is still in its modernization drive Karez play a special role in the fountain of life. Kaner is the best known clothing meters of wood Aguilar Karez, it 5 kilometers, a maximum depth of 80 meters, water can be poured on to 70 acres, has 200 years of history, it is the Uighurs m clothing Wood Agee dig made, it is named. You can be close to the western suburbs of Karez Folk Park to visit this ancient legacy of the underground works.
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Overview
Turpan Karez the total number of nearly a thousand articles, is about 5,000 km. Karez structure, largely by the shaft, underground channels, ground channel and the "flood dam" (small reservoir) of four parts, north of Turpan Basin, west of Bogda Mountain and Kala Wu Cheng-shan, a large number of spring and summer melting snow and rain water flow down the valley, sneaked into the desert the next. Xinjiang people use the mountain slope, skillfully created Karez, cited underground subsurface irrigation. Karez not because of hot, strong winds leaving a large number of evaporation of water, which flow stability, ensure the gravity irrigation. Karez, as early as in the "Historical Records" written there, when "the well and canal." Turpan Karez existing, built one after another since the Qing Dynasty. Today, large tracts are still watering the fertile oasis. Turpan Karez suburban forest five, five-star village Karez, for sightseeing. Karez the name of the Xinjiang Uighur called "Kaner-tzu." Persian Iran called "Kan Nazi" (Kanatz). Soviet Russian called "Kanya force Zi" (k, lplItK). From the phonetic point of view, although the distinction between each other, but not very different. China's Xinjiang Chinese known as "Karez" or the "Hum." Different name for the mainland provinces of China; such as Shaanxi is called "drainage well", Shanxi called "Roadway", Gansu called "string of wells one hundred", also in some places known as "underground channels." Karez the project has used cited from the ground surface slope gravity irrigation, there is shaft, underground culverts, open channels and flood dam ground of several parts. Karez is the development and utilization of groundwater level of a very ancient type of water harvesting structures for the foothills, alluvial fan edge zone, mainly used to intercept underground water for irrigation and domestic water. According to statistics of China's Xinjiang in 1962, about 1,700 more than a total of Karez, the total flow of about 26 m 3 / s, about 50 million mu of irrigated area. Most of them located in the Turpan and Hami Karez Basin, Turpan Basin, such as more than a total of about 1,100 Karez, the total flow rate of l8 m 3 / s, irrigation area of 47 mu, accounting for the total cultivated area of the basin, 67% of 70 million mu of development of local agricultural production and to meet the needs of residents and others have very important significance.
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The formation conditions of Xinjiang Karez
The formation conditions of Xinjiang Karez, according to the survey data analysis about the following three aspects: 1. The possibility of natural conditions Turpan Basin is located in center of the Eurasian continent, is a typical eastern Tianshan closed inland basin. As far from the sea, and surrounded by high mountains, to the low-lying basin narrow, damp climate is difficult to immersion, little rainfall, evaporation greatly, so the climate is extremely hot, has always been that there is "fire the state," said. According to 1952-1958 statistics of 7 years and years of average rainfall is only 19.5 mm, maximum 42.4 mm, the minimum was 5.2 mm, average annual evaporation is 3608.2 mm. The mean annual temperature of 14C, the hottest July average of 33.6C, the coldest month of January the average for a 9.8 C. The maximum temperature during the 4 7.6 C, 1 953 年 7 month, reached 48C, the maximum surface temperature up to 75'C. The basin is windy all year round, the maximum wind is generally 7-8. Turpan in 1961 resulted in 50 years never had a big storm, more than the year winds only 8 had 56, including May 31 of that field in the wind, the wind was above the level of l2, extending 17 hours for a long time, causing damage to rural, forest impairment, making the piece of beautiful oasis moment eclipsed the tragic story of shocking. Chart Terrain elevation of the basin and the poor, steep terrain and steep, the surrounding mountains mostly the formation of Paleozoic Hercynian movement, rock hard and more fractured, is conducive to the formation of fissure water, north of Bogda Shan in 3500 a general altitude of 4000 meters, the main peak as high as 5445 meters, west of Kala Wu Cheng-shan, also 4,000 meters above the peak. Are very snowy glaciers thousands of years, the southern Jueluotage Mountain, elevation 500 meters in 600-1, the low foothills, there is no snow cover, precipitation is also small, the erosion of a very dry bald mountain. Is 库姆塔格沙 mountain southeast, the sand piled high. 300 a 500 m of Paleozoic and Mesozoic and Cenozoic of the bedrock, is an extremely arid desert, middle of the basin are the Flaming Mountain (Aspen Teng Tage) fold belt, for the North West by a series of axial stuff anticline south and the composition of the strata exposed to Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary conglomerate and mudstone layers, the first of many anticlinal structures are cut into the valley, the terrain elevation as 5OO a 6OO m, 90 km from east to west, from north to south. 6-9 km of hilly areas. Flaming Mountain basins separated into the northern and southern parts of the basin center Aydingkol Lake, but very low-lying terrain, is a lake elevation of 154 meters, is one of the world's lowest land. Because a high degree of inter-basin asymmetry of the surrounding mountains and the extremely low-lying center of the basin, Canada, most of the piedmont piled thick Quaternary sediments. Thus creating a north to south, the sloping plain. Foot red, alluvial fan sites, mostly sandy gravel particles larger formation, the plain gradually transformed into particles within the thin sand or clay strata. Ground slope from north to south, and gradually slow down. Alluvial fan north of the general ground slope of 1 / 30 to 1 / 50, in the piedmont region general ground slope of 1 / 100 to 1 / 200. Because the basin is extremely arid climatic conditions, the relative lack of surface runoff. Basin north of the Tianshan Mountains, snow and rain water to recharge the dozens of forms of the flow of the river valley basin. One