Artiodactyla acute infectious disease of animals, pathogen is a virus. The main symptoms are fever, oral mucosa and the Department of occurrence of blisters and foot ulcers, mouth flow of foam, limp. Spread quickly, and sometimes people are infected.
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Overview
Foot and mouth disease the common name "ulcer", "provision Huang," is caused by the foot and mouth disease virus cloven-hoofed animals, an acute, febrile, highly contagious disease. Mainly cloven-hoofed animals against, and occasionally in other animals. Characterized by the oral mucosa, skin, hoof and the occurrence of breast blisters.
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Pathogen
Micro-mouth disease virus is an RNA virus families rhinovirus, the virus is known to the most subtle level. The maximum diameter of 23 nm, the minimum particle diameter of 7-8 nm. Foot and mouth disease virus is known around the world seven main types ca, o, c, South Africa 1, South Africa 2, South Africa 3 and Asia 1. Foot and mouth disease epidemic in China is mainly o, a, c III and zb-type (Yunnan Baoshan type). It was observed that a region of cattle vaccinated against foot and mouth disease through effective, 1-2 months after the popular will, which is often suspected to be caused by another virus type or subtype. This is because the virus mutates easily. Of the virus highly resistant to the external environment, in the frozen case, blood and fecal virus can survive for 120-170 days. Direct sunlight for 60 minutes to kill; heating 85 ℃ 15 minutes, and boil 3 minutes to die. The role of pH-sensitive, so a 296 1% sodium hydroxide, 30% of the thermal vegetation Qing, 1% 2% formaldehyde is a good disinfectant.
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The characteristics
Cattle, especially calves most susceptible to the FMD virus, camels, sheep, goats, followed by pigs can be infected with disease. With the epidemic of the disease quickly, spread widely, the incidence of acute damage and large epidemiological characteristics of epidemic incidence of a 100% up to 50%, calf mortality was higher, others lower. Sick animals and the latency is the most dangerous animal source of infection. Sick animals in the blister fluid, breast milk, urine, saliva, tears, and feces contain the virus. The patient invasion mainly through the digestive tract, can also be transmitted through the respiratory tract. Although there were no transmission of the disease seasonal, Qu more in spring and autumn, especially in spring. Long-distance spread of the wind and birds is one of the factors.
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Symptoms
The incubation period is 1-7 days, average 2-4 days of extensive cattle caught the spirit of gloomy, closed, drooling, sucking sound when opening, body temperature can be increased to 40 for a 41 ℃. 1-2 days after on_set_, cow gum, tongue, lips can be seen inside the blister beans to a large walnut, salivary fluid in well hung white foam at the mouth. Ruminant feed and stops. Blisters burst after about a day and night, the formation of ulcers, when the body temperature gradually returned to normal. Occurrence of blisters in the mouth at the same time or later, between the toes and foot canopy also occurred in the soft skin blisters, will soon rupture, and then gradually healing. Sometimes the nipple can also be seen on the skin blisters. After the disease generally benign, after about one week to heal; if the hoof until the lesion 2-3 weeks or longer may be; mortality rate of 1% - 2%, foot and mouth disease type is called benign. Some cows in the blister healing process, the condition suddenly deteriorated, general weakness, muscle trembling, rapid heartbeat, rhythmic heartbeat, loss of appetite waste must, to stop ruminating, walking swing, standing instability, often due to heart attack and sudden death, which type of malignant disease called foot and mouth disease, the mortality rate as high as 25% to 50%. Calves often do not see the features of the incidence of blisters, mainly hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and myocarditis, mortality is high.
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Pathological changes
In addition to the mouth and hoof disease, but also to see the esophagus and gastric tumors have blisters and rotten spots; gastrointestinal bleeding inflammation; lung infiltration was serous; pericardium, a large quantity of turbid and viscous liquid. Foot and mouth disease in the cardiac section of malignant seen on white or yellow stripes and the normal myocardium accompanied by the line, like the tiger-like markings, commonly known as "tiger heart."
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Diagnosis
Easy to identify the typical FMD lesions, it is not difficult clinical investigation Diseases made the initial diagnosis. The diagnostic criteria are: ① incidence of acute, epidemic quick, wide spread, high incidence, but mortality is low, and mostly benign through; ② lot of salivation, was cited thread-like; ③ Foot and mouth sores clear position (oral mucosa, skin, hoof and nipple), specific lesions (blisters, erosion); ④ visible when a vicious tiger heart foot and mouth disease; ⑤ animal inoculation can be used for further testing confirmed Chun, serological diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Foot and mouth disease and rinderpest difference: severe rinderpest infection, the mortality rate is high; tumor Zhe hoof membrane visible erosion, but no lesion; gastroenteritis serious; true stomach and small intestinal ulcers.
