Buddhist glossary : Spring and Autumn Annals : politics > sovereign
Contents
No. 1
  The supreme ruler of the ancient state; modern head of state in some countries. Some said the king, and some said the emperor.
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jūn zhǔ
  Rule, more territory (such as the kingdom or empire), usually for life-long system of hereditary succession and the people
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No. 3
  Was crowned monarch
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No. 4
  Monarchy itself is not subject to the laws of
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Monarch
  Monarch. "Han Fei Chen Love": "Therefore in the dukes broad, also victims of the Son of Heaven; ministers of the very rich, monarch of the loser." Qing Zou Rong "Revolutionary Army": "Heaven's establishment of the Manchu Emperor, in order to warn of eternal tyranny of the monarch was no longer there. "Ba Jin" Autumn "12:" They like the mad despot, relying on personal likes and dislikes of the moment, arbitrary killing is not resistant subjects. "
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No. 6
  Daughter of the monarch. Jewish Princess. "Historical Chronology of the six countries": "﹝ ﹞ Qinling Gong for eight years beginning with the sovereign's wife river." Sima Zhen Solitude: "monarch, still Princess."
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No. 7
  Utah Dragon; dominate. Jin Yuan Hong "under the Later Han Ji Lingdi century": "Zhen Yi subtle body, the sovereign at home and. I am most grateful apprehension, extravagant know the economy."
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No. 8
  King master. Refer to the monarchy. Guanying "Advising Learning House on the [appendix]": "monarch who, on the right to indulge in; Democrats, under the right to indulge in; Jun Castles people who have lent their right to peace."
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No. 9
  君主(monarch)指人类进入文明社会具备国家雏形以後,对最高统治者的称谓。作为术语多与君主制、封建制度相联系;到人类的封建时代多继承上实行君位世袭制,在任期上实行王位终身制。人类社会的发展史上出现的分封制,即由共主分封土地、封赐爵位,共主和被赐封的人被称为君主。在非洲、中东、欧洲和中国情况由于文化传统导致社会形态有不同,很难归类,其对象如下。
  统治者 ;
  天子:周王认为自己是天之骄子,所以自称“天子”,后来用作对皇帝的别称;
  皇帝:我国和西欧历史上最高统治者的称号,我国皇帝称号始于秦始皇,而西欧最早采用这一称号的是罗马帝国的戴克里先,往往含有“将军”、“统帅”的意思,一般只有统治范围辽阔的君主才有资格叫皇帝;
  国王:在我国曾经是最高一等的封爵,在中世纪的西方是在自己领有的王国内部仅次于神圣罗马帝国皇帝的最高统治者称号,现在多为立宪君主国的国家元首,在位而不统治。
  诸侯王:中国学者对中国历史上出现的封地(诸侯)的最高统治者的称谓 ,也叫藩王;
  王:在秦始皇以前是国君的称号,自汉朝起成为第一级封爵,分为亲王(有时是国王)和郡王两等,大多封给宗室皇亲;
  君王:中文对君主和王的合称,和“帝王”是同义词,一般用以总称称号不同的各类君主
  沙皇:斯拉夫国家的统治者,南斯拉夫、保加利亚、俄国在历史上都曾使用过该名号,它由罗马执政官凯撒的名字讹变而来,伊凡四世是第一个号称沙皇的俄罗斯君主,彼得大帝被枢密院尊为皇帝后,沙皇一词沿用为对俄国皇帝的俗称;
  天皇:日本皇帝,自称是“日出处天子”;
  大公:地位介于国王与公爵之间的君主称号,也是俄国和奥地利帝国亲王的封爵;
  大君:1)李氏朝鲜的王子,2)印度等国大土邦的邦主,不丹国王至今仍享有这个称号;
  土王:南亚和东南亚穆斯林国家的土邦领主,也可以表示大君的王子,英文为Raja;
  酋长:有“埃米尔”和“谢赫”两类,不少阿拉伯酋长国的前身就是部落,所以酋长国其实就是部落国家化的产物;
  苏丹:有的也译成“素丹”,伊斯兰世界许多国家的最高统治者,起始于奥斯曼土耳其,后被其他回教国君主广泛采用;
  可汗:中亚及北亚游牧民族的君主,还有的则叫大汗,应该和皇帝是同一个级别了;
  女性君主:欧洲国家信仰基督教,实行一夫一妻制,因此容易出现男性断嗣现象,所以他们也允许女子有继承权,故而也便有了诸如女皇、女王、女大公等一系列女君称号。
  公主:指古代帝王之女。《史记·六国表·秦灵公八年》:“初以君主妻河(伯)。”司马贞索引:“君主,犹公主也;妻河,谓嫁之河伯。”
  君主立宪制与君主专制的区别:
  君主立宪制中君王没有独裁的权力,其政治权力是受到法律严格限制和约束的.。
  君主立宪制又称“有限君主制”,一些国家以君主(国王、皇帝等)为元首,但其权力按宪法规定受不同程度限制的政权组织形式。君主立宪是资本主义国家君主权力受宪法限制的君主制,是资产阶级同封建势力妥协的产物。根据各个国家发展的不同情况,以及阶级力量对比关系,君主的实际权力和地位在各国的差异很大。形式上分二元制和议会制两种,前者如从明治维新到第二次世界大战时的日本,后者如现在的英国。在二元制国家里,君主仍保持封建专制时代的权威,虽设有议会和宪法,但作用不大。在议会制国家里,皇帝或国王在名义上是国家元首,但国家的大权实际上则掌握在议会和政府的手中,世袭君主只处于象征的地位。
English Expression
  1. :  sovereign
  2. n.:  rex,  male ruler,  master,  male ruler of an independent state, usu inheriting the position by right of birth,  sovereign prince,  throne,  sovereignty,  seignior,  seigneur,  monarch,  lord,  liege,  king,  emperor,  dynast,  duke
French Expression
  1. n.  souverain, monarque
Thesaurus
king, king the C-of the Faithful, crown, czar, empress, sovereign
king
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