of the major rivers in the order from east to west by a Karl Qi, Kekeya, two Tang ditch, Krona ditch, ditch coal mines, Tal wave groove, Taihe Yan, Poplar River, Alaska ditch. Total annual runoff of only 665 million cubic meters, the annual average flow of 21.1 m 3 / sec. The largest average annual flow of Poplar River is only 7.29 m 3 / sec. In addition to the characteristics of these rivers do not have the traffic, Hong dry outer gap, and in the pass, the result of river gravel through the Gobi area, most of them into the ground, recharge the groundwater runoff. Flaming Mountain anticline but middle of the basin are mostly muddy shale, permeability range, played the role of the underground dam to prevent the inflow of groundwater basin south to the northern foot of the Flaming Mountain, there have been many dive return to form by the The high-water zone. All the gaps in the Flaming Mountains form a series of springs at the ditch. The major ones are: Jiangsu ditch, with wooden Qin ditch, ditch the wood, Grape Valley, Peach Seoul ditch, ditch teeth Seoul breast, big Caohu and so on. Very rich in springs flow, for a total annual runoff of 3.54 billion cubic meters. These springs out of the Flaming Mountain, once again repeated into the ground, the Flaming Mountain in the southern basin recharge underground runoff. Finally, Aydin Lake excretion in the basin center. The lake area is about 100 square kilometers, such as the annual evaporation is 3,000 millimeters, a year is the evaporation of 3 billion cubic meters of water consumed. Water Conservancy Bureau data by Turpan, Turpan Basin, there are currently a total of 1177 water Kaner, the exploitation of the average flow of 18.57 cubic meters / sec. The annual flow has reached 585 million cubic meters. Based on the above figures, has been used in the spring and the Karez water with lake water evaporation far exceeds the ground water runoff. Even as the return flow of spring water, can be neglected, and Kaner mining Aydin Lake evaporation of water and is greater than the sum of the ground water runoff Tianshan. Which proved the source of groundwater recharge, in addition to the main river bed leakage outside the Tianshan Mountains Paleozoic rocks there fissure water supply, so that the Turpan Basin, the groundwater resources are relatively rich. With large ground slope, etc., which constitute the natural conditions in the excavation Karez possibilities. 2. The necessity for the development of production Conditions for the development from the production point of view, the Turpan Basin is far away in ancient Europe and Asia during the Han and Tang channel traffic, economic and cultural importance, although the climate is very dry and the lack of surface water, but it is rich and abundant source of groundwater The natural spring water, resulting in the alluvial fan below the edge of the land is full of fertile oasis. Climate is very hot, rich in energy resources, frost-free period for up to 230 days or more, it is an ideal area for agricultural development. Therefore, since ancient times people used the natural spring water for agricultural production, not only planted the usual food, oil crops, and the development of the cotton, grapes, fruits, vegetables and other cash crops. Where agricultural production is not only the economic importance but also the political and military significance. Therefore, further development of agricultural production will inevitably requires people to develop more water sources, that is, the history of development of agricultural production, that is, working people's history of exploitation of groundwater, through thousands of years of productive labor, cultural and technical practices and internal and external exchange of experience, has finally found a step by step the best form of exploitation of groundwater - Karez. 3. Economic and technical rationality Although buried in Turpan Basin is rich in coal, oil and other mineral energy, but until today have not yet strong exploitation. Therefore, not only for the excavation of ancient Karez in the economic and technological conditions have a lot of restrictions, that is, today, the driving force in the Karez excavation equipment is still very lacking. Very little power, steel and cement are also distant from transport. These conditions to the surface of the water conservancy construction has led to great difficulties. However, the water in the form Karez can save earthworks, water supply can be continued for many years, and the local people lived life in the hot regions, known as the hole used to repair the kiln building and experience. Other people digging the production of spring practice, and gradually form Karez underground channels that not only can prevent the invasion of sand, and can reduce evaporation loss, few applications of engineering materials, technique is quite simple, easily mastered by local people. This is to overcome the technical difficulties in the local economy is very convenient, therefore, far less economic and technological conditions in the ancient case of masses of working people of all exploitation of groundwater by Kaner way, the economy seems to be more reasonable. In summary, the formation of regions in Turpan Karez have the three basic conditions, namely: ① In the local natural conditions, due to drought, lack of surface water, it is to produce, life would have to attach importance to development and utilization of groundwater. Meanwhile, the local groundwater supply due to high mountains, so abundant. Steep slope and the ground is conducive to the construction of Karez engineering, mining a rich source of groundwater, gravity irrigation of farmland and solve human and animal consumption. ② the development of production at the time, due to political, economic and military requirements, and the spread of Eastern and Western culture at that time, forcing people to seek further ways to increase the exploitation of groundwater, expansion of irrigation to meet the needs of the development of agricultural production . Thus lead spring structure must be improved to increase its extension to dig out the water. This gradually developed a prototype of the Karez water way. ③ In the economic technology, despite the low level of economic and technological conditions, but the Karez project structure can reduce the volume of earth works and construction equipment is extremely simple technique is also easily mastered by the local people, so Karez The water way at the time the level of economic and technological conditions is an ideal form.
