Source:百度国学 "Mandarin" is the earliest works on the history of a country. Lu Zhou royal family and the records, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu, Wu, Yue and other vassal state history. The years since King Mu of Zhou (formerly 990) expedition Quanrong (about 947 years ago), were destroyed down to the Zhi Bo (formerly 453).
【Title】
Evaluation】 【
Mandarin in a strong ethical content tend to carry forward the spirit of Germany, respected ritual norms, that "gift" is to govern. And very prominent loyalist thought.
Mandarin more progressive political outlook, oppose tyranny and corruption, public opinion and talent, with a heavy thought of the people.
Mandarin records the Spring and Autumn Period of the economic, financial, military, military science, diplomacy, education, law, marriage and other content, the study of the history of the Qin Dynasty is very important.
References】 【Research
• Xuean Qin, Lian-Sheng Wang, "Mandarin Annotation", Jilin Literature and History Press, 1991 ISBN 780626138
• Dong Li Zhang, "Analysis of Mandarin Annotation", Jinan University Press, 1993
2, the Chinese name of a voice system
Before the establishment of the PRC in 1949 introduced the Beijing dialect as the common language of the movement of Han nationality. It proposed "Genbunitchi" and the "national language unification," the two slogans. "Genbunitchi" is not written in ancient classical Chinese, use modern vernacular. "Mandarin reunification" is a modern vernacular to the Beijing dialect of Mandarin as the national general. The campaign for the modern Chinese nation to establish and implement a common language for writing style and spelling of the reform, there is some contribution.
After】 【generated
As a result of the impact of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, after decades in the late Qing Dynasty to the problem have been proposed unified national language. The earliest reference to "national language" of this name, was appointed as the Imperial instructors of the classical masters Tongcheng lun. In 1902 he went to Japan to study political science, see the implementation of Mandarin in Japan (Tokyo words) the results, deeply moved, after returning home wrote to the Minister Zhang Baixi management science, and holds teaching Mandarin king chorus according to the letter, the implementation of " If Beijing "(Beijing dialect) as the standard Mandarin. In 1909, the Qing government advisory council meeting, Mr Qian Jiang made the "official words" Name of "national language", a "Mandarin Code Review Committee", responsible for compiling the research matters. 1911 Division held a "meeting of the Central Education", through "the case of a unified national language approach", the resolution established national language survey in the capital Federation, the provinces _set_ up branches, the words, syntax, phonology investigation, validation "national language" standards, edit Mandarin textbooks Mandarin and other dialects table. After the founding of the Republic in 1912, held a "temporary educational conference", decided to start with the pronunciation of Chinese characters start with a unified, held a "unity of pronunciation will be." 1913, "the pronunciation of unity would" meet agreed national pronunciation of Chinese characters (ie the "National Music") and cut the country sounds of the letters spell "phonetic alphabet" (also known as the "National accented letters"). Agreed later, the Northern Government has been not published. Then in 1916, Beijing, the education sector organization "national language of the Republic of China will" (referred to as "Mandarin Research") _set_ off a press release phonetic alphabet and the Northern Government to change school "Chinese" subjects as the "national language" Section of movement.
Research tasks will require a 5: ① provincial dialect survey; ② standard language _select_ion; ③ Grammatical Dictionary of editorial standards; ④ national school with a standard language editing textbooks and reference books; ⑤ edit Mandarin publications. Made the school's "Chinese" textbook was renamed the "national language" textbook. Movement around the education sector received a response. Mandarin Research Council increased to 12,000 members in more than 4 years. Northern Government in 1918, the Ministry of Education held a "meeting of the National Teachers president," the decision attached at the National Higher Education Teachers "workshop Mandarin Branch", designed to teach phonetic alphabet and Mandarin, and in November announced the "phonetic alphabet." In the same year, the "New Youth" and other publications put forward the "Literary Revolution" slogan, starting with the vernacular writing. 1919 "May Fourth" movement broke out, under the impetus of this movement, the Northern Government's implementation of the Ministry of Education _set_ up a government agency "unified national language preparatory" and instructions to change the national schools across the country, "Chinese" subjects as the "national language" Section. At the same time, also issued an order to modify the original "National School Order", provides the first Professor of phonetic alphabet, reform the style of textbooks and teaching methods, so that National Language Movement in schools has been initially successful.
