Chloroplasts in plant cells is very important green pigment. Is the main substance of plant photosynthesis. Have chlorophyll a, b, c, mainly absorb red and blue. Has been able to synthetic, can be used for food, cosmetics and medicine, non-toxic coloring agent.
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No. 2
◎ chlorophyll yèlǜsù
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No. 3
The green substance of plants, necessary for photosynthesis, is usually found in separate body, and only in a light and living cells to exist when there is iron, extracted chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b Dedao mixture, there are different amounts of other pigments ( such as carotene and lutein)
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No. 4
Any of several fat-soluble pigments, constitute the type of green material
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No. 5
Green plants is the use of carbon dioxide in the air, sunlight, soil moisture and minerals to make food for themselves, the process called "photosynthesis", and the necessary green light elements were absorbed within the leaf, the Chlorophyll is the green element types. Chlorophyll (chlorophyll): photosynthetic membrane of green pigment, which is captured in photosynthesis the main component of light. Chloroplasts of higher plants chlorophyll (chlorophyll, chl) are mainly two kinds of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. They do not dissolve in water, but soluble in organic solvents, such as ethanol, acetone, ethyl ether, chloroform and so on. In color, chlorophyll a was blue-green, while chlorophyll b was yellow green. According to the chemical nature, Chlorophyll is the green leaves of acid esters, saponification reaction can occur. Chlorophyllin is a two-carboxylic acid, one carboxyl group by esterification by methanol, and the other by the esterification of leaf alcohol. Chlorophyll molecule contains a porphyrin ring of the "head" and a phytol "tail." Mg atoms residing in the central porphyrin ring, biased in favor of positive charge, associated with the nitrogen atom is biased in favor of a negative charge, which has a polar porphyrin, is hydrophilic, and can be combined with protein. Leaf alcohol is composed of four isoprene units diterpene, is a lipophilic fatty chain, which determines the fat-soluble chlorophyll. Chlorophyll does not participate in the transfer of hydrogen or hydrogen oxidation, but only in electronic transfer (ie, gains and losses caused by the redox electron) and conjugate transfer (direct energy transfer) approach in energy transfer. Magnesium in the porphyrin ring atoms can be h +, cu2 +, zn2 + the replacement. With acid leaves, h + easy to enter the chloroplast, the replacement of magnesium atoms to the magnesium of chlorophyll, the leaves were brown. Chlorophyll is easy to re-magnesium and copper ions, forming copper on behalf of the chlorophyll, the color is more stable than the original. According to this theory people often deal with copper acetate to save the green specimens. There are a, b, c, and d4 species. Where the release of oxygen during photosynthesis of plants contain chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b in higher plants, green algae and Euglena algae; chlorophyll c present in diatoms, dinoflagellates and brown algae, the chlorophyll d present in red algae. The molecular structure of chlorophyll a pyrrole ring by a 4 by 4 methine base (= ch-) connected to form ring structure, called the porphyrin (ring on side chain). The central porphyrin ring atoms combined with a magnesium and a cyclopentanone (Ⅴ), the acid in the ring Ⅳ was phytol (c20h39oh) esterification, saponification to form a water-soluble potassium salt. In the acidic environment of the magnesium porphyrin ring can be replaced by h, is called to the magnesium of chlorophyll, brown, copper or zinc to replace when h, its color and turn green, this pigment stability, do not fade in the light not destroyed by the acid, soaked the preservation of plant specimens, is to use this feature. In photosynthesis, most of the role of chlorophyll absorption and transmission of light energy, only a very small number of chlorophyll molecules play the role of solar energy conversion. They are probably in vivo in combination with proteins found in thylakoid membrane. Phytol is lipophilic aliphatic chain, because it determines the presence of fat-soluble chlorophyll molecules, so that dissolved in acetone, alcohol, ether and other organic solvents. Mainly red and blue-violet light absorption (in the 640-660nm in the red part and the 430-450nm blue-violet light intensity of the absorption peak), because the chlorophyll does not absorb green light to basically green and visible through the green, due to structural differences, chlorophyll a was blue-green, b yellow green. Susceptible to oxidation in the fading light. Chlorophyll is a two carboxylic acid ester, and the alkali saponification reaction occurred. The role of chlorophyll Hematopoiesis Nobel Laureate dr.richard willstatter and dr.hans fisher also found that: chlorophyll molecules and the body's red blood cells is a molecule similar in structure, the only difference is the core of each atom of magnesium and iron atoms. Therefore, the consumption of chlorophyll on maternal blood loss and those due to accidents will be very helpful. Help relieve the body of drug residues of pesticides and Nutritionist Dr. bernard jensen, chlorophyll can be removed residues of pesticides and drugs toxins, and