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The origin of Xinjiang Karez
On the origin of Xinjiang Karez, According to the current understanding of the information, basically be divided into, "said incoming" and "own, said," two types of learning. In the "Incoming said," can be divided in "spreading into that" and "domestic introduction that" the two are described as follows: 1. Incoming said (1), said incoming foreign The main theory is that in the 17 century qanats from Persia (now Iran), was introduced into Xinjiang, and its based on are: ① Name of basically the same: Uighur, said, "Kaner-tzu" in Persian called "Kan Nazi" is basically the same language. ② People with card: far in 1780 (Qing Dynasty, Qianlong) Persian Su Liman (Solimen) came to Turfan, the construction of brick tower (now the Soviet public and the tower) can be as evidence. But this doctrine of the following questions: ① While the same name, but may also pass Ru Bosi of Xinjiang. Although there is evidence ② characters, but only 180 years ago, we visited a local star in l962 commune in the old wood off Kaner Carpenter A (then 86 years old), he felt as early as 300 to 400 years ago have a Karez. (2) that the domestic pass The main theory is that the Karez this was introduced into Xinjiang, Shaanxi Bailong Dali Dunhuang heap by the desert, and then pass Turpan, which according to the: ① According to historical records: the history of discipline on the Western Han Dynasty 109 BC (141 BC, a former 87 year) age, in this well will have a drainage Dali, Shaanxi, and the Western Regions on Han Jun Han Tun attack Dunhuang Wusun, in the desert southeast of this heap of soil Bailong have access to the foot of the base leather shoes Hou spring wells (six large drainage wells). In addition, the Western Han Dynasty against Dawan (now Soviet Central Asia Samar-arid areas), the locals still not sinking. There was no previous history of the Yuan dynasty records Karez literature until 1262 (7 oo years ago) written by Yu Yuan Liu "West to record" only the "well and canal," the record as evidence that the domestic long Well drainage structures, wells, only very late in Central Asia. ② According to the old Karez Karez name and the name of the tool digging and found evidence of ancient Karez in Antiquities: If a lot of Karez is a Han Chinese name: money with your threshold, the threshold of the West, East threshold, a large bucket of water ... ... long; tool name, such as single reel, reel and in Shanshan Ma Fort repair two buried underground reservoir that is very old, the Karez in copper water pipe, etc., that Karez is the Excavation of Han Chinese first came. ③ According to the survey of experts comment on the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union hydrogeological expert B · H · Kooning l957 a l959 years of Turpan in Xinjiang Karez test concluded that the Soviet Union in Central Asia and Iran in the vicinity of the structure and operation of qanats way are different. So that is two thousand years ago by the Xinjiang Karez Han invention the working people and people of all nationalities in Xinjiang by the long-term production practice carried forward. It's home in Dali, Shaanxi, since the Western Han in Xinjiang since the time they _set_tled the. But this argument the following questions: a. Shaanxi is the delivery of surface water drainage wells project, not the exploitation of groundwater in the project, there is a certain distinction. b. Chinese name of the Karez tools, can only prove Kaner is in the digging took part in the manufacture of tools for the Han Chinese, history does not necessarily prove Karez, Han Chinese name or the name of the Karez Karez are not necessarily the earliest. c. Karez buried copper water pipe only proved by the history of early and excavation for the Han Chinese, but also insufficient. Because Turpan wind, buried earlier, is not necessarily the first Kaner. In addition, similar to this doctrine, and still others to Lin (1785 a l850) invented Karez, and there are also a matter of time. Lin only l00 years ago because of the history, only that he advocated for Karez origin but has little merit. 2. Own say Kaner said that own the major local working people of all ethnic groups in the development of agricultural production and the struggle against drought, and gradually created from proven, and its reasons: ① began working people is the use of spring water for irrigation, and extension springs in the digging process, that can increase the amount of water, the longer the deeper the formation of open channels, open channel and then the earth too deeply, and easily freeze the collapse of the sand buried, it is also the development of deep-water drilling holes for the extension, the formation of the first corridor, the corridor after the excavated earth and extend a sense of difficulty, and then they have unearthed the shaft, resulting in the formation process of the continuous development of the initial Kaner. ② the local natural conditions is extremely dry, the ground water and very lack of objective conditions forced the people must pay attention to the development and utilization of groundwater resources in order to ensure the development of agricultural production and household water requirements. In other parts of the Tianshan Mountains is not Turpan prominent in this regard. Turpan area also did not like the steep ground slope so steep, the way conducive to exploitation by Karez underground. ③ Turpan Karez that more than two thousand years of history, as early as the Han Dynasty (BC 206-220 years) before the local will have a Karez. Problem is that this doctrine: a. Two thousand years of history still lack the necessary evidence (due to drainage wells in Shaanxi even earlier than that and no proof of literature). b. Why Karez similar to the name and Central Asia? Based on the above theory of the origin of various Karez, each have a different point of view. Our analysis by investigating the origin of Karez proposed preliminary experience and knowledge of the following: ① From the point of view the name of Karez: Xinjiang, the Soviet Union, Iran has a similar voice. Appears to be similar to each other, inter-linked. ② From the structural point of view Karez: Xinjiang, the Soviet Union, Shaanxi, are some of their characteristics, seems to be independent, each different. ③ the distribution from the point of view Karez: Turpan Basin in Xinjiang are indeed more arid regions, if the Karez is passed, why in the southern Gansu and other incoming or passing arid regions, but not early use of Karez it? ④ the tools and equipment from the point of view Karez: evidence of the working people of all ethnic groups have participated in the work, and mainly by Han Chinese, were the production of drilling tools. ⑤ natural conditions from the point of view: indeed the most drought and water shortage in the Turpan area is very rich areas of groundwater. , While the ground is the most steep steep slope areas. Excavation in favor Karez. According to the above initial understanding and experience, we believe that: Own that seems in line with the rules of development, but it can not be denied a role in passing said. (Such as the name of Karez, the use of tools and the introduction of drilling technology, etc.). According to historical perspective, Turpan is the main thoroughfare of ancient Eurasian transport (Silk Road), economic and cultural exchange areas, the introduction of Western cultural and technical formation of the Karez will play a major role. Therefore, we believe that under the conditions of Karez in integrated form, but tend to create their own, said the main incoming that is negative, namely: the main internal factors, external as deputy.