【"National language" of the implementation】
"May Fourth Movement" after the Language Movement into the implementation period. Main task is to amend the phonetic alphabet programs, development of French Mandarin Romanization, adjust the "national voice" standard, and expand the education and application of Mandarin, as well as publishing, publicity and so on.
Closely related to language and ethnic groups in Taiwan. The points system by popular people in Taiwan can be divided into 4 major groups, which account for about 74% of Taiwanese, Hakka, about 12%, and mainlanders, about 13%, indigenous 1% or so. Taiwanese people to the Minnan dialect is the mother tongue to Hakka-speaking Hakka, and mainlanders to the "national language" as the mother tongue. Divided into 11 indigenous ethnic groups were different aboriginal languages, and use them as a mother tongue.
Minnan dialect is authentic in the Central Plains as the old saying. From the late Han to Tang Military Rebellion, one after another along the Yellow River in the Central Plains of migration to the south, to the southeast coast of the Luo as the old saying; number of immigrants from the mainland through the Ming and Qing Dynasties Strait to Taiwan again this language, so Taiwanese then also known as "Hokkien." Later, Taiwan's Minnan dialect evolved, "Tainan cavity", "Taipei cavity" and "Ilan cavity", of which the "Tainan chamber" the most representative.
In addition to the above language, the language has a certain status in Taiwan. Who had secondary or higher education will speak some English. In the foreign academic, business and tourism areas, English is the lingua franca. Today the people of Taiwan over the age of 70 will generally say something in Japanese. A lot from the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam, use of foreign workers in their own language.
Refers to the common language of their people. In the old name of China is Mandarin. Chinese schools and the government official language used in the past, now known as Putonghua Major Chinese dialects, about four-fifths of the country places
Translated by Google
Language lessons
That in the past, primary school language lessons
Translated by Google
The family or their shared language
Means the family or their shared language. "Sui Chih-yi": "and Houwei tentative central China, the military capacity of orders, tailor Yi language. After the dye Chinese customs, many can not pass, it recorded its the words, according to legend teaching learning, that the 'national language'." "Yuan History * exoteric Biography ":" ask the follow-steps of leisure, then life is extinguished Kennedy to Mandarin speakers "Chronicle". "Qing Wei," Sheng Wu Ji "Volume:" Therefore, the system life Fumiomi credentials by Mandarin, not Mongolia Chinese characters. "
Translated by Google
History books were
"Mandarin" is the earliest works on the history of a country. Lu Zhou royal family and the records, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu, Wu, Yue and other vassal state history. The years since King Mu of Zhou (previous 990) expedition Quanrong (about 947 years ago), were destroyed down to the Zhibo (formerly 453). Including national aristocracy among Zhaopin, banquet of, satire, argued that the words response and some historical events and legends. 【Title】 【Content】 A total of 21. • Volume 3 weeks of language • Lu Language Volume 2 • Qi Language Volume 1 • Jin Volume 9 • Zheng Language Volume 1 • Chu Language Volume 2 • Wu Volume 1 • Volume 2 more words Evaluation】 【 Mandarin in a strong ethical content tend to carry forward the spirit of Germany, respected ritual norms, that "gift" is to govern. And very prominent loyalist thought. Mandarin more progressive political outlook, oppose tyranny and corruption, public opinion and talent, with a heavy thought of the people. Mandarin records the Spring and Autumn Period of the economic, financial, military, military science, diplomacy, education, law, marriage and other content, the study of the history of the Qin Dynasty is very important.