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Detection of hoof disease of the original
Phytophthora foot reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), for the detection of suspected infected animal skin or blister fluid in blisters all serotypes of FMDV, foot and mouth disease virus for the detection, diagnosis and epidemiological investigation. Principle: use of guanidinium isothiocyanate method of extraction of rna, in the role of reverse transcriptase to rna as template, primer synthesis and rna template as a starting point complementary cdna chain. West Antian Long Technology Co by the dtc gene amplification, the role of the taqdna polymerase, denaturation at high temperature, low temperature annealing, extension of the cycle in temperature, so that specific gene copy number dna fragments amplified doubled. After 35 cycles, and finally to gene amplified millions of times. The PCR products were gel electrophoresis, stained by ethidium bromide in UV light irradiation, visible dna fragments amplified band. This method can detect all subtypes of the FMD virus, tested positive, requiring further classification of diagnostic kits used for further testing.
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Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Adverse save cattle
Adverse reactions and rescue A general response The spirit of individual cows after vaccination malaise, decreased milk production, loss of appetite, body temperature slightly increased. Generally do not need special treatment, 1 to 3 days after the return to normal. 2 severe reaction Due to individual differences, individual cattle after vaccination with acute allergic reactions, breathing faster, visible mucosal hyperemia, edema, muscle tremors, swollen rumen gas, mouth foaming occurs, fell to the ground twitching, and death due to rescue not timely. Treatment The most acute form of reaction: suggestions rapid subcutaneous epinephrine hydrochloride 5 mg 0.1%, depending on degree of remission, and 20 minutes after the injection of the same dose can be repeated once; intramuscular injection of promethazine (phenergan) 500 mg; intramuscular injection to 30 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Yunxu not). Cattle have been shock, in addition to the rapid injection of the drugs, they also need quick acupuncture ear tips, large Maixue (fresh venous channel at the first third of fresh vein) bled a little, _set_ on point (the end of the dorsal middle of the recommended Last junction interspinous depression), the first point hoof (foot dorsal margin of the middle of the crown, with hair and no hair at the junction; that is, three, four legs on the edge, both inside and outside of each shoe and 1 points, a total of 8 points.) Rapid establishment of intravenous access, the norepinephrine 10 mg, 10% of adding 2000 ml intravenous glucose injection, such as body temperature below 36.5 ℃ of cattle suffering from these drugs than is available, the additional units of acetyl coenzyme a1000, atp (ATP) 200 mg, 3000 mg Inosine, 25% glucose intravenous infusion of 2000 ml. Cattle to be awake, mexiletine restored, this group of drugs removed and replaced with 2000 ml 5% glucose solution by adding vitamin c5 g, vitamin b63000 mg intravenous infusion, and then 5% sodium hydrogen sulfate solution 500 ml, infusion or be. Acute type reaction: general rapid intramuscular promethazine hydrochloride only (non-Flanagan) 500 mg, 30 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Yunxu not), subcutaneous injection of 0.1% hydrochloric acid 5 mg of epinephrine can be, very sick animals fast recovery. Prevention of Vaccine Adverse 1 read the instructions carefully before vaccination and health status of serious investigation, sick animals not injected thin and labor dams, recharge after the restoration of standby. 2 there had been a history of vaccine reactions, it is recommended vaccination before subcutaneous injection of 0.1% adrenaline hydrochloride, promethazine hydrochloride drugs, then vaccination to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions. 3 or more drug dose dosage for adult cattle, bred cows, as appropriate medication.