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Karez history
The ancient legend of the Karez Karez is a product of Chinese civilization. Hiroyuki Sheng, "Jingzhou mind" in the account: "Sui County, the northern boundary of a Li village, the village south of mountains, the mountain has a point, elders legend goes: Dragon born Lindsey has two cutting containing twenty acres around the one are land, in nine wells, Shen Nong only education, nine wells from wear. Yun: drain all the wells of a well is fixed, that this as Shen Nong Society, Temple of the annual session. "nine wells from wearing the same, a well affect public wells, which is interlinked Karez underground culverts the same structure. Shen Nong is the invention of agriculture and medicine, legendary figures, the Chuanjing together with him, showing its long history. Sima Qian's "Records of Wudi," says: "blind old man and the Shun Chuanjing, Shun Chuanjing to hide empty Pangchu. Shun not only the deep, blind old man and the soil under real well as a total. Shun away from the hiding space." Shun Chuanjing time to dig out the sidelines of a "hide empty" (authentic), which is very similar to the mining method of Karez. If: "Cover the air" as the level of authentic, that is, Karez, this is the 21st century BC, historical sites, than the legend of Persia in the 8th century BC, there is sill well, 1,000 years earlier. "Zhuangzi World" chapter says: "Son Gongnan swim in the Chu and anti-in Shanxi, had Hanyin, who see ten feet square plot for garden, digging the tunnel into the room well, holding the urn out of irrigation, Kuku ran very hard many, but few see the success. Zigong said: 'there is mechanical here, hundred Baptist day patch, and see the work force more than a very few, Master do not want to almost'? "Zi Gong was introduced to its advanced tools for irrigation water pumping Jie Gao, and Po who replied with "Wufei I do not know, shame not to also." He was afraid to use ingenious tools of thought disorder, persist in digging the tunnel water in accordance with traditional law. Tunnel digging can be seen in the Spring and Autumn period water is an ancient technology, the technology used in steep lots, wells can be dug into a ridge. "Zhuangzi Qiu water" chapter "Hum well," or "Hum well." Frog "good at a sink of water, and the joy of cross-squat Hom well." Well like the same kind in gully, ditch or underground water should be the culverts. (Xunzi is on) Yun: "Hum well the frog, not the joy of the East China Sea with the language." Hum well the name being officially appear in the pre-Qin classics. It is believed that underground culvert from Persia in 800 BC, China did not seriously elegant historical account of the relevant Hom Well, not without suspicion neglected. Although the account does not refer to the specific formation time Mingkan well, but clearly showing that cultures have a long history Hom well. Han Zhongyuan Drainage Law and Karez Well Turpan Karez underground culvert from the shaft, export flood dam, diversion drains consisting of gravity irrigation system works. Use of terrain features, through an underground culvert, the depth of tens of meters or even meters below ground undercurrents, directed to agricultural areas or living areas. Turpan Karez first explain the origin of man, between Taobao Lian Qing dynasty. In his "Xin Mao Shi Xing Ji", a book with wooden account of Shanshan Qi (Qin) west of the Kaner said: "The more small round Fu and the West, Mi Wang numerous, are Canale also. Kaner who tied back from the Department for foot drain water out of spring, every step of a well apply, the next intersection Mucao, on the cover of gravel, but also fear congestion for the sandstorm, the method is very ancient, has long had the Western Region. created by modern people moving clouds Lin Wenzhong , Definitely not. "He pointed out that in the folder Note: Turpan Basin Kaner and" Han. furrow Xu Zhi "cited Luoshui, underground water passage of the law relative to the same" ditch Xu Zhi "contains:" Yan Xiong Yan 'linjin people willing to wear heavy springs to the east of Los million hectares of irrigation so heinously. sincerity that have water, so that ten acres of stone. 'So the people sent through channels soldier, from citations under the Lo Shang Yan. shore good collapse, is a chisel Well, those four deep Shiyu Zhang. tend to Karez, phase underground passage of water. Water providers must Yen meteorite to the east, between the mountains receive more than ten years, well since the beginning of the Drainage of the students. "Chengcheng County, Shaanxi Province Village today introduced into a nearby canal Luoshui the remains of more than ten years into the WF Nanliu environment. Drainage wells were found in the first shaft 7. This is the river through an underground culvert will be directed to the mountains, Turpan Karez mostly to high subsurface flow through underground culverts cited the distance to the farmland, there are a few cited the river Kaner, the same engineering principles. "Well since the beginning of the Drainage of Health" means in terms of its wide dissemination, not to say that the engineering principles and technical experience to form at this time, otherwise, why words, "people willing to wear a Los linjin to irrigation," Han Wudi to Death people start immediately issued. This shows that already have a mature information technology applications Chuanjing. "Xu Zhi Han ditch" the law clearly describes well the promotion of the situation of Drainage; "in the north, River, Ha Tay, Jiuquan and Agrestis are irrigation channel to irrigate fields." "Rehabilitation of Suzhou New Notes" describes the Ming Dynasty, Suzhou Thousand Cao Bin " stone quarry for the hole, getting on the water ", that is, the promotion of well and canal of the law and inheritance. Han Yuan Ding six years (111 years before) wide children petitioned "Farfetched six auxiliary channels to the high interest of the field near the irrigation Zheng." Han Wudi Yun: "Name the mountains of the original very public, fine people of their benefit is unknown, it is through communication ditch, livestock Pei Ze, so drought preparedness also. "built by children in order to irrigate the high width of the field of six channels, which