Translated by Google
Name of a sound system of Chinese - Mandarin
Before the establishment of the PRC in 1949 introduced the Beijing dialect as the common language of the Han ethnic movement in the campaign for the modern Chinese nation to establish and implement a common language for writing style and spelling of the reform, there is some contribution. In fact, many people speak dialects of Mandarin, Mandarin, Chinese are not very clearly defined. Many people look at Mandarin, Mandarin, Beijing dialect used to each other, such as justice, the other will think that a Chinese Mandarin Chinese or equivalent. 【Name】 The following is the formal official definition: Mandarin: For historical reasons, generally refers to the people of Taiwan, said Chinese. Mandarin: According to the February 6, 1956 the PRC State Council issued instructions on the promotion of Putonghua, is the "voice as the standard pronunciation of Beijing, the northern dialect as the basis of dialect, to work as a model of the modern vernacular syntax specification." By the People's Republic of Government to promote the mainland. Sometimes people of Hong Kong and mainland China will be the "national language" in Mandarin as mainland China and Taiwan, Mandarin is another name. In Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region, according to the Basic Law of Hong Kong and Macao Basic Law, the two governments and civil agencies to promote Putonghua through various channels. Chinese: Singapore, Malaysia, the Chinese use of long-term _set_tlement, but the unofficial language of Chinese, modern Chinese and Beijing-based Mandarin. Widespread use of Chinese in Malaysia Chinese language, a mixture of a lot of English pronunciation, it is more Chinese mainland, Taiwan has more foreign words used in conjunction with the Hong Kong similar. After】 【generated As a result of the impact of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, after decades in the late Qing Dynasty to the problem have been proposed unified national language. The earliest reference to "national language" of this name, was appointed as the Imperial instructors of the classical masters Tongcheng lun. In 1902 he went to Japan to study political science, see the implementation of Mandarin in Japan (Tokyo words) the results, deeply moved, after returning home wrote to the Minister Zhang Baixi management science, and holds teaching Mandarin king chorus according to the letter, the implementation of " If Beijing "(Beijing dialect) as the standard Mandarin. In 1909, the Qing government advisory council meeting, Mr Qian Jiang made the "official words" Name of "national language", a "Mandarin Code Review Committee", responsible for compiling the research matters. 1911 Division held a "meeting of the Central Education", through "the case of a unified national language approach", the resolution established national language survey in the capital Federation, the provinces _set_ up branches, the words, syntax, phonology investigation, validation "national language" standards, edit Mandarin textbooks Mandarin and other dialects table. After the founding of the Republic in 1912, held a "temporary educational conference", decided to start with the pronunciation of Chinese characters start with a unified, held a "unity of pronunciation will be." 1913, "the pronunciation of unity would" meet agreed national pronunciation of Chinese characters (ie the "National Music") and cut the country sounds of the letters spell "phonetic alphabet" (also known as the "National accented letters"). Agreed later, the Northern Government has been not published. Then in 1916, Beijing, the education sector organization "national language of the Republic of China will" (referred to as "Mandarin Research") _set_ off a press release phonetic alphabet and the Northern Government to change school "Chinese" subjects as the "national language" Section of movement. Research tasks will require a 5: ① provincial dialect survey; ② standard language _select_ion; ③ Grammatical Dictionary of editorial standards; ④ national school with a standard language editing textbooks and reference books; ⑤ edit Mandarin publications. Made the school's "Chinese" textbook was renamed the "national language" textbook. Movement around the education sector received a response. Mandarin Research Council increased to 12,000 members in more than 4 years. Northern Government in 1918, the Ministry of Education held a "meeting of the National Teachers president," the decision attached at the National Higher Education Teachers "workshop Mandarin Branch", designed to teach phonetic alphabet and Mandarin, and in November announced the "phonetic alphabet." In the same year, the "New Youth" and other publications put forward the "Literary Revolution" slogan, starting with the vernacular writing. 