combined with radioactive substances and to the body. In addition, he also found that healthy people generally will be higher than in patients with blood counts, but by absorbing a large number of chlorophyll, the patient's blood count will increase, health will be improved. Beauty skin New England Journal of Medicine have made such a report: chlorophyll helps to restrain internal infections and skin problems. American Journal of Surgery reported: temple University in 1200 patients, try to treat various diseases of chlorophyll, the effect is excellent. Chlorophyll a variety of health functions Pollution-free green food as people gradually increased the degree of concern, chlorophyll - the green plants that exist in a unique and important nutrients, its health care functions are beginning to be people's attention. Health experts point out that the Church of chlorophyll in addition to resistance to radiation, strong muscles, but also another eight health care. 1) hematopoiesis: Chlorophyll is rich in Fe, is a natural blood raw materials, there is no chlorophyll, it can not create an endless stream of blood, the body will be anemia. 2) provide vitamin: Chlorophyll contains a lot of vitamin c and inorganic salts, is indispensable to human life and activities of the material, but also maintain the alkaline body fluids, is conducive to health. 3) to maintain the enzyme activity: enzyme, also known as "enzyme" is a catalyst for chemical changes the body responsible for the synthesis of various chemical substances and decomposition of work. If the enzyme deficiency, some chemicals are not fully decomposition and composition, will form a peroxidation of free radicals, which damage the body's normal cells, causing various diseases. The enzyme activity of chlorophyll can be maintained so that it play a strong antioxidant against free radicals, anti-aging. 4) Detoxification: Chlorophyll is the best natural antidote, and in all kinds of junk food can contain preservatives, additives and flavors such as accumulation of toxins in the body and excreted play its role in purifying the blood. 5) anti-inflammatory effect: chlorophyll can also prevent infection and prevent the spread of inflammation, has a bactericidal anti-inflammatory effect. For many, especially inflammation of the skin inflammation, trauma, long treatment of gastric ulcers, colitis and others have unexpected results. 6) deodorizing effect: the role of chlorophyll is another important deodorization, because it can inhibit the metabolism of sulfur compounds generated in the process. As long as drinking the right amount of green juice every day, can make the mouth, nose, the body gives off bad breath, sweat, urine, fecal odor, such as smell disappears. 7) physical disease: chlorophyll in improving physical fitness, physical illnesses also have many effects. Such as to enhance the body's tolerance; also anti-aging, cancer, prevention of gene mutations and other functions, is the guardian of human health. 8) The cellulose rich: because the fibers in plant leaves together with the presence of chlorophyll, so the intake of chlorophyll is equivalent to the same time intake of fiber. The Church kennodo health food Health recommend: knd barley juice if Ye is refined from the green seedlings of barley, barley seedling by the Japanese scientist Dr. Ogihara meaning show proved more than a decade of individual data on land, including the most nutritious and most balanced of a plant. Green juice is not only rich in chlorophyll, also contains plenty of vitamins, minerals, enzymes, protein, dietary fiber and other nutrients, is a natural high alkaline food, for improving the acidic, purify the blood, anti-oxidation, discharge toxins, prevention of diseases have unexpected results! Chlorophyll in the food processing and storage changes in the ① Changes due to acid and heat ② enzymatic changes In the process of plant aging and storage, the enzyme can cause damage to the decomposition of chlorophyll. This enzymatic change can be divided into two types of direct effects and indirect effects. As the substrate directly, only chlorophyll chlorophyllase, chlorophyll phytol catalyzed ester hydrolysis of chlorophyll phytol produced off. Pheophytin is also its substrate, the product is water-soluble chlorophyll phaeophytin off plants, it is olive green. The optimum temperature for chlorophyllase 60 ~ 82 ℃, 100 ℃ when the complete inactivation. There are indirect effects from protease, esterase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase, pectin esterase and so on. Protease and esterase protein complex through the decomposition of chlorophyll, the chlorophyll loss of protection more were damaged. Lipoxygenase and peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of the corresponding substrate, during which the material produced will cause oxidation and decomposition of chlorophyll. The role of pectin esterase is hydrolyzed to pectic acid, pectin, thereby increasing the proton concentration, the chlorophyll phaeophytin were destroyed. ③ photolysis In the living green plants, chlorophyll photosynthesis can play, but also photolysis does not occur. However, during storage in the processing of chlorophyll by light and oxygen effects often been interpreted as a series of light fade small molecules. Photolysis product is lactic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, and a small amount of alanine. The right choice of packaging materials and methods, and appropriate use of antioxidants to prevent photooxidation fading.