is" pass ditch ditch, "" animal Pei Ze. " "Su Tung Yi Shanze" interpretation "wave" cloud; "Pei who fan also, made for the water under the bell to prosperity benefits all things are." Huantai Shandong Province, the area referred to this cave well, Hainan Island, the term "Pei" It is similar with the Karez irrigation works. Yongping years after the Han (69 years) in summer, Emperor Ming, "then made hundreds of thousands of death, removal Wu Jing and Wang build drainage pipes, embankment, from the Ying Yang (Henan Xing Yang) east Qian Cheng (Shandong Lijin) than in the dry sea. King Business degrees are lying, Fu Shan cutting, breaking Tobe moraine, straightforward streams, divert Yong product, miles up a water gate, so that is more relative to whirl injection, no leakage of the risk of re-collapse. "In this large-scale water conservancy projects, cutting Fu Shan build drainage pipes and water, that is, Kaner-type culverts. Han Dynasty excavated culvert technology has been applied throughout the country. Xiang Yuan Luo day Writing "class series Chang'an," Song describes seven large and medium Xiangfu drainage repair the first case of Long, Chi Shu in the "Vector cited are the first of the gully, to the north of the old real trace of Tang, g waste tunnel repair , Vice-leaning deep border "of the sentence, proof of the drainage tunnel through the Tang and Song Han and still yield benefits until the Yuan Dynasty, two years into the cases of Yuan Zhen (1296) XIU Zhi Xiang Luo days when abandoned. Mr. Huang Shengzhang that the law well and canal of Han Dynasty, the Han after the "no development down," "did not spread outside of the Guanzhong Basin," with historical inaccuracies. Taobao Lian According to "Han Western Regions": "General Xinwu Xian Qiang Han breaking effect officers sent fifteen thousand people to Dunhuang, the case of row table emissary who wear leather shoes Hou wells west of the base, drainage want to switch to Google, the plot in order to discuss the Habitat House positions to. "and Meng Kang Note: the" big six drainage wells also, under the babbling gush, mountain soil in the White Dragon East heap. "He believes this is well drainage method in the concrete application of the Western Regions. Meng Kang said the three countries were the "big six wells", should be six Karez, they come together to form an Alliance with Quan Liu, mountain soil in the White Dragon East heap emission. Turpan Karez some Western scholars to explain the origin the other, France and Persia Pelliot to sewer that is similar to suspect this law came from Persia. Kingdom Witte as "Western Well drainage test," to distinguish it. Him under "Historical Records canals book" Shang Yan Dongshan Ridge Luoshui cited more than ten years between the historical facts recorded in the Cypriot gourd (Chinese yuan closed two years ago 109 years) before Zhang Qian's not the time the Western Regions, and the Drainage Law in China has been quite popular, it is only the old law, will not be Persia. Also, according to Wang Guowei's "Historical Records Dawan Biography": "Wan Wang city without wells, drain all water outside the city." When the army surrounded the city, and "smell the new Wancheng was known Chuanjing Qin." Han said, "Chuanjing" is underground culverts. The method is the "new was the Qin," taught, unmistakably describes well the Drainage Act was in the beginning of Han Dynasty (104 years ago) Li Guangli large Wancheng siege, by the Qin (China) were passed in Central Asia. Dawan from Turpan to be much closer than the Persian, the wells from the Drainage Act Shangqie Qin, Turpan drainage wells (Kaner) is the old law should be. Wang Guowei opened by Peel breakwater that Xinwu Xian Hou well "name drain, but also on the downstream, the drainage well indeed." He then "sand state map by the" cloud "Oi Ze fifteen years in the northern state of" inference " Han wells or drains leading to the dragon from the north of the city of Dunhuang heap carry on. Han Yu Shanshan, Mita at the car division, has this method. "Han Soldier Stationary Reclamation in the car division (Turpan) to the appropriate place to build wells Karez irrigation canal, completely in the bounds of reason. Historical account of the Han and Tang China, Persia, and not words and irrigation water of the law, until Liu Yu, "West to mind," it comes out of Shame fascine children (now Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, north-west) "in water, separated natives mountains sinking, Xiangyan dozens of years, dirty to irrigation fields. " Wang Guowei that "Han said the law is no different drainage wells, cover the East to Hu Jia the law in this land He passed the state who are not coming from the Bitu." Putting aside the Law of the Central Asian origin of drainage wells, Turpan Karez on technology is introduced from the Han Dynasty of China, Tuen Tianbing Cu old law judge, so far no one can put forward a good reason to the contrary. "Western Well drainage test," has strong persuasive, Pelliot in his "On the testament Wang Guowei," a text, has to admit that 2 century BC, Xi'an, Kaner have a class of drainage area well, but added that " Han said that as pure invention, it seems too early words. "Pelliot doubt because he did not understand China in the spring before there is the ancient tradition of digging the tunnel due to water. Dawan was in the new Qin Chuanjing, the "Waterways" Remember the Eastern Han Yongping eighteen years (75 years) Genggong keep Kashgar when the cut off by jian shui to Chuanjing to economic Meiji. Ten feet deep and fifteen, not water, Li Shi lack of thirst, drink juice board under tiles on roof horse manure. "There are, springs of water rushed out." Li Tao Yuan from the narrative perspective, not a vertical shaft carrying water, but gravity and rushed out, with the 'Chuanjing' term, should be the Karez. Mentioned here Kashgar, in the car division after the country. Genggong again be the second year of the siege, Emperor Ming Qian Bing to the rescue, to Liu, the cross-river attack, Captain Qiang Guan Chong Fan send Matrimony thousand people marched Genggong also welcome. Willow in the (now Shanshan Lukeqin) was the center of Garrison, to cut Genggong well Shizu, in the Turpan Basin Water will also build