1919 "May Fourth" movement broke out, under the impetus of this movement, the Northern Government's implementation of the Ministry of Education _set_ up a government agency "unified national language preparatory" and instructions to change the national schools across the country, "Chinese" subjects as the "national language" Section. At the same time, also issued an order to modify the original "National School Order", provides the first Professor of phonetic alphabet, reform the style of textbooks and teaching methods, so that National Language Movement in schools has been initially successful. Implementation】 【Mandarin "May Fourth Movement" after the Language Movement into the implementation period. Main task is to amend the phonetic alphabet programs, development of French Mandarin Romanization, adjust the "national voice" standard, and expand the education and application of Mandarin, as well as publishing, publicity and so on. Closely related to language and ethnic groups in Taiwan. The points system by popular people in Taiwan can be divided into 4 major groups, which account for about 74% of Taiwanese, Hakka, about 12%, and mainlanders, about 13%, indigenous 1% or so. Taiwanese people to the Minnan dialect is the mother tongue to Hakka-speaking Hakka, and mainlanders to the "national language" as the mother tongue. Divided into 11 indigenous ethnic groups were different aboriginal languages, and use them as a mother tongue. Minnan dialect is authentic in the Central Plains as the old saying. From the late Han to Tang Military Rebellion, one after another along the Yellow River in the Central Plains of migration to the south, to the southeast coast of the Luo as the old saying; number of immigrants from the mainland through the Ming and Qing Dynasties Strait to Taiwan again this language, so Taiwanese then also known as "Hokkien." Later, Taiwan's Minnan dialect evolved, "Tainan cavity", "Taipei cavity" and "Ilan cavity", of which the "Tainan chamber" the most representative. In addition to the above language, the language has a certain status in Taiwan. Who had secondary or higher education will speak some English. In the foreign academic, business and tourism areas, English is the lingua franca. Today the people of Taiwan over the age of 70 will generally say something in Japanese. A lot from the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam, use of foreign workers in their own language.
Translated by Google
Part of the Mandarin pronunciation of the word
Note: Only for research purposes, no interest, please bypass, thank you! First, a different tone: 1. Competent, and many others (read a voice of Taiwan, China Nian 4 audio) 2. Motion sickness, seasick (read a voice of Taiwan, China Nian 4 audio) (read 1, but most of the sound mainland) 3. Too bad, long way to go (read a voice of Taiwan, China Nian 4 sound) (but some people read a continental sound) 4. As, to walk vehicles (read a voice of Taiwan, China Nian 4 sound) (but some people read a continental sound) 5. Achievement, merit, performance, record (a sound concept in Taiwan, China Nian 4 audio) 6. Monuments, deeds, thing of the past (read a voice of Taiwan, China Nian 4 audio) 7. Signs of deeds, disappeared, traces of (read a voice of Taiwan, China Nian 4 audio) 8. Mosaic (read a voice of Taiwan, China Nian 4 audio) Kan income, Kan King (3 sound study in Taiwan, China Nian 4 sound) 9. Frame, window frame (read a voice of Taiwan, China Nian 4 sound) (the "Framework" the mainland was also read a sound) 10. Journals, weeks, expectations, time (read 2 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) ("week" sound of the mainland have read 2) 11. Little, small, light breeze (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 12. Suddenly, a