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Of "foot and mouth disease" Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the "foot and mouth disease?" "Foot and mouth disease" is a by a virus (virus) infection of cloven-hoofed animals (such as pigs, cattle, sheep, deer, etc.) generated by the disease, characterized by infection of cloven-hoofed animals, the mouth, feet and other parts of skin blisters , which leads to death of some animals, the development of livestock industry is very huge, so the general attention by the countries. 2. What are the animal will suffer from "Foot and mouth disease?" "Foot and mouth disease" virus of the infected object is only cloven-hoofed animals and will not infect other livestock and chickens, ducks and other poultry. 3. Pig, "Foot and Mouth Disease" will spread to humans? "Foot and mouth disease" is not a zoonotic disease, the virus does not make people sick. Since 1973, according to medical databases (medline) Statistics of human cases of the disease in the world so far no animal farms division staff or foot and mouth disease through contact with sick animals and the incidence of the record. 4. Since the "foot and mouth disease" to humans, why the need to continue to slaughter of pigs? On the occurrence of "foot and mouth disease," the pig to be slaughtered because the audience is mainly "FMD" very rapid spread of the virus, together with Taiwan, foot and mouth disease did not occur at least 70 years, existing only to have no resistance in the pig FMD capacity in the foot and mouth disease vaccine failed to fully supply all imports of pigs injected before use, to make the other has not happened, "foot and mouth disease" from infected pig farms suffered significant economic losses, all farms must be culled disease pigs, to reduce the spread of viruses and help control the epidemic. 5. In the world which countries or regions are "foot and mouth disease epidemic?" Currently, most of the world's countries are "foot and mouth epidemic" of non-foot and mouth disease only a few countries or regions, such as the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and some European countries, etc.; Southeast Asian countries, Hong Kong, China, are "foot and mouth epidemic." In fact, the United States, Canada and Denmark have occurred over the last foot and mouth disease, after efforts to eliminate the virus, then restore a non-endemic areas. 6. The meaning of "foot and mouth disease vaccine"? What is the function? FMD virus will cause a lot of use of biological science and technology culture, after collecting the appropriate treatment to kill the other, made of "foot and mouth disease vaccine." "Foot and mouth disease vaccine" a few days after the injection of healthy pigs to pigs caused by protein components of the immune body produces antibodies, and after the injection of the first three to four weeks and then injected a second dose, to increase antibody production, this antibody can protect pigs against foot and mouth disease virus infection. 7. Vaccinated pigs, the meat safe to eat it? "Foot and mouth disease vaccine" is a non-toxic, into the pig's immune antibodies produced by the body is safe egg quality ingredients, pork from pigs immune after a heating of cooking, of course, safe to eat. 8. Consumers how to identify before they can buy health and safety of pork? 10. If you accidentally eat with "foot and mouth disease," the pork, and what impact? As long as the essentials to buy pork at the preceding paragraph shall be no opportunity to eat pork with failure of FMD. Foot and mouth disease virus does not heat, as long as 85 degree Celsius heat for 1 minute conditions, the virus be killed, so long as it is fully heated cooking fresh pork that is, without question. Foot and mouth disease virus is not acid, the body's gastric acidity is high, if there is foot and mouth disease virus into the stomach, acid will be killed immediately, it is no need to worry about foot and mouth disease.
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Prevention
Control (1) suspected sick animals to prevent foot and mouth disease, should be immediately reported to veterinary authorities, local blockade of sick animals, the use of apparatus and pollute the ground, sterilized with 2% caustic soda. Recognized immediately after the strict blockade, isolation, disinfection and prevention and a series of work. After on_set_ of culling herd safe disposal, the staff go out to fully disinfect sick animals leftover fodder or water, to be burned or buried, housing and nearby, with 2% caustic soda, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, dolphin Sodium (including chlorine ≥ 20%), k% ~ 2% formalin spray disinfectant to prevent Sandu. Vaccination. Cattle and sheep around the affected area, the choice of the local popular type of the same foot and mouth epidemic toxin vaccine, emergency vaccination, dosage, injection methods, and precautions to be in strict accordance with vaccine instructions executed. (2) treatment of early disease, the oral blisters before, with the sick animals had serum or blood-resistant treatment. To strengthen management of the sick animals and nursing work every day to use salt water, acid washing solution, such as oral and hoof. To be fed to the soft grass, or wheat bran, porridge and other soft materials. Oral ulcers, the use of iodine glycerin mixture (1: beans) daily application may be 3 to 4 days, 10% with miso or salt water can also be. Hoof lesions, can be used disinfectant wash, coated methyl violet solution (gentian violet), or iodine glycerin, and wrapped with a bandage, not touch the wetlands. Emergency points ● cattle, sheep, pigs and other cloven-hoofed animals, the mouth, hoof and breast blisters and ulcerated skin, etc., salivation and lameness occur, shall immediately report the location of the veterinary department. ● after contact with sick animals, dizziness, limb and back pain, gastrointestinal cramps, vomiting, throat pain, dysphagia, diarrhea and other symptoms should be immediately to the hospital. ● cows, goats illness, the milk can not eat. Expert Tips ● Beijing mandatory immunization of foot and mouth disease, veterinary authorities on a regular basis for the cloven-hoofed animals vaccinated. ● the introduction of other provinces and cities from cloven-hoofed animals, inspection and quarantine must prove that at least two weeks must be kept isolated to confirm the animal is healthy. ● suspected foot and mouth disease, should promptly report the veterinary department. ● pay attention to personal protection to avoid contact with sick animals. ● the introduction from the affected areas are not cloven-hoofed animals and their products.