such. Tang Lo so "well endowed Genggong worship" cloud, "then is at the isolated city and Chuanjing, and you see heavy spring and to provide land." "Push Chixin of gods, Rolling element solution in the bucket lotus life." Nor the shaft is concerned. In Turpan permeation and evaporation are large, by the vertical shaft carrying water "provision to" really drop in the bucket, to no avail. "Hom lotus", the "lotus" 'Reading dàn (Dan); is small Hom Hom, again, he said next to the entry for "lotus", "Hom lotus" culverts should be interlinked with the structure of the shaft, Genggong is Karez wells. Some Western scholars to Uyghur called Karez is Kariz, with the Persian word "Cahe Mr Lyons" (Kahrea) similar as the main reason, surely Xinjiang Karez is coming from Persia. Yi Zhang of China scholars in the "Xinjiang, economic," a book also hold this said, "Hum well the system, according to I research, which is from Persia, located in Turpan, Hami, Shanshan, Toksun other counties." Contemporary Huang Shengzhang force holding this view are still in the "Social Science" magazine published a long article. Bo Quan is the author refuted the money, he stated Persian "Cahe Mr Lyons" (Kahrez) refers to the reed, Persian called Karez is "anat", not "Kahrez", it said Kaner the Uighur "Kariz" pronunciation not the same. Karez term, with the "Zhuangzi Qiu Water" chapter in the "Hom Well" is very similar. "Hum well" is often found in books. "Beginners mind" well into the yard, Hom wells names, see "Hum well," Wells has long been a full member of the family class. Hom well in Chinese is an open and closed syllables syllable words, children easily into Kaner, naturally translated into the Uygur language embedded in a "child" syllables. Uyghur Kariz directly from the Chinese transliteration of "Hum well" from. QIAN Bo-Quan to Karez in the "Historical Records", "Han" and other books in the "drainage well", and many people Huantai County, Shandong called "cellar well" for data, research Uighur Karez (Kariz) is the source of language Chinese "cellar well" in the paraphrase. Uighur "the hole" for the كارئز 〃 〃 olar, followed by its "child" transliteration ز (Z), he shall ر (r) and ز (Z) between the two consonants addition of a vowel letter ي (i), then "cellar well" translated into Uighur (olariz), غ "oI" The sound of friction with the jaw after the "k" sound similar, study into the "ka-riz" the. "Rehabilitation of Suzhou New Notes" describes the Hongwu, the Suzhou dry indoor Cao Bin, "twenty-five miles south of Suzhou in east repair air-raid shelter, the West cave of two canals, stone quarry cliff for the hole, who is also on the water gradually, very Singular. " Suzhou near the local people of Xinjiang are also known as air-raid shelter to Karez channel, or the Chinese Uighur Kariz paraphrase the well air-raid shelter, one that can be prepared. Whether Karez (Kariz) is the Chinese transliteration or translation, are that it originated from China. Drainage during the Jin and Tang Dynasties and the Karez wells flax Tang poetry on the vivid description of drainage wells, such as Lie Yu "water line," says: "A walk in autumn Hanyu spring, leads to deep breathing hole Romania. Miles undercurrent sound constantly, slowly flowing over the pedestrian head." It can be borrowed to describe Turpan Karez. (A) of the flax well and canal Otani one hundred twenty-two One instrument has "Tuen first channel, the East West Baihai You South flax flax well to the north drainage wells." Otani two hundred thirty-nine II instrument, "a One mu (Department of Field) Tuen head west five miles east of Drainage Drainage Drainage North West, South Zhao Shiyi shortage", which is cultivated in the same position of the two, one hundred twenty-two One instrument in the "□ □ "missing text, is two hundred thirty-nine 二号 instruments" five miles west of Tuen "character, the" East flax well "," South flax well "should be two hundred thirty-nine 二号 instruments" East Drainage "," South Drainage " water, it shows "til well" near the canal, which Karez irrigation canal into the farmland. But this can not be the names of flax well is the reason, but that is a combination of wells and drainage together. Turfan has "Well Drainage Division South East Drainage West Chang Liu Karez Before due to lack of text, I do not know what the name, "East Drainage wells Drainage phrase" confirmed the existence of drainage wells in Turpan. If the "drainage well" as flax drainage wells, and that immediately following the "East Drainage" to fully become superfluous text, and the Arts and unreasonable. Well flax, flax means Karez wells are in terms of drainage. In the absence of automated water pumping machinery era, under natural conditions in the Turpan this can not be formed by a shaft canal irrigation. In addition, the number two thousand eight hundred sixty-seven Otani instruments are the "four drainage wells in the til", and "a II mu (Department of Field) City □ Well til four in the canal." Otani one hundred twenty-four 三号 instruments of "mu (Department of Field) five miles north of flax." In addition to five miles west of the city drainage wells are outside of flax, five miles north of the city and the city four years □ Drainage wells are flax. This shows that the "flax well," the local name does not match the reasonable point of view, people just can not put Gao few miles outside the small circle of radius of the various places called "flax well." If these instruments in the "til well and canal" as the one in the northwest of the city Gaochang qanat to a matter of course. (B) of the spring remains well and illegal channels Turpan Karez Dynasty existence, but also from other literature and ancient ruins for clues. "Tangzhong Wu Wei generals leading the line ministry will PEI left Epitaph sand," says: "Stubbs played four towns, the public based upon the law to Jung, guided by the spring wells, battle-no dead failure." Turpan in the Tang Anxi four towns within the region, The "Guide to Spring Well" and "Spring Well", should refer to the Karez. This sentence is quite an accurate representation of the basic principles of engineering Karez, Karez is made to divert underground babbling. (C) knows the water and dig extension of the official Karez wells and public