breakthrough, highlighting the conflict (read 2 Voice of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) ("sudden" Taiwan is a sound most people skim the other 2 sound) 13. Male and female, empty promises (read 2 Voice of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) (where the error, the mainland system is now read as Hinata) 14. Tree-felling, crusade, logging, conquest, the Northern Expedition (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) (where the error, the mainland is now time for the 2 sound system) 15. Canvas, sailing, smooth sailing (Taiwan Nian 2 sound, read a sound mainland) ("canvas" the mainland to read 2 sound) 16. Ping Fan, barriers, vassal, rival principalities, Tseng Kuo-fan (read 2 Voice of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 17. Attack, combat, attack, assault, shooting (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 18. Pincer attack, clip note, entrainment, lined, mixed, (2 sound study in Taiwan, mainland China studying a sound) ("pincer attack, Folder Note, entrainment, lined" sound of the mainland north to read 2) 19. Bow, Ju Yu, tried their very best (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 20. Twist take, Nianxiang, sleeping around (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 21. Sun_set_, Tanabata, overnight, Eve, Eve (read 4 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 22. Former, previous years, yore, past and present, past (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 23. Farewell, at, unfortunately, treasure, cherish (Taiwan study 2 the sound of a voice reading the mainland) ("at all, but unfortunately" the mainland part of the oral reading of two sound) 24. Rest, rest, news, atmosphere, closely related to (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 25. Peril, danger, distress, crisis, adversity (read 2 Voice of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 26. Coconut, coconut, coconut milk, coconut milk (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 27. Uncle, uncle, nephew and uncle (Taiwan Nian 2 sound, a sound concept mainland) (2 read more continental north spoken sound) 28. Waves, waves, high sea (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) (Taiwan has been the basic concepts in real life IA) 29. Silence, solitude, silence (concept 2 acoustic Taiwan, China Nian 4 audio) 30. Docile, tame, tamer, tame (read 2 Voice of Taiwan, China Nian 4 audio) 31. Rather, prefer (read 2 Voice of Taiwan, China Nian 4 sound) (sound of the mainland part of the oral reading of 2) 32. Roads, buildings (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, China Nian 4 Acoustic) (original Hinata read the law the mainland, after the system time) 33. Questioned, challenged, nature, nature, quality, real (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, China Nian 4 audio) 34. Broadcasting, transmission, broadcasting (read 4 acoustic Taiwan, China read a sound) (Taiwan has been the basic concepts in real life IA) 35. What, pursue the matter, after all, let bygones be bygones (read 4 Voice of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 36. Bacteria, bacteria, fungi (studied in Taiwan 4 sound, a sound concept mainland) (read 3 of the Speaking Voice mainland) 37. Toil toil, toil toil diligently (read 4 of the sound of Taiwan, the mainland read a sound) 38. Character, conduct, morality (4 Voice studied in Taiwan, China Nian 2 sound) 39. Literacy, knowledge, understanding (read 4 Voice of Taiwan, China Nian 2 sound) 40. Violent death, tyranny, arrogance, tribulations (read 4 of the sound of Taiwan, China Nian 2 sound) (where the error, the two sides have always been falling tone) 41. The troops, reward, reward (read 4 Voice of Taiwan, China Nian 2 audio) (Taiwan pronounced a large part of the actual human hair into a second tone, with the mainland) 42. Cave, acupuncture points, vault, lair (read 4 sound of Taiwan, China Nian 2 sound) 43. Conjunctiva, membrane, film, cornea (read 4 acoustic Taiwan, China Nian 2 sound) (where the error, the two sides have always been positive sound) 44. Distillation, distilled water (read 4 sound of Taiwan, China Nian 2 sound) 45. Business, aspirations, penguins, an attempt (read 4 sound of Taiwan, China Nian 3 sound) 46. Unworthy, abuse, shame, humiliation, fortunately not