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Vaccination
Life Sciences, Fudan University and Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences Professor Zheng Zhaoxin Xu Quanxing researchers and other scientists after 10 years of collaborative research in the field of genetic engineering of foot and mouth disease a major breakthrough. The experts, who successfully developed the "anti-pig type O foot and mouth disease genetically engineered vaccines" is a national initiative, and to fill the gaps in the international field.
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Of "foot and mouth disease" Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the "foot and mouth disease?" "Foot and mouth disease" is a by a virus (VIRUS) infection of cloven-hoofed animals (such as pigs, cattle, sheep, deer, etc.) generated by the disease, characterized by infection of cloven-hoofed animals, the mouth, feet and other parts of skin blisters , which leads to death of some animals, the development of livestock industry is very huge, so the general attention by the countries. 2. What are the animal will suffer from "Foot and mouth disease?" "Foot and mouth disease" virus of the infected object is only cloven-hoofed animals and will not infect other livestock and chickens, ducks and other poultry. 3. Pig, "Foot and Mouth Disease" will spread to humans? Humans through contact with infected animals may be suffering from foot and mouth disease, but this is rare. Because of foot and mouth disease virus on the acid-sensitive, so humans do not usually through the consumption of meat infected with foot and mouth disease virus. In the UK, the last confirmed human suffering from foot and mouth disease in 1967 years. In continental Europe, Africa and South America only a few infections. Foot and mouth disease does not infect humans, symptoms include discomfort, fever, vomiting, mouth ulcers decay of red tissue (surface corrosion blisters), with occasional small blisters the skin. For humans, it is noteworthy that the disease symptoms and other symptoms of a virus similar to the kind of disease is usually referred to as "hand, foot and mouth disease," occurs more frequently in humans, especially children; that disease is caused by small Another virus family RNA viruses, it is a known enterovirus Coxsackie A virus. Because FMD rarely transmitted to humans but in animals will be transmitted at very fast speed, so its livestock industry against the harm to human health than the much larger. When farmers in the world when the foot and mouth disease epidemic may be the loss of one year up to 10 billion dollars, the more will result in a large number of livestock have been destroyed as well as milk and meat products from the huge revenue reduction. (Source: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/% E5% 8F% A3% E8% B9% 84% E7% 96% AB) 4. Since the "foot and mouth disease" to humans, why the need to continue to slaughter of pigs? On the occurrence of "foot and mouth disease," the pig to be slaughtered because the audience is mainly "FMD" very rapid spread of the virus, together with Taiwan, foot and mouth disease did not occur at least 70 years, existing only to have no resistance in the pig FMD capacity in the foot and mouth disease vaccine failed to fully supply all imports of pigs injected before use, to make the other has not happened, "foot and mouth disease" from infected pig farms suffered significant economic losses, all farms must be culled disease pigs, to reduce the spread of viruses and help control the epidemic. 5. In the world which countries or regions are "foot and mouth disease epidemic?" Currently, most of the world's countries are "foot and mouth epidemic" of non-foot and mouth disease only a few countries or regions, such as the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and some European countries, etc.; Southeast Asian countries, Hong Kong, China, are "foot and mouth epidemic." In fact, the United States, Canada and Denmark have occurred over the last foot and mouth disease, after efforts to eliminate the virus, then restore a non-endemic areas. 6. The meaning of "foot and mouth disease vaccine"? What is the function? FMD virus will cause a lot of use of biological science and technology culture, after collecting the appropriate treatment to kill the other, made of "foot and mouth disease vaccine." "Foot and mouth disease vaccine" a few days after the injection of healthy pigs to pigs caused by protein components of the immune body produces antibodies, and after the injection of the first three to four weeks and then injected a second dose, to increase antibody production, this antibody can protect pigs against foot and mouth disease virus infection. 7. Vaccinated pigs, the meat safe to eat it? "Foot and mouth disease vaccine" is a non-toxic, into the pig's immune antibodies produced by the body is safe egg quality ingredients, pork from pigs immune after a heating of cooking, of course, safe to eat. 8. Consumers how to identify before they can buy health and safety of pork? 10. If you accidentally eat with "foot and mouth disease," the pork, and what impact? As long as the essentials to buy pork at the preceding paragraph shall be no opportunity to eat pork with failure of FMD. Foot and mouth disease virus does not heat, as long as 85 degree Celsius heat for 1 minute conditions, the virus be killed, so long as it is fully heated cooking fresh pork that is, without question. Foot and mouth disease virus is not acid, the body's gastric acidity is high, if there is foot and mouth disease virus into the stomach, acid will be killed immediately, it is no need to worry about foot and mouth disease.