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Introduction
A class and photosynthesis (photosynthesis) the most important pigment. Synthesis of some organic compounds through photosynthesis to light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll is actually found in all photosynthetic organisms can camp, including green, blue-green algae prokaryotic (cyanobacteria) and eukaryotic algae. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light, then energy is used to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. Chlorophyll is a chlorin phenol (chlorin) pigment, the structure and porphyrin (porphyrin) pigments such as heme similar. Phenol ring in the chlorin have a central magnesium atom. Chlorophyll a number of side chains, usually including a long of foundation (phytyl chain). Here are some of nature can be found in the chlorophyll: Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c1 Chlorophyll c2 Chlorophyll d Molecular Formula C55H72O5N4MgC55H70O6N4MgC35H30O5N4MgC35H28O5N4MgC54H70O6N4MgC3 group-CH = CH2-CH = CH2-CH = CH2-CH = CH2-CHOC7 group-CH3-CHO-CH3-CH3-CH3C8 group-CH2CH3-CH2CH3-CH2CH3- CH = CH2-CH2CH3C17 Mission-CH2CH2COO-Phytyl-CH2CH2COO-Phytyl-CH = CHCOOH-CH = CHCOOH-CH2CH2COO-PhytylC17-C18 bond single bond single bond single bond double bond double bond normally present in the common variety of terrestrial plants some red algae and a variety of algae, the role of algae 1 2 reaction center antenna, the antenna effect Green plants is the use of three-dimensional model of molecular carbon dioxide in the air, sunlight, soil moisture and minerals to make food for themselves, the process called "photosynthesis", and the necessary green light elements were absorbed within the leaf This organic compound is a green chlorophyll. Chlorophyll in chloroplasts of higher plants are mainly two kinds of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (molecular formula: C40H70O5N4Mg) is the natural synthesis of low molecular weight organic compounds. Chlorophyll does not belong to aromatic compounds. They do not dissolve in water, but soluble in organic solvents, such as ethanol, acetone, ethyl ether, chloroform and so on. In color, chlorophyll a was blue-green, while chlorophyll b was yellow green. Chlorophyll, as shown in the right structure, we can see, this molecule contains 3 types of double bonds, ie carbon-carbon double bond, oxygen and carbon double bonds and carbon and nitrogen double bond. According to the chemical nature, Chlorophyll is the green leaves of acid esters, saponification reaction can occur. Chlorophyllin is a two-carboxylic acid, one carboxyl group by esterification by methanol, and the other by the esterification of leaf alcohol. Chlorophyll molecule contains a porphyrin ring of the "head" and a phytol "tail." Mg atoms residing in the central porphyrin ring, biased in favor of positive charge, associated with the nitrogen atom is biased in favor of a negative charge, which has a polar porphyrin, is hydrophilic, and can be combined with protein. Leaf alcohol is composed of four isoprene units diterpene, is a lipophilic fatty chain, which determines the fat-soluble chlorophyll. Chlorophyll does not participate in the transfer of hydrogen or hydrogen oxidation, but only in electronic transfer (ie, gains and losses caused by the redox electron) and conjugate transfer (direct energy transfer) approach in energy transfer. Magnesium in the porphyrin ring atoms can be H +, Cu2 +, Zn2 + by the replacement. Blade with acid, H + easy to enter the chloroplast, the replacement of magnesium atoms to the magnesium of chlorophyll, the leaves were brown. Chlorophyll is easy to re-magnesium and copper ions, forming copper on behalf of the chlorophyll, the color is more stable than the original. According to this theory people often deal with copper acetate to save the green specimens. Total chlorophyll a, b, c, and d4 species. Where the release of oxygen during photosynthesis of plants contain chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b in higher plants, green algae and Euglena algae; chlorophyll c present in diatoms, dinoflagellates and brown algae, the chlorophyll d present in red algae. Phytol is lipophilic aliphatic chain, because it determines the presence of fat-soluble chlorophyll molecules, so that dissolved in acetone, alcohol, ether and other organic solvents. Mainly red and blue-violet light absorption (in the 640-660nm in the red part and the 430-450nm blue-violet light intensity of the absorption peak), because the chlorophyll does not absorb green light to basically green and visible through the green, due to structural differences, chlorophyll a was blue-green, b yellow green. Susceptible to oxidation in the fading light. Chlorophyll is a two carboxylic acid ester, and the alkali saponification reaction occurred.