Ruming (read 4 Voice of Taiwan, China Nian 3 audio) (Taiwan pronounced a large part of the actual human hair into a rising tone, with the mainland) 47. Signed, Acting, deployment, petition, signed (read 4 acoustic Taiwan, China Nian 3 audio) (Taiwan pronunciation of some human hair into rising tone) 48. Counterfeiting, forgery, disguise, hypocrites (read 4 of the sound of Taiwan, China Nian 3 audio) (Taiwan pronounced a large part of the actual human hair into a rising tone, with the mainland) 49. Next, shoulder to shoulder, everywhere, gang (read 4 sound of Taiwan, China Nian 3 sound) 50. Dance, fire and water, making the same mistakes (read 4 Voice of Taiwan, China Nian 3 audio) (Taiwan pronunciation of some human hair into rising tone) 51. Irony, satire, allegory, irony, sarcasm (Taiwan Nian 4 voice 3 voice recite the Mainland) (made in Taiwan, some people pronounce as rising tone) 52. Lian Rong, Lian Ji, money-making, convergence (Taiwan Nian 4 voice 3 voice recite the Mainland) (pronounced with a small part of Taiwan, human hair into a rising tone) 53. Tea house, dye house, the mill (read a voice of Taiwan, China Nian 2 sound) 54. Simple, primitive, frugal (read 2 Voice of Taiwan, China Nian 3 sound) 55. Storage, savings, reserves, savings, storage (read the 2 sound of Taiwan, China Nian 3 sound) 56. Common (read a voice of Taiwan, China Nian 3 sound) 57. Poubai, analysis, anatomy (Taiwan Nian 3 sound, read a sound mainland) 58. Files, Tiaodang, archive (read 3 sound of Taiwan, China Nian 4 sound) 59. Long hair, hair, haircut, hair knot (Taiwan read 3 sound, read the 4 sound mainland) Note: The above "a large part of people," said the announcer removed professionally trained, they will not make this mistake Second, the consonants, vowels, or tones of different: (in front of pronunciation in Taiwan, followed by continental pronunciation) 1. Exposure (pu / bao) 2. Guiji (gui / kuai) 3. Mahayana, Theravada, superior (sheng / cheng) 4. And (han / he) (here, "and" as conjunction) 5. Impulsive, hard, energetically (jin / jing) - 6. Rut, mistakes, Su Che (che / zhe) 7. A food basket for cooked rice (si / shi) (where the error, the mainland system read shi, but the actual teaching species concept si) 8. A pool of blood, lakes, Liangshanpo (bo/po-) 9. Comments, reward (si / ci) (where the error, where Taiwan actually has read ci a) 10. Embankments, dikes, embankments (ti/di-) 11. Hills and gullies, ravines, Qianshanwanhe (huo / he) 12. Yeast, fermentation (xiao / jiao) 13. Brackets, including general, to conclude, to include (gua-/kuo) (pronounced a large part of the people of Taiwan made kuo, with the mainland) 14. Mold, mold, look like (mo / mu) (where the error, the actual approval of Taiwan into a mu-like sound, with the mainland, but in fact two sides of people read a lot of misunderstanding about mo) 15. Hire, recruitment (pin / ping) 16. Cavalry, horse, Qingqi, cavalry, Qian Cheng Wan Ji (ji / qi) (here is unification and independence as qi, but the two sides still teaching ji) 17. Deterrence V, submission, awe (zhe / she) 18. Snails, small flat (gua-/wo-) 19. Confusion, sheer, confusion Miscellaneous (xiao / yao) 20. Hand, carry, guide and support (xi-/xie) 21. Hijack, hijack, mix the (jia / xia) 22. Yaan, cliff, timely turn (yai / ya) 23. Servants, helpers (yong-/yong-) (4 continent that many people misread the sound) 24. For the time being, temporarily, a short (zhan / zan) 25. Dormant, Waking of Insects (zhi / zhe) 26. Showers, suddenly, the steps (zou / zhou) 27. Stuttering (ji/chi-) 27. Blind date (xiang / xiang) 28. Garbage (lese / la - ji-) 29. Role (jiao se / jue se) (standard pronunciation in Taiwan jue se, no one actually sounds kind of basic concepts into jue se)
Translated by Google
English Expression
: Discourses of the States
n.: language, mandarin, Chinese national language, common speech, chinese as a subject in middle school or in primary school, the national language
French Expression
n. langue chinoise ( mandarin )
Related Phrases
concinnous
Chinese
Chinese culture
center the vernacular style of written Chinese
expect indelibility
songbird
gangtai
Music People
history
Shi Ji(Historical Records)
historiography
idiom
literature
locution
become book containing listsof words and phrases grouped according to their meanings