forest A poem of the sequence Shibu Hua Qing Dynasty says: "Iraq Creek River Water Lin Wenzhong open when banish the public, the so-called Forty-eight Kaner also." Lin twenty-five years in the dynasty (1845) Sixteenth Japan went from Urumqi, Turpan, the 19th root of 20 in Taitung Intuit grams (now 20 kilometers west of Turpan City) to see Karez, his "diary" wrote: "Twenty years Xu, see more pit along the way, exercise its name, said cards well, who can be cross-flow diversion from south to north, gradually introduced gradually, the water from the soil through hole and the line, Cheng incredible things. Here Land Gao Yu, kapok-year-old non-production calculation, both cards well water whom also. "here is only 5 kilometers from Royal Lake, Turpan Karez distribution is one of the regions. Lin from the Urumqi to Turpan, the Iraq with the then Governor Rick officials cultivated the southern slope of yellow counterparts, the two very deep friendship, Lin Rick Iraq will have on the proposed reclamation. After he went way back around the Tarim Basin, but also with the Iraqi officials Rick Long who won, Chia-mo were. And Ken Lin is also responsible for matters relating to survey the whole celebration at the memorial in the argument about Iraq Toksun Creek irrigation ditch Ceara Land, a "person, life, year, rich" households cultivated everywhere, bearing collar farming. Qing also mentioned the whole "north-south hub of Turpan, households should be placed in the Mainland China, 50 acres of family lands. Farmland water conservancy top priority, and to develop durable Shuji Constitution." Lin which has its credit. But in Iraq, presided over Rick engineering, who cut Karez, should be the official Governor Ken Wong Fu To the south slope and the Turpan prefect Church et al. Legend of the local people, according to the early Republic, Lin lake in Iraq, 90 km northwest of nullah at the start of works together with big, huge even with the suspension section. Dynasty, took over twenty-five years just Ah Ying Sa Ili General attaches great importance to water conservancy construction in Turpan, he said: "Turfan water wells, ground in a chain guide, water Takada, to prepare for channels cut to divert the less, it is called gate wells, the old There are three more than at, the people are 因伊拉里克 households unable to require an organization to donate money, you can have more than sixty Office, as one hundred. "Later, Rick 48 Shibu Hua describes the Kaner Iraq, should refer to greet Sa A said, are more than 60 donations to build the official Hom. Said the old more than 30, also is the official bucket, the bucket is not in the list public. Daoguangnianjian people Hom status, I keep from Seoul hematoxylin Uighur four years in March Bingtie Guangxu evident. "Dynasty twenty-six seven segment Gifford, or (B) wrapped around half the people pulling the children with Kaiqu Hu, Hom well water out, Gifford for the industry segment will be wrapped in acres and the people pulling the HU with the children and a half, two and (partner) acres of farming for several years. have (also) of the Gifford and Tianxing Yong, will be well written and Tianxing Yong Hum for the industry, there are (also), and Hu and pull the two and a half children (partner) species forty-five years. "Section Gifford Creek digging bucket wells in Iraq, that is, their industry, who was executive who fired the policy. According to "Water Resources in Xinjiang will be the second report," said; bearing normal (mean Yaqub occupied Turfan ago), that is, between the Qing wen, Turpan (including Toksun) have more than 800 Karez Road, Shanshan have Karez 360. Modern Karez Explicitly mentioned in the literature of modern existence found in Xinjiang Karez and Ying, "Tri-State Series Strategy," Volume 3, recorded Jiaqing years (1807) Turpan local people "willing to recognize Ken Royal Lake flows to one thousand three hundred forty acres, please Ken Carr to two hundred and fifty - acres. tide to pay the rent per acre four silver money to pay rent per acre Carl to six silver money. " The so-called "Karl to" refers to the Karez irrigation land, because of irrigation, reliable, great benefits, so the rent above the tide to 50% silver. According to years of Yongzheng (1734) and Eke Dui Ding Fu entourage when the Junggar reads: "Since Hamilton got up, living Su Hal gray city, this station is about Qishi Li, road easy walking, Lubang shall follow the Rebellion , turn on the water pond, "Hal Su gray city, where living Katuoboke, this station is about hundred miles, the road level, also dispensed land, drain the pool." twice above mentioned "rescue pond," immediately "flood Dam "Do not say that the export of water storage ponds Karez. to conclude, there Karez time should be earlier. Xinjiang Karez development has been slow. Nineteen years in the dynasty (1839), Urumqi City Lim King suggested: "What in the teeth of wood (that is elegant wood even) winding the South where there are cultivated to eight hundred acres of exploration, because the nearby water, water must be dug card a token of irrigation water. " But no progress - step by step documented. Qanats in modern advocate and promote the most powerful and influential figure in the devaluation Lin. Daoguang twenty-five years (1845) Repatriation Ili way, in about 40 kilometers away from Turpan to see Kaner, was very surprised and asked it after the great idea to promote the interests of knowing. This is recorded in his diary is very clear: "Daoguang twenty-five years (1845) the first month on the 19th, ... ... twenty years Xu, see more pit along the way, consult the fine-sounding name cards well, who can be cross-flow diversion from south to north, gradually introduced gradually, the water from the soil through hole and the line, Cheng incredible things. Here Land Gao Yu, the age of cotton production was not considered, all cards are also well worth the benefits. " Kara Shull then acting Minister of celebration in the planning of all matters relating to Iraq Creek reclamation "durable Constitution", wrote: "Charles Turpan wells within the Department to obtain more acres of spring water are provided, it is called" card well " ... ... their profits or even, the method is quite odd, both inside and outside of the