[Chinese name]: raw musk [Latin name]: moschus moschiferus [English name]: siberian musk deer [Product Name]: Musk [National key protected animal level: two [World Conservation Union (iucn)]: Endangered [Endangerment]: endangered [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (cites)]: Appendix ii [Environment]: Asian boreal coniferous forest, conifer [To risk factors]: Because trade is hunting, habitat destruction
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Taxonomy
Artiodactyla artiodactyla musk families noschidae
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Distribution
[Domestic distribution: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Gansu, Anhui In China located in Jilin Dun, Yichun, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia Mountains, Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi Luliang Mountain, Dabie Mountain in Anhui and Xinjiang Altai and other places. Musk deer in our country is divided into three subspecies, the Siberian subspecies distributed in the Northeast and Xinjiang Altai Daxinganling; subspecies distributed in Northeast Mountains, Changbai Mountain and North China; Anhui subspecies distributed in Anhui. [Foreign distribution: in eastern Siberia, northern and eastern Mongolia, Korea and Sakhalin Island.
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Morphology
A small cloven-hoofed animals, body length of 80-95 cm, only 3-5 cm tail length, 50-60 cm tall at the shoulder and weighing 8-13 kg. Head no angle, no upper incisors, canines were next door shape, and with six shovel-shaped incisors even into, the stallion has a pair of fangs shaped upper canines, usually 5-6 cm, exposing the outer lip. The coat is dark brown body, there are six rows back faint cinnamon yellow spots on both sides of the neck to the axilla has two distinct white or light brown vertical stripes, extending from the throat to the armpit. Abdomen lighter coat. Big hair is thick and marrow, hair is thick and dense, but easier to fall off. Head and face representing narrow snout exposed, with brownish-gray face were tested. Long ears, large and upright. Short tail hidden under the hair. Very thin limbs, particularly long hind legs, buttocks and shoulders above the standing, narrow and sharp hooves, hoof-developed suspension, ideal for sprinting and jumping. Life with cinnamon musk deer yellow or orange spots, which musk deer, musk deer differences more apparent. Northeast musk deer, about 85 cm in length, 55-60 cm tall at the shoulder and weighing 8-12 kg. Significant body dark brown, cinnamon adult individuals showing yellow spots, mostly arranged in six rows. Anhui original forest musk deer and similar size, body 65-80 cm long, less than 50 cm tall at the shoulder and weighing 8-12 kg. The body was brown, dorsal and lateral darker coat, coat the inside of the abdomen and upper limbs, pale, hind legs near the lower rear of grayish black hair, dark brown at the edges ears black, cheeks, forehead and behind the ears, in the ear white; jaw and throat white extending to the cheeks, down the sides together into a ring in the chest and neck, central remain taupe, on both sides of the neck with two white spots. 1-2 years old fawns dorsal lateral orange stripes, from the shoulder to the hip has 13. Adult deer markings faded, changed spots, arranged into longitudinal, lateral and share plum spot near the abdomen at the waist and hips spots no row followed by points.
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Environment
Deer habitat in the north-east of the original large conifer, eat lichen, moss drunk, weeds and trees, tender leaves and so on. Anhui musk deer habitat at an altitude of 1500 meters below the broad-leaved mixed forest in the region with its activities have also been alternating seasons change. In the low mountain shrub sunny, summer in the mountains rocky edge, sunny warm place in winter or spring woods. Firstborn musk body is covered with brown markings, with age and coat and showed off for the orange spots. Others are similar to forest musk deer.
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Habits
Separated general male musk deer, camp living alone, while females often together with fawns to twilight activity is frequent, there is a relatively fixed patrolling, foraging routes, usually active only within the calibration range. In the male musk deer habitat at lying, often leaving a rich musky smell, vision and Tingjuelingmin, sexual cowardice, feeding plants, musk deer are eating a wide range of plant species, including low lichens, mosses and hundreds of species of higher plants roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, winter food Shihai less chewing bark. Musk deer temperament lonely, timid and wary, living in the mountains of perennial broadleaf forests, shrubs, broad-leaved mixed forest and coniferous forest, sometimes with different seasons for the hanging of migration. The musk deer eat small, eat about 1,000 grams of food per day, but the food is very wide range of plant species, including the root lowly lichen, moss and hundreds of species of higher plants, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, winter food Shihai less chewing bark. Water in a small mountain stream or river, after the winter freeze, and often lick the snow. Living and regional musk deer feeding each varies in general about 10-15 hectares, with the mountain height, vegetation density, population size, the terrain toward different. Multiple live within their lots, walking along a certain route, feed, there is a fixed place and fecal excretion of feces covered the habit. It is also common tail sebaceous glands secrete oil, smear on the stump, both as designated areas marked, and as each contact information. Musk deer stallion usual demeanor is full of energy, majestic, females are more modest shy, free and easy cute. It rarely purring, even if predators or abnormal phenomenon, it is only a short jet sound emitted from the nostrils to express their discontent and protest. Of course, when they are unfortunate enough to be caught, will desperately shouted. Interestingly, it is within a few days after the escape of the hunt, often will return to the land, the people of this stubborn nostalgia for their homeland emotions, called "laid down his life to give up the mountain."
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Breeding habits
Every winter, sunshine shorten and temperatures drop, musk deer entered the breeding season. It is a seasonal estrus several animals, females in estrus season can occur many times a sexual cycle, usually 13-20 days, each estrus continued 24-36 hours. During estrus, often caused by a stallion and 3-5 with only females make up a population. If you become pregnant after mating, females no longer estrus or accept mating. Early estrus females, performance anxiety, nap move, this time to catch up if there stallion, then escape or buttocks touch the ground, refusing to mate. To the peak of the rut, females are producing a low "ah a ah a" courtship sound and approached stallion, sometimes the buttocks toward the stallion's head, allowed to mate. Pregnant females is 175-189 days. Pups born in May-July, generally a viviparous 1-2 Aberdeen. 3-5 days before labor, reducing the activities of females, athletic action. 1-2 hours of labor is manifested in anxiety, frequent urination, act with extreme caution, often producing a comfortable one door, then the back arched, alternating contractions of the uterus do, find a quiet place to give birth. Newborn pups, body length of 19 cm, weight 350-820 g body is dark brown, with many white spots, a few months later gradually hidden legs. After drying coat pups will be able to stand, stumble, and then began to breast, head and mouth after the first several touches the breast, nipple sucking milk then gripped his mouth, sometimes alternating with forelimb kicking breast, which is a stimulating way to help lactation, also issued "Mimi" sounds. Females often lick pups at this time anal, genital and buttocks tail. Pups within a few months after the birth of activities, in addition to regular walking daily nursing females, the day lay on the forest hiding place, as long as the predators do not directly touch its body, even in close proximity They also remain motionless. At about 3 months of age, females leave their young, let them live independently. The age of sexual maturity 1.5-2 musk deer, life is 12-15 years.
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Conservation value
Secreted musk deer musk is a rare Chinese herbal medicine and senior spices, has a very high economic value. Combined action of the fixed laws of musk deer, overhunting in recent years was a sharp reduction in the number of urgent need to strengthen protection.