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The role of chlorophyll on the human body
Hematopoiesis. Nobel Laureates Dr.Richard Willstatter and Dr.Hans Fisher found that chlorophyll molecules and molecules in the body's red blood cells was very similar structure, the only difference is the core of each atom of magnesium and iron atoms. Therefore, the consumption of chlorophyll on maternal blood loss and those due to accidents will be very helpful. Help relieve the body residues of pesticides and drugs. Nutritionist Dr. Bernard Jensen, chlorophyll can remove toxic residues of pesticides and drugs, and combined with radioactive substances and to the body. In addition, he also found that healthy people generally will be higher than in patients with blood counts, but by absorbing a large number of chlorophyll, the patient's blood count will increase, health will be improved. Beauty skin. New England Journal of Medicine have made such a report: chlorophyll helps to restrain internal infections and skin problems. American Journal of Surgery reported: Temple University in 1200 patients, try to treat various diseases of chlorophyll, the effect is excellent.
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Chlorophyll in the food processing and storage changes in the
① Changes due to acid and heat ② enzymatic changes In the process of plant aging and storage, the enzyme can cause damage to the decomposition of chlorophyll. This enzymatic change can be divided into two types of direct effects and indirect effects. As the substrate directly, only chlorophyll chlorophyllase, chlorophyll phytol catalyzed ester hydrolysis of chlorophyll phytol produced off. Pheophytin is also its substrate, the product is water-soluble chlorophyll phaeophytin off plants, it is olive green. The optimum temperature for chlorophyllase 60 ~ 82 ℃, 100 ℃ when the complete inactivation. There are indirect effects from protease, esterase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase, pectin esterase and so on. Protease and esterase protein complex through the decomposition of chlorophyll, the chlorophyll loss of protection more were damaged. Lipoxygenase and peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of the corresponding substrate, during which the material produced will cause oxidation and decomposition of chlorophyll. The role of pectin esterase is hydrolyzed to pectic acid, pectin, thereby increasing the proton concentration, the chlorophyll phaeophytin were destroyed. ③ photolysis In the living green plants, chlorophyll photosynthesis can play, but also photolysis does not occur. However, during storage in the processing of chlorophyll by light and oxygen effects often been interpreted as a series of light fade small molecules. Photolysis product is lactic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, and a small amount of alanine. The right choice of packaging materials and methods, and appropriate use of antioxidants to prevent photooxidation fading.
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Chlorophyll in the global carbon cycle
Japan found that chlorophyll may affect the global carbon cycle D. Tokyo in August 2008, a Japanese research team in the new issue of the U.S. "Science" magazine reported that enables photosynthesis in the near infrared radiation material under - Chlorophyll D in the Earth's oceans and lakes, widespread, The chlorophyll may be the carbon cycle on Earth one of the driving forces. Previous studies that exist only in a small number of chlorophyll D marine algae within a very limited distribution in the ocean waters, the role of the carbon cycle on Earth is negligible. However, marine research and development institutions in Japan and Kyoto University, a new study conducted jointly by the previous conclusion that is incorrect. Press release issued by these two agencies, said researchers from the Arctic Ocean, Japan's Sagami Bay and Lake Biwa, Antarctic waters, the concentration difference between water temperature and salinity waters collected nine large underwater deposits, was found in all the deposits contain the product of D and photosynthesis of chlorophyll. The statement said that D is the absorption wavelength of chlorophyll 700 nm to 750 nm near-infrared the only photosynthetic pigment, these findings suggest that in the near infrared has been used in photosynthesis, and may the carbon cycle on Earth impact. Researchers estimate that if global carbon dioxide absorbed by chlorophyll D converted into carbon, may be about 10 million tons annually, equivalent to an average annual increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for about a quarter of the amount.
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Wikipedia Daquan
yel □ su Chlorophyll chlorophyll Chlorophyll is the general term of chlorophyll a and b. Catalytic effect of plant photosynthesis in the leaves of the green pigment, usually found in organelles called chloroplasts. Plants use chlorophyll to photosynthesize nutrients.