consultation was not seen. The reclaimed land is not without the high base of the field, it is difficult to revert back so qu shui, should listen to the customers place their own space in the brine out of dug wells . " First, this text shows great interest Karez worthy addition to watering also shows Karez "Gaofu the field," an important role. Office of Water Resources in Xinjiang before Lin, Turpan Karez limited, amounting to more than 30, extended to Iraq and other places and Rick are more than 60 to open a total of over a hundred Department. These achievements are inseparable with the efforts of Lin's. Xinjiang to build another dynasty, is the culmination of six years Karez (1883) Zuo into Xinjiang after the soldiers. Guangxu nine (1886) built in Xinjiang province, called on soldiers and civilians Hing Water. Turpan Karez in the construction of nearly 200, in Shanshan, Kuqa, Hamilton, etc. are built a lot of Karez, and further extended to the north of Tianshan Qitai, Fukang, Balikun northern foot of Kunlun Mountains and the mountains and other places the skin. Early Republic of China, Xinjiang, Xinjiang Water Irrigation Association survey, focusing on Turpan, Shanshan and other places Karez proposed project was planned transformation of the old wells and digging new wells in the program to Turpan Prefecture, Shanshan, Kuqa and Fukang County focus. Turpan example, when the survey results: "River Habitat Third, Kanshui ranking the seven." Turpan Karez search more than 800 Old Road, there is a water channel 600, Shanshan about 360, more than 100 road in Kuqa. This 1944 survey figures have a greater disparity. In the early years of the PRC, 311.33 hectares of land in the Turpan area, 50% of the Karez irrigation. To 1957 years ago, there were 1237 water Karez, flow 17.86m3 / s 22,667 ha of irrigation. At that time, the commune (township) have dug Hom professional team and developed a "fixed leadership, and personnel, to determine time, task, given the quality" of the "five-_set_" system. Karez for fishing year round on clay, maintenance, extension, ensuring Karez water production increasing every year.
Translated by Google
Status Karez
In recent years, Turpan Karez was fading trend. Xinjiang Karez 50's up to 1700, with the constant drying up, late 80's has dropped more than 860 articles. Turpan Karez reaches up to 1273, is currently the only remaining 725 or so. The reason, the most important outside Turpan oasis ecosystem severely damaged. According to the latest remote sensing satellite data show a strong development in the area of desertified land area has the total area of 46.87 percent, rather than the total area of desertification area is only 8.8%. Growing shortage of water, falling water tables, Karez water flow is also decreasing. With the Turpan region's economic development, wells can be widely used. Less investment, high efficiency motor-pumped wells, mining is extremely casual. Thousands of ports throughout the region has a large number of wells pumping from the ground, while the region's 1.1 billion cubic meters of available water resources, groundwater accounts for only two million. In comparison, the Karez high cost, maintenance difficult, leading to declining utilization; in the surface water to spend some rivers in the construction of reservoirs upstream of the dam closure, the downstream water supply will be stretched. Reservoirs have been built and Keke Kaner their teeth Reservoir, downstream of hundreds of articles to his survival a direct result of Karez. In addition, the Turpan-Hami oil field development has intensified, light a Turpan-Hami Oilfield, Turpan spent each year 500 million cubic meters of water. Oil consumption is very large, in addition to drilling wells deep underground is a lot of deep water pumped, Karez water indirectly affected. Especially in the Karez wells drilled nearby, so Karez faced the risk of contamination. In 1997, the Turpan-Hami Oilfield has happened in the upstream oil and Karez Karez intersection, causing the oil water seepage. Step due to lack of monitoring means deep, deep current impact of oil on the water quality is hard to judge. The gradual decline for Karez, the parties completely different view. One view is that, from a purely economic point of view, survival is no longer necessary Karez. Rapid development in technology today, Karez too backward, easy to dry up in summer and winter water flow away for nothing more than Shiyou easily and can not Xucun. The reservoir can be filled with water, ecological regulation at any time. Karez die a natural death should be any survival of the fittest, replaced by the reservoirs and other water conservancy facilities. Another view is that working people in ancient China Karez left rare precious cultural heritage sites, with a high historical value and scientific value, especially in the emphasis on ecological development today, the Kaner has incomparable value of tourism development . If for today's short-sighted to the human heritage disappear, we will be unworthy of the future generations. Is the survival or destruction? Karez fate unresolved. In the Turpan area for over 30 years of administrative office Deputy Commissioner Cai Binghua bitter: "let it go, not 30 years, Karez will cease to exist." Local people's attitude is: to build the reservoir, wells play, Karez to protect. It is reported that in addition to Karez included in the Turpan area as part of agriculture and irrigation maintenance, but also organized the "Karez Research Association", and _set_ up a "Karez Stations", at any time the water level observation Karez water quality changes. For the protection of the Karez into the legal administration track, Turpan area as early as 3 years ago drafted the "Turpan Karez Water Regulations" and other relevant laws and regulations, report to the autonomous regional people's congress for approval, but has not been approved. It is understood that the region is also preparing to report to the National and autonomous regions to establish Karez Nature Reserve, in order to avoid causing new development and construction of new damage. May 25, 2006, Karez underground hydraulic engineering by the State Council approved the inclusion of the sixth national cultural heritage list.